Work - Volume 41, issue Supplement 1

Authors: Borba, A | Santos, A | Santos, Y | Porto, F

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Respiratory disease in childhood is a factor of concern to health professionals, resulting in a primary determinant of lung function in adulthood. Studies indicate that people placed in areas with established industries, are exposed to pollutants from many industrial processes, thus increasing the risk of diseases. The aim was to examine the connection between exposure to cement and the incidence of respiratory diseases in the Jardins Community. It was a field study, descriptive, conducted in a community in the city of Cabedelo- PB, and result in a qualitative-quantitative approach. The sample comprised 51 children aged between 1 to 12 years …who have symptoms or diagnosis of respiratory disease. The survey data was obtained by applying a semistructured interview, and analysed using chi-square, MacNemar and Mann-Whitney tests for statistical analysis. A high number of complaints about environmental pollution, small houses and subdued, lack of paving and sanitation, a high frequency of respiratory symptoms and especially the occurrence of the onset of symptoms after arrival in the community were found. There is a correlation between environmental exposure and the incidence of respiratory diseases in children; therefore the community requires specific actions to reduce the exposure. Show more

Keywords: Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Illness, Health Profile

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1015-2049

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2049-2055, 2012

Authors: Comper, Maria Luiza C. | Costa, Leonardo O.P. | Padula, Rosimeire S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Most instruments used by occupational safety and health professionals have been originally developed in English. Cross-cultural adaptation enables the use of these instruments in other countries, cultures and languages in countries like Brazil, where the official language is not English. This methodology ensures that the translation process includes the cultural and linguistic equivalence between the original instrument and the translated version. Therefore, this study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the instrument Quick Exposure Check (QEC) into Brazilian-Portuguese. The process of cross-cultural adaptation followed the steps of translation, synthesis, back-translation, expert committee review and pretesting. The final questionnaire was pretested …by two raters in 40 workers employed in an expedition of knitting and textile industry. All versions resulting from the translation process (T1, T2) and back-translation (BT1, BT2) showed good agreement. During the pre-test was not presented any difficulty in understanding or completing the instrument adapted QEC for Brazilian language. Show more

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, ergonomic risk factors, occupational health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0430-2056

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2056-2059, 2012

Authors: Campos, Izabel C. Martins | da Silva, Lizandra | Trevisan, Rafaela Luiza | Cruz, Roberto Moraes

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Moral Harassment at Work (MHW) is considered a recurrent practice of humiliation, mockery, isolation, persecution and psychological torture. Its results go beyond the worker private life: represent financial loss, affects the work, the organization, the productivity and the society. This article aims to develop a model of MHW, which characterizes the main components of the phenomenon and their nexus with the inability to work. For this, the Literature field is consulted, in order to identify systematically, the MHW components and their risky factors. The results showed a multifaceted model which demonstrates: the aggressor/victim and the configuration of the Moral Harassment …at Work causes. The management of the degraded work. The characteristic features of the inability to work, caused on the victim. The MHW modalities and as a final product, the integration among these components. It is expected that this model can help the Ergonomist comprehending this phenomenon and contribute on the creation of some strategies of prevention on the workplace. It is concluded that the removal or minimization of this occupational risks requires some changes on the job organization, on the people`s behaviour, the leadership styles, on the humanization of the social labor relationship and on the coping this problem. Show more

Keywords: moral harassment at work, degraded work, ergonomics, inability to work, theoretical model

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0431-2060

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2060-2067, 2012

Authors: da Silva, Charles Ricardo Leite | Soares, Marcelo Marcio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This research deals with the design of leaflets of medicines, evidencing the problems resulting from the lack of Brazilian normalization to promote the use of the graphical representation of instructional texts warnings. It approaches studies related to the effectiveness and efficiency of information systems, highlighting the semiotics and the cultural and informational ergonomics. The analysis of the context uses as method, an analytical study on selected warnings of thirty leaflets of medicines, followed by interviews lead with the public managers involved with the regulation of the pharmaceutical companies, and two experiments with users performed in city of Recife, in State …of Pernambuco: one aiming at to identify how they interact with the leaflets of medicines, and the second one testing their understanding concerning standardized illustrations in the United States and the South Africa. The results show the need for improvements in presentation and graphic representation of leaflets of medicines, powering them to the role of communication, to ensure the consumption of medicine safely by its users. The conclusion congregates parameters and recommendations for the graphic representation of warnings in leaflets of medicines in Brazil. Show more

Keywords: medicines, ergonomics, visual representation, cultural ergonomics, public health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0432-2068

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2068-2071, 2012

Authors: Wilkowsk, Wiktoria | Ziefle, Martina | AlagÖZ, Firat

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In recent years, due to the demographical change and the resulting overload of healthcare systems, there has been an increasing interest focusing on the global proliferation of assistive medical technologies (=E-health) in home environments. The present study examines how users’ diversity influences the readiness to adopt novel medical technologies, comparing users’ attitudes in terms of perceived advantages and disadvantages in three technically and culturally different countries: Germany, Poland and Turkey. This investigation also intended to verify if acceptance of information and communication technologies is associated with the sensitive acceptance of E-health. Results revealed overall a considerably higher motivation to use …medical technology compared to perceived barriers, with Polish users more willing to use E-health, higher than German or Turkish ones. Older participants showed a highly positive attitude, comparable to young and middle-aged respondents’ receptiveness, differing from the latter in terms of greater appreciation of the advantage of higher independency when being supported by medical technology. With respect to gender, woman showed higher motivation to use E-health technology than men, although utilization barriers were not gendered. Following these results, an unconditional transfer of acceptance from information and communication to medical technology is not justified. Show more

Keywords: aging, E-health technology, culture, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0433-2072

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2072-2080, 2012

Authors: Po-Chan, Yeh | Cherng-Yee, Leung

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Walker operation completely relies on the walker handle, however most marketed walkers possess two horizontal handles. Several researchers have suggested that horizontal handles might lead to wrist injury. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the relevant design aspects of walker for elderly people. 28 elders participated in this study; when the experiment was started, subject walked on the tile for 3 meter distance twice by using walker. Data for analysis were selected at the corresponding wrist deviation and vertical force. The results showed that during walker using, the mean wrist deviation was greater than zero. The largest …vertical force is significantly larger than the smallest one, and different wrist deviation occurred at three phases, the largest wrist deviation while raising walker is larger than the smallest one, however, no significant different was found between the largest and smallest wrist deviation while pressing walker. No significant correlation occurred between weight and wrist deviation. The correlation between weight and vertical force was significantly positive. With wrist deviation walker use may cause injury to upper-limb, however wrists remain in a neutral position during hand movement to prevent damage. The findings of this study should improve the design of walker handles to reduce the wrist deviations of users. Show more

Keywords: walker, aging, wrist deviation, handle design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0434-2081

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2081-2085, 2012

Authors: Goossens, R.H.M. | Netten, M.P. | Van der Doelen, B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Since the introduction of ergonomic guidelines in the design of office chairs, a lot of effort has been put in designing these office chairs accordingly. Because these features all have to be adjusted in different ways (mostly a knob underneath the seat surface), and because every office chair offers different solutions, often users do not use all of the adjustments, and thus do not use the office chair an the optimal ergonomic way. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of feedback on sitting habits of office workers in a field test during 4 weeks. 40 office …workers were selected for this test (13 male, 27 female). They were divided in three groups. A control group, a group that received a sitting instruction and a group that received sitting instruction and feedback on their posture every hour that they sit. The results show that there is an effect in average increase in basic posture on both the group that received instruction and the group that received feedback. This effect decreases over time. There was no effect in the control group. Show more

Keywords: sitting instruction, field study, smart technology

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0435-2086

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2086-2088, 2012

Authors: An, Vatana | Soares, Marcelo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A usability evaluation technique to evaluate user interfaces is introduces. The technique is effective and affordable for small manufacturing companies. By using this technique, an integration of users’ feedbacks and some usability concepts, a product can be 3 times easier to use among potential users and more than 5 times easier to use among motivated users. In addition, the technique can be implemented with the company’s employees as participants.

Keywords: interface, improvement, evaluate, deliver, result

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0436-2089

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2089-2096, 2012

Authors: Biquand, Sylvain | Zittel, Benoit

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is now considered in large and global companies and the recent publication of the ISO 26000 standard clarifies the targets. Based on our consultancy’s experience for fifteen years in ergonomics mainly in French small and medium enterprises, we developed a label to coax and value efforts of companies in dealing with health and safety at the work place as required by ISO 26000 paragraph 6.4. The formal approach of ISO describes what should be achieved but gives no cue on how actual conditions of work should be improved. The label, called Démarche T (ie Process W …where W stands for work) aims the management of work conditions as a process, giving visibility and credit to companies for their continuous involvement in the matter. We describe the items and processes that are part of our assessment. We first conduct an ergonomic diagnosis including the analysis of records on health, physical and psychological well-being, observations at the workplace and interviews with the workers. This diagnosis is followed by recommendations. The fulfillment of these is assessed yearly. Items under assessment include: - ergonomics, health and safety in the companies statements and their impact in actual project management; - relations with workers through the committee for health and safety; - actual results on health, safety and work conditions. On a local level, we give the companies passing the label a competitive edge in recruiting better candidates motivated by good work conditions, and help them fulfill ISO 26000 requirements, an increasingly decisive advantage to benefit from public regional and European support. Our paper describes the diagnosis and follow-up process. Show more

Keywords: ISO 26000, ergonomics, work conditions, social responsibility

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0437-2097

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2097-2100, 2012

Authors: Jacques, Jocelise J. | Guimarães, Lia B.M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This work is based on the study of pioneering sustainable product development initiatives, and the analysis was guided by the cradle-to-cradle concept, which sees the waste of a given process as raw material for another, just like it happens in nature. Several studies on human factors have focused on factory conditions and workers dealing with product assembly. This research, however, relates more to consumer behavior, product use and end-of-life. The purchase of more environmentally- friendly products, in particular, is heavily influenced by the information made available by the companies. In this scenario, this article discusses three early but notable efforts …on green product development, focusing on the disclosure practices adopted by the companies regarding the composition of their products. Research and data collection has focused on the footwear industry, whose products satisfy a basic human need and are ubiquitous worldwide. The use of hazardous materials and chemicals in shoe manufacturing, particularly the use of chromium – a highly toxic element – in addition to toxic solvents and adhesives and non-recyclable synthetic materials can pose serious risks to human health and the environment, even though the consumer usually is not aware of all the relevant characteristics of this kind of product. Show more

Keywords: sustainable product development, sustainable production, footwear industry, green products

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0438-2101

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2101-2108, 2012

Authors: Nadadur, G. | Parkinson, M.B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper proposes a method to identify opportunities for increasing the efficiency of raw material allocation decisions for products that are simultaneously targeted at multiple user populations around the world. The values of 24 body measures at certain key percentiles were used to estimate the best-fitting anthropometric distributions for female and male adults in nine national populations, which were selected to represent the diverse target markets multinational companies must design for. These distributions were then used to synthesize body measure data for combined populations with a 1:1 female:male ratio. An anthropometric range metric (ARM) was proposed for assessing the variation …of these body measures across the populations. At any percentile, ARM values were calculated as the percentage difference between the highest and lowest anthropometric values across the considered user populations. Based on their magnitudes, plots of ARM values computed between the 1st and 99th percentiles for each body measure were grouped into low, medium, and high categories. This classification of body measures was proposed as a means of selecting the most suitable strategies for designing raw material-efficient products. The findings in this study and the contributions of subsequent work along these lines are expected to help achieve greater efficiencies in resource allocation in global product development. Show more

Keywords: anthropometry, design for sustainability, designing for multiple user populations, design for human variability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0439-2109

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2109-2116, 2012

Authors: Anjos, Thaiana P. | Matias, Márcio | Gontijo, Leila A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Few steps like turning off the tap while brushing your teeth, turn off the lights when leaving a room, recycle waste or using recycling bags are considered sustainable attitudes. Sustainable development is one that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the future generations and it doesn’t deplete resources for the future. Consume with conscious is a sustainable habit and usability of products contributes to this. The goal of this paper is to prove that the usability of software contributes positivity or negativity for sustainability. By calculating the amount of electrical power dissipated by an electronic device, you …can discover the amount of energy lost by it, and consequently, to relate this quantity with the amount charged by the concessionaire for each kWh of energy used. It was concluded that a software with low usability cause users to lose a lot of time interacting with it and thus spend more energy and money that goes against the concept of sustainability. Show more

Keywords: usability, sustainability, usability test, power consumption

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0440-2117

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2117-2121, 2012

Authors: Oliveira, Luis | Mitchell, Val | Badni, Kevin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Electric cookers are one of the highest energy consuming domestic appliances, and there are several aspects that can influence the amount of energy used when preparing a meal. Appliance characteristics are shown to influence consumption, but human factors play an important role in the overall electricity usage. A user observation study was conducted among university students to understand how they use electric cookers. They were asked to perform a specific cooking task, and the electricity usage was measured. Participants' behaviours were analysed and compared with a set of energy saving techniques. Appliance characteristics that influenced how students use energy were …also investigated. The results show that users performed the task in several different ways, presenting diverse energy consumption, the average being 3 times above the necessary to complete the task. This information is now informing the design of interventions to motivate people to change their behaviours whilst cooking. Show more

Keywords: Energy saving, cookers, user observation,

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1016-2122

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2122-2128, 2012

Authors: Miller, Linda | Dorsey, Julie | Jacobs, Karen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Protecting and conserving environmental resources is a global concern. Over the past decade, a number of certification processes have emerged to help designers and operators of buildings assess the potential impact of a building on the environment. Certifications such as the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) consider the environmental impact through the lifecycle of a building, but may not be considering the people that construct and utilize it. It is important to remember the human factor. Considering the human factor throughout the lifecycle is crucial to ensure individuals are protected during construction and in operation in the built …environment. The paper highlights how ergonomics can be integrated into the life cycle of a building to promote sustainability goals for both the human factor and the environment. A case study approach will be used to illustrate how ergonomics was integrated into a LEED renovation and expanded into its daily operations on a large university campus.. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, Sustainability, LEED, Occupant Health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0647-2129

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2129-2132, 2012

Authors: García-Acosta, Gabriel | Saravia Pinilla, Martha Helena | Riba i Romeva, Carles

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This work details the conceptual and methodological evolution of ‘Ergoecology’ and its relationship to certain comparable disciplinary proposals and standards, with a view to making its current status known and fostering discussion and development of it in a broader context. ‘Ergoecology’ is a discipline which relates the ergonomic system to ‘environmental factors’, stressing the relationships between ecological-geographical aspects and human activities. After analyzing previouslydeveloped and partially-validated methods, strengths are established, together with areas where there is room for improvement, based on conceptual validity. The objectives, principles, and premises of ‘Ergoecology’ will be revised and therefore it will be able to …be compared with other disciplinary and regulatory developments. Finally, new concepts and notions are proposed, together with basic principles and axioms that will enable ‘Ergoecology’ to advance in both, the theoretical and the practical dimensions, leaving the door open to be disseminated and applied. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, Ecology, Ergonomic system, Ergoecologic system, Eco-productivity, Eco-efficiency

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1017-2133

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2133-2140, 2012

Authors: Attaianese, Erminia | Duca, Gabriella

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents an applied research aimed at understanding the relevance and the applicability of human related criteria in sustainability assessment of construction materials. Under a theoretical perspective, human factors consideration is strongly encouraged by building sustainability assessment methods, but the practice demonstrates that current models for building sustainability assessment neglect ergonomic issues, especially those ones concerning the construction phase. The study starts from the observation that new construction techniques for high energy efficient external walls are characterized by elements generally heavier and bigger than traditional materials. In this case, high sustainability performances connected with energy saving could be reached …only consuming high, and then not very much sustainable, human efforts during setting-up operations. The paper illustrates a practical approach for encompassing human factors in sustainability assessment of four block types for energy efficient external walls. Research steps, from block selections to bricklaying task analysis, human factors indicators and metrics formulation, data gathering and final assessment are going to be presented. Finally, open issues and further possible generalizations from the particular case study will be discussed. Show more

Keywords: Bricklaying, task analysis, human factors indicators, metrics, construction techniques

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1018-2141

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2141-2146, 2012

Authors: Talsma, L | Molenbroek, J.F.M

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The transfer of knowledge in an ecotourism project is never a one-way affair. An approach connected to bottomup development is the submersion into another culture, while creating a new organizational structure. For co-creation, patterns that are often latent, such as leadership roles, the association with business, or even the color of education can be revealed by carefully facilitated brainstorms or workshops. Especially in countries with a different hierarchical structure, such as Indonesia compared to Holland, a careful analysis is needed before starting cooperation. Although a case is only a temporary view on a situation and not a guarantee for a …truly sustainable system, the bottom-up approach tested has interesting starting points for an ecotourism system. Two cases were conducted in Bali, Indonesia, which resulted in guidelines on how to approach usercentered ecotourism development. Show more

Keywords: Eco-tourism, sustainability, cultural diversity, co-creation, participatory research, developing countries

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1019-2147

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2147-2154, 2012

Authors: Attaianese, Erminia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The link between ergonomic/human factor and sustainability seems to be clearly evidenced mainly in relation to social dimension of sustainability, in order to contribute to assure corporate social responsibility and global value creation. But the will to establish an equilibrated connection among used resources in human activities, supported by the sustainability perspective, evidences that the contribution of ergonomics/human factors can be effectively enlarged to other aspects, especially in relation to building design. In fact a sustainable building is meant to be a building that contributes, through its characteristics and attribute, to a sustainable development by assuring, in the same time, …a decrease of resources use and environmental impact and an increase of health, safety and comfort of the occupants. The purpose of this paper is to analyze in a broader sense the contribution of ergonomic/human factor to design of sustainable building, focusing how ergonomics principles, methodology and techniques can improve building design, enhancing its sustainability performance during all phases of building lifecycle. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, sustainability, users, management, performances

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1020-2155

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2155-2159, 2012

Authors: Guimarães, L. B. de M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article presents a literature review on the concept of sustainability applied to cities and a proposal for transforming a town in the south of Brazil into a sustainable town. Improvements in energy, sanitation, waste and water conditions, as well as food, clothing, education and jobs generation were considered to enhance the citizen's quality of life and environmental protection.

Keywords: sustainability, cities, towns, environmental protection, socioeconomic growth

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1021-2160

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2160-2168, 2012

Authors: de Assis, Uiara Wasconcelos | Silva, Glaucia Wasconcelos

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The changes happen quickly in today’s world, simultaneously interacting with technological advances in the sciences and new paradigms socio-political and economic, in search of a sustainable future and a present with emergency strategies for the preservation of humanity and the planet “Earth ”. Currently, the mobility of people in the intra-urban space is being threatened by congestion, pollution resulting from the appreciation of the culture of personal transport and the precariousness of public transportation. In the city of João Pessoa (PB), the subject of this finding for these disorders. Workers suffer the consequences of daily stress takes to access home-work, …difficulty in arriving at the right time to the workplace and adverse reactions caused by pollution. The VLT (Light Rail Vehicle) has been presented as a viable solution to the problems of public transport, with several experiments that can be seen as positive in the world. This work involves the implementation of a public transport system based on VLT Corridor along the Avenue Dom Pedro II, in João Pessoa (PB), aiming to acquire a good transport network for use of the population, reduce the number of vehicles on process, minimize pollution and optimize urban mobility. Show more

Keywords: Congestion, Transport, VLT, Population

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1022-2169

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2169-2174, 2012

Authors: Venâncio, Geisy Anny | Heemann, Adriano | Chaves, Liliane Iten

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper approaches the challenge of considering the principles of sustainable development in the conception of products, services or systems in a specific territory, though inserted in a globalized world. The reflection takes place by crosschecking the information gathered through bibliographical research on the following themes: wellbeing, design, and the local versus global relation. Thus, the strategy of analysis adopted comprehends the triangulation of information for further comparison of the survey and discussion of the data obtained. This paper results in a set of reflections on the interactions between human beings and their territories, towards new conceptions oriented to a …more sustainable future. Show more

Keywords: Sustainability, ergodesign, satisfaction, need

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0648-2175

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2175-2178, 2012

Authors: Trierweiller, Andréa Cristina | Peixe, Blênio César Severo | Tezza, Rafael | Bornia, Antonio Cezar | de Andrade, Dalton Francisco | de Souza Campos, Lucila Maria

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Growing challenges with respect to preserving the environment have forced changes in company operational structures. Thus, the objective of this article is to measure the evidence of Environmental Management using the Item Response Theory, based on website analysis from Brazilian industrial companies from sectors defined through the scope of the research. This is a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive study related to an information collection and analysis instrument. The general view of the research problem with respect to the phenomenon under study in based on multi-case studies, with the methodological outline based on the theoretical reference used. Primary data was gathered …from 270 company websites from 7 different Brazilian sectors and led to the creation of 26 items approved by environmental specialists. The results were attained with the measuring of Environmental Management evidence via the Item Response Theory, providing a clear order of the items involved based on each item's level of difficulty, quality, and propriety. This permitted the measurement of each item's quality and propriety, as well as that of the respondents, placing them on the same analysis scale. Increasing the number of items and companies involved is suggested fEor future research in order to permit broader sector analysis. Show more

Keywords: Environmental management performance, Industry websites, Disclosure, Measurement, Item response theory

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1023-2179

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2179-2186, 2012

Authors: Neuhöfer, Jan A. | Govaers, Felix | Mokni, Hichem El | Alexander, Thomas

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Augmented Reality focuses on the enrichment of the user’s natural field of view by consistent integration of text, symbols and interactive three-dimensional objects in real time. Placing virtual objects directly into the user’s view in a natural context empowers highly dynamic applications. On the other hand, this necessitates deliberate choice of information design and density, in particular for deployment in hazardous environments like military combat scenarios. As the amount of information needed is not foreseeable and strongly depends on the individual mission, an appropriate system must offer adequate adaptation capabilities. The paper presents a prototypical, vehicle-mountable Augmented Reality vision system, …designed for enhancing situation awareness in stressful urban warfare scenarios. Tracking, as one of the most crucial challenges for outdoor Augmented Reality, is accomplished by means of a Differential-GPS approach while the type of display to attach can be modified, ranging from ocular displays to standard LCD mini-screens. The overall concept also includes envisioning of own troops (blue forces), for which a multi-sensor tracking approach has been chosen. As a main feature, the system allows switching between different information categories, focusing on friendly, hostile, unidentified or neutral data. Results of an empirical study on the superiority of an in-view navigation cue approach conclude the paper. Show more

Keywords: outdoor augmented reality, situation awareness, information design, information density

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0441-2187

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2187-2194, 2012

Authors: Teixeira, Luís | Vilar, Elisângela | Duarte, Emília | Rebelo, Francisco | da Silva, Fernando Moreira

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Previous studies suggest significant differences between navigating virtual environments in a life-like walking manner (i.e., using treadmills or walk-in-place techniques) and virtual navigation (i.e., flying while really standing). The latter option, which usually involves hand-centric devices (e.g., joysticks), is the most common in Virtual Reality-based studies, mostly due to low costs, less space and technology demands. However, recently, new interaction devices, originally conceived for videogames have become available offering interesting potentialities for research. This study aimed to explore the potentialities of the Nintendo Wii Balance Board as a navigation interface in a Virtual Environment presented in an immersive Virtual Reality …system. Comparing participants’ performance while engaged in a simulated emergency egress allows determining the adequacy of such alternative navigation interface on the basis of empirical results. Forty university students participated in this study. Results show that participants were more efficient when performing navigation tasks using the Joystick than with the Balance Board. However there were no significantly differences in the behavioral compliance with exit signs. Therefore, this study suggests that, at least for tasks similar to the studied, the Balance Board have good potentiality to be used as a navigation interface for Virtual Reality systems. Show more

Keywords: Virtual Reality, Navigation interfaces, Human performance, Emergency egress

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0649-2195

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2195-2200, 2012

Authors: Conradi, Jessica | Alexander, Thomas

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Exploration of a Virtual Environment (VE) might vary as well in applied technology as in the conceptual design. A conceptual difference of exploring style and navigation type relates to the degree of freedom a user possesses. It ranges from completely unrestricted to completely restricted navigation. To assess the impact of different exploration styles, an experiment was carried out. Four different styles were compared in a large-scale VE. The navigation of the participants was either free or restricted in various levels concerning motion and viewing direction. During the exploration, the participants memorized the location of flags, which represented special events at …these locations. The participant’s task was to memorize position and color of the flags. Subsequently, they marked the positions and colors of the flags in a map of the scene. The performance in this task was captured, as well as data about their amount of experienced simulator sickness and subjective workload. Additionally, balancing tests were administered to investigate in an objective measurement of simulator sickness. Each condition showed the same achievement in the memorizing task and the subjective workload. Furthermore, the measured high variance in simulator sickness symptoms overrode other effects. In the balancing tests a basic influence of exposure with VE was found. However, subsequent interviews with the participants showed that the personal impression of the efficiency of exploration method was highly individual. By finding and matching exploration methods to individual persons, benefit by using Virtual environments could be enhanced. Show more

Keywords: virtual environments, HMD, exploration, simulator sickness

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0442-2201

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2201-2207, 2012

Authors: Liston, Paul M. | Kay, Alison | Cromie, Sam | Leva, Chiara | D’Cruz, Mirabelle | Patel, Harshada | Langley, Alyson | Sharples, Sarah | Aromaa, Susanna

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper outlines the approach taken to iteratively evaluate a set of VR/AR (virtual reality / augmented reality) applications for five different manual-work applications – terrestrial spacecraft assembly, assembly-line design, remote maintenance of trains, maintenance of nuclear reactors, and large-machine assembly process design – and examines the evaluation data for evidence of the effectiveness of the evaluation framework as well as the benefits to the development process of feedback from iterative evaluation. ManuVAR is an EU-funded research project that is working to develop an innovative technology platform and a framework to support high-value, high-knowledge manual work throughout the product lifecycle. …The results of this study demonstrate the iterative improvements reached throughout the design cycles, observable through the trending of the quantitative results from three successive trials of the applications and the investigation of the qualitative interview findings. The paper discusses the limitations of evaluation in complex, multi-disciplinary development projects and finds evidence of the effectiveness of the use of the particular set of complementary evaluation methods incorporating a common inquiry structure used for the evaluation – particularly in facilitating triangulation of the data. Show more

Keywords: evaluation, iterative development, virtual reality, augmented reality, manual work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0443-2208

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2208-2215, 2012

Authors: Brouillette, David | Thivierge, Guillaume | Marchand, Denis | Charland, Julie

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Muscle fatigue is considered as one of the major risk factors for developing musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of this project was to select an adequate fatigue assessment model for an implementation in Dassault Systemes digital human modeling software. A review of existing MET models has been done resulting in a decision to use the extended Ma's model (2010). In this project, only shoulder and elbow joints have been tested and more subjects will be necessary for further validation. The model has been compared to several endurance time (ET) static studies. Two dynamic experiments were also performed by two different subjects. …The results showed that because of the inter-individual variability, a simple prediction curve or value, can’t well predict individual measured ET (or task failure). There is a need for a chart representation which also shows standard deviation (SD) range. Considering the SD range, the results were included in the prediction. Thus, this range may help the human factors expert to nuance the prediction results while considering environment factors and some realities specific to the industry. Show more

Keywords: Muscle exhaustion, Human Modeling, Digital 3d Manikin, Human Simulation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1024-2216

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2216-2225, 2012

Authors: Paul, Gunther | Daniell, Nathan | Fraysse, François

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Seat pressure is known as a major factor of seat comfort in vehicles. In passenger vehicles, there is lacking research into the seat comfort of rear seat occupants. As accurate seat pressure measurement requires significant effort, simulation of seat pressure is evolving as a preferred method. However, analytic methods are based on complex finite element modeling and therefore are time consuming and involve high investment. Based on accurate anthropometric measurements of 64 male subjects and outboard rear seat pressure measurements in three different passenger vehicles, this study investigates if a set of parameters derived from seat pressure mapping are sensitive …enough to differentiate between different seats and whether they correlate with anthropometry in linear models. In addition to the pressure map analysis, H-Points were measured with a coordinate measurement system based on palpated body landmarks and the range of H-Point locations in the three seats is provided. It was found that for the cushion, cushion contact area and cushion front area/force could be modeled by subject anthropometry, while only seatback contact area could be modeled based on anthropometry for all three vehicles. Major differences were found between the vehicles for other parameters. Show more

Keywords: seat comfort, seat posture, rear occupant, pressure mapping, vehicle package design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0444-2226

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2226-2231, 2012

Authors: Wirsching, Hans-Joachim | Engstler, Florian

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Many digital human models provide the crucial method to calculate postures in virtual environments. Traditionally these methods refer to experiments and make use of statistical modeling. They provide sufficient results in their specialized domain, but cannot be used in general applications. In addition they do not consider important design aspects as forces and discomfort. Hence a new force based approach has been introduced in order to overcome these shortcomings. Based on biomechanical models of active maximal and passive receding joint torques, a mechanical optimization generates static stable postures and related discomfort ratings. The results were promising, but showed some model …deficiencies and were not validated in detail. The present paper continues this work and provides necessary model enhancements. Finally the new prediction models are validated on real experiments. The validation results are presented and discussed regarding to usability aspects and future development work. Show more

Keywords: biomechanics, digital human model, generic simulation model, validation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0445-2232

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2232-2237, 2012

Authors: Santos, V. | Guimarães, C.P. | Franca, G.A.N. | Cid, G.L. | Paranhos, A.G.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The goal of this paper is to present the advantages on the use of 3D Digital Human Models (DHM) on the design of public transport vehicles. In this case, the subjects were scanned using the WBX Cyberware 3D Whole Body Scanner, with functional and daily postures according to the use of public transportation and some especial cases, such as a mother with her offspring or a business man with his valise, so the volume of the person would be taken in consideration. A data collection was created to simulate several situations of the daily use of the vehicle.

Keywords: ergonomics, occupancy, magnetic levitation train and digital human model

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1025-2238

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2238-2242, 2012

Authors: Zamberlan, M | Santos, V | Streit, P | Oliveira, J | Cury, R | Negri, T | Pastura, F | Guimarães, C | Cid, G

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper will present the workflow developed for the application of serious games in the design of complex cooperative work settings. The project was based on ergonomic studies and development of a control room among participative design process. Our main concerns were the 3D human virtual representation acquired from 3D scanning, human interaction, workspace layout and equipment designed considering ergonomics standards. Using Unity3D platform to design the virtual environment, the virtual human model can be controlled by users on dynamic scenario in order to evaluate the new work settings and simulate work activities. The results obtained showed that this virtual …technology can drastically change the design process by improving the level of interaction between final users and, managers and human factors team. Show more

Keywords: digital human model, simulation, virtual environment, motion capture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0446-2243

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2243-2247, 2012

Authors: Hanson, L. | Högberg, D. | Söderholm, M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Several digital human modelling (DHM) tools have been developed for simulation and visualisation of human postures and motions. In 2010 the DHM tool IMMA (Intelligently Moving Manikins) was introduced as a DHM tool that uses advanced path planning techniques to generate collision free and biomechanically acceptable motions for digital human models (as well as parts) in complex assembly situations. The aim of the paper is to illustrate how the IPS/IMMA tool is used at Scania CV AB in a digital test assembly process, and to compare the tool with other DHM tools on the market. The illustrated case of using …the IMMA tool, here combined with the path planner tool IPS, indicates that the tool is promising. The major strengths of the tool are its user friendly interface, the motion generation algorithms, the batch simulation of manikins and the ergonomics assessment methods that consider time. Show more

Keywords: digital human modelling, anthropometrics, ergonomics assessment, vehicle manufacturing

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0447-2248

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2248-2252, 2012

Authors: Zülch, Gert

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In 2008 the Association of German Engineers (VDI) published the first part of the VDI 4499 guideline for methods and tools for the digital factory. Part 1 of this guideline deals with the fundamentals of the system and will be expanded by the addition of further parts on specific topics within the digital factory. Soon to be published is Part 4 which covers human models as tools of the digital factory. It describes the state of the art of current digital human models with regards to the methods and procedures implemented in German speaking countries. The structure of this part …of the guideline is based on the different sections of engineering mechanics and outlines the opportunities for ergonomic assessments and the evaluation of work systems. During the writing of the guideline, the restrictions of the existing procedures also became evident thus showing the requirement for further development of such procedures. This is illustrated in this paper using examples from commercial software systems. Show more

Keywords: human modelling, digital factory, ergonomic evaluation, anthropometry, prospective work design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0448-2253

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2253-2259, 2012

Authors: Guenzkofer, Fabian | Bubb, Heiner | Bengler, Klaus

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Most strength tests are restricted to measuring joint torques only in main directions like flexion or pronation. However, for an advanced strength prediction model, information about maximum possible joint torques in intermediate directions also has to be known. This paper concentrates on obtaining functions for maximum joint torques in arbitrary directions in the elbow. Therefore, isometric joint torque measurements have been conducted with 20 young males applying joint torques in eight different directions in one posture (90 degrees elbow flexion, 0 degrees shoulder flexion, neutral forearm rotation). It turns out that the appearance of the resulting shape can be best …predicted using ellipse segments. Furthermore, a standardized ellipse could be obtained for the measurement posture. This helps to predict maximum joint torques in any other direction by knowing only one of the main joint torques. Show more

Keywords: digital human model, joint torque, biomechanics, elbow, strength

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0449-2260

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2260-2267, 2012

Authors: Verhaert, Vincent | Druyts, Hans | Van Deun, Dorien | De Wilde, Tom | Van Brussel, Karel | Haex, Bart | Sloten, Jos Vander

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The sleep system (i.e. the combination of mattress and bed base) is an important factor of the sleep environment since it allows physical recuperation during sleep by providing proper body support. However, various factors influence the interaction between the human body and the sleep system. Contributing factors include body dimensions, distribution of body weight and stiffness of the sleep system across the mattress surface. During the past decade, the rise of several new bedding technologies has made it increasingly difficult for the consumer to select a proper sleep system. Therefore, this study presents a method to model human-bed interaction in …order to objectively predict the ideal sleep system for a particular individual. The proposed method combines a personalized anthropometric model with standardized load-deflection characteristics of mattress and bed base. Results for lateral sleep positions show a root mean square deviation of 11.9 ± 6.1 mm between modeled spine shapes and validation shapes, derived from 3D surface scans of the back surface. The method showed to be a reliable tool to individually identify the sleep system providing superior support from a variety of possible mattress–bed base combinations. Show more

Keywords: ergonomic design criteria, sleep system optimization, personalized body support, mechanical bed characteristics, bed support

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0450-2268

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2268-2273, 2012

Authors: Jiang, Hong | Karwowski, Waldemar | Ahram, Tareq Z.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) has gained wide attention over the past few years. ABMS is a powerful simulation modeling technique that has a number of applications, including applications to real-world business problems [1]. This modeling technique has been used by scientists to analyze complex system-level behavior by simulating the system from the bottom up. The major application of ABMS includes social, political, biology, and economic sciences. This paper provides an overview of ABMS applications with the emphasis on modeling human socio-cultural behavior (HSCB).

Keywords: Agent-based modeling, Human Socio-cultural Behavior, simulation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0650-2274

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2274-2278, 2012

Authors: Santos, V | Zamberlan, M | Streit, P | Oliveira, J | Guimarães, C | Pastura, F | Cid, G

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim in this paper is to present a research on the application of serious games for the design of laboratories in the oil and gas industries. The focus is in human virtual representation acquired from 3D scanning, human interaction, workspace layout and equipment designed considering ergonomics standards. The laboratory studies were simulated in Unity3D platform, which allows the users to control the DHM1 on the dynamic virtual scenario, in order to simulate work activities. This methodology can change the design process by improving the level of interaction between final users, managers and human factor teams. That helps to …better visualize future work settings and improve the level of participation between all stakeholders. Show more

Keywords: digital human model, simulation, virtual environment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0451-2279

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2279-2283, 2012

Authors: Gopher, Daniel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Multimodal, immersive, virtual reality (VR) techniques open new perspectives for perceptual-motor skill trainers. They also introduce new risks and dangers. This paper describes the benefits and pitfalls of multimodal training and the cognitive building blocks of a multimodal, VR training simulators.

Keywords: Virtual reality, multimodal training, skill acquisition, perceptual motor skills, virtual reality training

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0452-2284

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2284-2287, 2012

Authors: Zhang, L. | Grosdemouge, C. | Arikatla, V. S. | Ahn, W. | Sankaranarayanan, G. | De, S. | Jones, D. | Schwaitzberg, S. | Cao, C.G.L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Laparoscopic surgery requires more specialized training of the surgeons than traditional open surgery. The Virtual Basic Laparoscopic Surgical Trainer (VBLaST) is being developed as a virtual version of the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Skills (FLS) trainer. This study assessed the current haptic and virtual reality (VR) technology of a virtual peg transfer task of the VBLaST, based on the subjective preference of surgeons and their objective task performance measures. Twenty-one surgical residents, fellows and attendings performed a peg-transfer task in the FLS and the VBLaST. Each subject performed 10 trials on each simulator. Results showed that subjects performed significantly better on …the FLS than on the VBLaST. Subjects showed a significant learning effect on both simulators, but with an accelerated improvement on the VBLaST. Even so, 81% of the subjects preferred the FLS over the VBLaST for surgical training which could be attributed to the novelty of the VR technology and existing deficiencies of the haptic interface. Despite the subjective preference for the physical simulator, the performance results indicate an added value of VR and haptics in surgical training, which is expected to be demonstrated in more surgically relevant tasks such as suturing and knot-tying. Show more

Keywords: surgical training, virtual reality (VR), virtual basic laparoscopic surgical trainer (VBLaST), fundamentals of laparoscopic skills (FLS), force feedback

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0453-2288

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2288-2292, 2012

Authors: Vanwonterghem, Kamiel | Yoopat, Pongjan | Maes, Christophe

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Musculoskeletal disorders are still a major problem in daily occupational life. Despite the high incidence rates and important consequences for employees, employers and society, efficient preventive strategies seem to fail in efficiency. The reason may be found in approaching the issue via the classic post-factum analysis. The preventive measures are almost not implemented because of the low predictability to be injured which affects the awareness of the problem and the low identification with the improvement proposals. MSD belong to the cumulative diseases which require and anticipating strategy based on early detection of pre-indicating symptoms.

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, cumulative trauma disorders, anticipative prevention

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0454-2293

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2293-2298, 2012

Authors: Verbeek, Jos H. | Martimo, Kari-Pekka | Kuijer, P. Paul F.M. | Karppinen, Jaro | Viikari-Juntura, Eira | Takala, Esa-Pekka

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Training and provision of assistive devices are considered major interventions to prevent and treat low back pain (LBP) among workers exposed to manual material handling (MMH). To establish the effectiveness of training and provision of assistive devices in preventing and treating LBP an update of a Cochrane literature review was performed to November 2010. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies with a concurrent control group (CCTs) were included. Nine RCTs (20.101 employees) and nine CCTs (1280 employees) were included for prevention: six more than in the previous version. No study on treatment was found. None of the included RCTs …and CCTs provided evidence that training and provision of assistive devices prevented LBP when compared to no intervention or another intervention. Show more

Keywords: prevention, musculoskeletal, lifting, carrying, training

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0455-2299

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2299-2301, 2012

Authors: Mathiassen, Svend Erik | Liv, Per | Wahlström, Jens

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In ergonomics, assessing the working postures of an individual by observation is a very common practice. The present study investigated whether monetary resources devoted to an observational study should preferably be invested in collecting many video recordings of the work, or in having several observers estimate postures from available videos multiple times. On the basis of a data set of observed working postures among hairdressers, necessary information in terms of posture variability, observer variability, and costs for recording and observing videos was entered into equations providing the total cost of data collection and the precision (informative value) of the resulting …estimates of two variables: percentages time with the arm elevated <15 degrees and >90 degrees. In all 160 data collection strategies, differing with respect to the number of video recordings and the number of repeated observations of each recording, were simulated and compared for cost and precision. For both posture variables, the most cost-efficient strategy for a given budget was to engage 4 observers to look at available video recordings, rather than to have one observer look at more recordings. Since the latter strategy is the more common in ergonomics practice, we recommend reconsidering standard practice in observational posture assessment. Show more

Keywords: resource consumption, mean exposure, risk assessment, posture observation, efficiency

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0456-2302

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2302-2306, 2012

Authors: Jackson, Jennie | Mathiassen, Svend Erik

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Normalization of surface electromyography (EMG) is a common and recommended practice, however this methodological step itself introduces variability to a data set. Quantification of this variance is necessary to correctly interpret overall EMG variability. This information is also paramount to identifying experimentally and clinically relevant normalization task(s) which minimize induced variance yet are time-efficient. Purpose: The goal of this study was to quantify the within-day variance of two commonly reported, sub-maximal tasks utilised for low back EMG normalization: one collected with a high degree of meticulousness, and the other collected in a more rapid manner. Results: Only minimal differences …were seen between tasks in the magnitude of within-day variance for EMG amplitude at all recording sites, save the right-side L5 location, which showed a significant difference (p=0.020). For trunk posture, within-day variance for the highly meticulous tasks was significantly higher than for the less-meticulous task (p=0.011). Conclusion: A less meticulous sub-maximal normalization task performed in a standing position was equal or superior to a more meticulously collected task in terms of kinematic task repeatability and within-day EMG variance. These findings are encouraging for field study applications where meticulous methods are not feasible, and provide a time saving strategy for lab studies. Show more

Keywords: variance components, electromyography, work related musculoskeletal disorders, exposure assessment, submaximal

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0457-2307

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2307-2314, 2012

Authors: Driessen, Maurice | Bosmans, Judith | Proper, Karin | Anema, Johannes | Bongers, Paulien | Van der Beek, Allard

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study was an economic evaluation conducted alongside a cluster randomised controlled trial with a follow-up of 12 months. The aim was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of the Stay@Work Participatory Ergonomics programme (PE) compared to a control group (no PE). In total, 37 departments (n=3047 workers) were randomised into either the intervention (PE) or control group (no PE). During a meeting, working groups followed the steps of PE, and composed and prioritised ergonomic measures aimed to prevent low back pain (LBP) and neck pain (NP). Working groups had to implement the ergonomic measures within three months in their …department. Cost data included those directly related to LBP and NP. Cost-effectiveness analyses (CEA) and cost-benefit analyses (CBA) were performed. After 12 months, health care costs and costs of productivity losses were higher in the intervention group than in the control group (the mean total cost difference was $/euro$127; 95% CI $/euro$-164 – $/euro$418). From a societal perspective, the CEA showed that PE was not cost-effective compared to control for LBP and NP prevalence, work performance, and sick leave. The CBA from a company perspective showed a monetary loss of $/euro$78 per worker. The PE programme was neither cost-effective nor cost-beneficial on any of the effect measures. Show more

Keywords: economic evaluation, cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit, musculoskeletal pain, participatory ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0458-2315

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2315-2320, 2012

Authors: BräNnmark, Mikael | Håkansson, Malin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper aimed at summarizing the knowledge of the relationship between Lean and work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD), and WMSD risk factors, in manufacturing companies. Literature search processes identified 23 publications studying this, in scientific journals. Eight included measurements of WMSD; three were mostly negative, two showed mixed results, one showed no results and two were mostly positive. Eighteen publications included measurements of WMSD risk factors; seven showed mostly negative results, eight snowed mixed results, two showed mostly positive results and one was inconclusive. Three literature reviews were identified, which studied this question; two were mostly negative, while the third …was inconclusive. Also, 12 publications of grey literature studying Lean and WMSD risk factors in Swedish organizations were identified; nine showed mixed results, two showed mostly positive results and one showed mostly negative results. Due to the varying quality and study design of the publications, together with the few identified studies, it is difficult to compare them. The context and the implementation also likely affect the results. The general conclusion was that a Lean implementation may increase the risk of WMSD and risk factors for WMSD, if it is not accompanied with an ergonomic intervention. Show more

Keywords: WMSD, working conditions, manufacturing

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0459-2321

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2321-2328, 2012

Authors: Di Benedetto, Raffaele | Fanti, Michele

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper wants to present an integrated approach to Line Balancing and Risk Assessment and a Software Tool named ErgoAnalysis that makes it easy to control the whole production process and produces a Risk Index for the actual work tasks in an Assembly Line. Assembly Line Balancing, or simply Line Balancing, is the problem of assigning operations to workstations along an assembly line, in such a way that the assignment be optimal in some sense. Assembly lines are characterized by production constraints and restrictions due to several aspects such as the nature of the product and the flow of orders. …To be able to respond effectively to the needs of production, companies need to frequently change the workload and production models. Each manufacturing process might be quite different from another. To optimize very specific operations, assembly line balancing might utilize a number of methods and the Engineer must consider ergonomic constraints, in order to reduce the risk of WMDSs. Risk Assessment may result very expensive because the Engineer must evaluate it at every change. ErgoAnalysis can reduce cost and improve effectiveness in Risk Assessment during the Line Balancing. Show more

Keywords: assembly lines, line balancing, ergonomics, OCRA index, risk assessment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0460-2329

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2329-2333, 2012

Authors: Aghazadeh, Fereydoun | Qaisi, Saif Al | Hutchinson, Francis | Ikuma, Laura

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Injuries due to manual valve handwheel operations are a major concern in the chemical process industry. Manual valves are used to start, stop, and control flow in process lines. The torque required to operate handwheels after the initial “breaking” can vary due to the size, design, and condition of the valve. This study tested four methods of turning the handwheel on a medium-sized gate valve at two different torque requirements (25 Nm and 50 Nm). The methods were compared to each other, in terms of efficiency, subjective ratings of perceived exertion, and electromyography activity of the upper extremity and trunk …muscles. The results indicate that different methods and torque requirements are compensated for by the use of different muscles. Also, this use of different muscles, along with the increased mechanical advantage of the wrench, can affect the operator’s actual and perceived comfort and efficiency while operating a valve handwheel. Show more

Keywords: valve operation, handwheels, EMG, torque, MSDs

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0461-2334

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2334-2340, 2012

Authors: Barros Oliveira, Paulo Antonio | Scopel, Juliana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate muscular strain in the upper limbs of workers in a freeze-processing plant for poultry by developing a tool for quantitative analysis, yielding a final score, which can provide diagnostic support in legal proceedings. Methods: The Strain index proposed by Moore & Garg was used to quantify biomechanical aspects of muscular strain, evaluating the intensity and duration of effort, frequency of movement, position of wrist and hand, speed of activity and duration of the task per shift. The index was applied in three critical work-areas in a freezeprocessing plant for poultry where the activities of nine workers were …analyzed. Results: Absenteeism caused by osteomuscular lesions and mental-health problems reaches 20%. The three work-areas studied are those where the birds’ throats are cut, where they are suspended on a conveyor-belt and, where they are wrapped. These areas were chosen because they have the highest rates of absenteeism and rotation of workers. The findings identified final scores between 12 and 27, when 7 or more means the maximum risk. Conclusion: Defensive strategies developed by workers can reduce biomechanical problems arising from high throughput rates, but are not enough by themselves to allow production to proceed without the occurrence of osteomuscular problems. Show more

Keywords: biomechanics, cumulative trauma disorders, ergonomics, work in freeze-processing plants

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0462-2341

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2341-2348, 2012

Authors: de cassia Clark Teodoroski, Rita | Koppe, Vanessa Mazzocchi | Merino, Eugênio Andrés Díaz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: To cut a fabric, the professional performs different jobs and among them stands out the cut. The scissors has been the instrument most used for this activity. Over the years, technology has been conquering its space in the textile industry. However, despite the industrial automation able to offer subsidies to answer employment market demands, without appropriate orientation, the worker is exposed to the risks inherent at the job. Ergonomics is a science that search to promote the comfort and well being in consonance with efficacy. Its goals are properly well defined and clearly guide the actions aimed at transforming the …working conditions. This study aimed to analyze the activity of cut tissues with a machine by a seamstress and the implications on their body posture. The methodology used was the observation technique and application of the Protocol RULA, where the result obtained was the level 3 and score 5, confirming that "investigations and changes are required soon". Conclude that using the machine to tissue cut should be encouraged, but in conjunction with orientations for improving posture while handling it. It seeks to prevent dysfunction of the musculoskeletal system that prevents employees from performing their work tasks efficiently and productively. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, technology, RULA protocol, musculoskeletal disorders

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0463-2349

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2349-2354, 2012

Authors: Ellegast, Rolf | Weber, Britta | Mahlberg, Rena

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Physical inactivity and prolonged static work tasks may seriously affect health. There are numerous indications that promoting physical activity (PA) at sedentary workplaces can reduce these health risks. However, PA interventions have so far been documented rarely on the basis of medical parameters. Effects on the PA behavior are often studied only through the methods of subjective self-assessment. For this reason an extensive method inventory was developed consisting of objective PA assessment methods and various methods for documenting PA related health outcomes. The developed method inventory has been tested in a pilot intervention study at office workplaces. The current paper …presents and discusses a part of the applied inventory. The methods considered here demonstrated several positive intervention effects: intervention subjects were more active, felt better, increased muscle strength and showed improvements in resting heart rate and BMI. Not all data has been analyzed to date, but the preliminary results suggest that most of the investigated methods turned out to be suitable for the documentation of intervention effects. Among the methods for which no effects were found, the question remains whether this is due to a lack of sensitivity of the method or due to aspects related to the study design. Show more

Keywords: VDU workplaces, intervention study, measurement, physical activity, health outcomes

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0464-2355

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2355-2359, 2012

Authors: Chang, Chien-Chi | Xu, Xu | Faber, Gert S. | Kingma, Idsart | Dennerlein, Jack

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study investigates the effects of the number of interpolation points on the prediction accuracy of segment angle trajectory during lifting. Ten participants performed various lifting tasks while a motion tracking system recorded their movements. Two-point through ten-point equal time-spaced segment angles extracted from major segment trajectory data captured by the motion tracking system were used to re-generate the whole body lifting motion by using polynomial and cubic spline interpolation methods. The root mean square error (RMSE) between the reference (motion tracking system) and the estimated (interpolation method) segment angle trajectories were calculated to quantify the prediction accuracy. The results …showed that the cubic spline interpolation will yield a smaller RMSE value than one based on the polynomial interpolation. While increasing the number of interpolation points can reduce the RMSE of the estimated segment angle trajectories, there was a diminishing advantage in continuing to add interpolation points. A sensitivity analysis suggests that if the estimation of the segment angles at each interpolation point deviates considerably from the real value, and cannot be controlled at a low level (<10 (), the use of higher number of interpolation points will not improve the estimation accuracy. Show more

Keywords: simulation, joint trajectory, posture coding

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0465-2360

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2360-2363, 2012

Authors: Gutiérrez, Manuel | Monzó, Jorge

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the association between prevalence of low back disorders in female workers and biomechanical demands of compressive and shear forces at the lumbar spine. A descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational study was carried out in 11 groups of female workers in the Province of Concepción. An interview was performed to investigate the prevalence of low back pain. To estimate biomechanical demands on the lumbar spine, it was used the 3DSSPP software. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the prevalence of low back disorders and peak compression force at the lumbar spine was r = (p<0.005). …The Spearman correlation coefficient between the prevalence of low back disorders and peak shear force was r = 0.9 (p <0.005). To protect 90% of female workers studied, the limits of compression and shear forces should be at 2.8 kN and 0.3 kN, respectively. These values differ from the recommendations currently used, 3.4 kN for peak compression force and 0.5 kN for peak shear force. Show more

Keywords: low back pain, women, handling load, compression force, shear force

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0466-2364

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2364-2369, 2012

Authors: Ganga, G.M.D. | Esposto, K.F. | Braatz, D.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The occupational exposure limits of different risk factors for development of low back disorders (LBDs) have not yet been established. One of the main problems in setting such guidelines is the limited understanding of how different risk factors for LBDs interact in causing injury, since the nature and mechanism of these disorders are relatively unknown phenomena. Industrial ergonomists’ role becomes further complicated because the potential risk factors that may contribute towards the onset of LBDs interact in a complex manner, which makes it difficult to discriminate in detail among the jobs that place workers at high or low risk of …LBDs. The purpose of this paper was to develop a comparative study between predictions based on the neural network-based model proposed by Zurada, Karwowski & Marras (1997) and a linear discriminant analysis model, for making predictions about industrial jobs according to their potential risk of low back disorders due to workplace design. The results obtained through applying the discriminant analysis-based model proved that it is as effective as the neural network-based model. Moreover, the discriminant analysis-based model proved to be more advantageous regarding cost and time savings for future data gathering. Show more

Keywords: lifting task assessment, statistical analysis, musculoskeletal injuries

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0467-2370

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2370-2376, 2012

Authors: Bruno Garza, J.L. | Eijckelhof, B.H.W. | Johnson, P.W. | Raina, S.M. | Rynell, P. | Huysmans, M.A. | van Dieën, J.H. | van der Beek, A.J. | Blatter, B.M. | Dennerlein, J.T.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The present study, a part of the PROOF (PRedicting Occupational biomechanics in OFfice workers) study, aimed to determine whether trapezius muscle effort was different across computer activities in a field study of computer workers, and also investigated whether head and shoulder postures were different across computer activities. One hundred twenty participants were measured continuously for two hours each while performing their own computer work. Keyboard activities were associated with the highest intensity of left and right trapezius muscle efforts, and mouse activities were associated with the smallest variability in left and right trapezius muscle efforts. Corresponding trends in head and …shoulder postures included that the greatest head flexion and left and right shoulder internal rotation was observed during keyboard activities, and that the smallest variability in head flexion, head lateral tilt, and right shoulder internal rotation was observed during mouse activities. Identifying which muscle efforts and postures are different across computer activities is the first essential step for developing prediction rules for muscle efforts and postures, which can be used to link muscle efforts and postures to musculoskeletal symptoms in epidemiological studies. Show more

Keywords: office work, exposure assessment, upper extremity, task, trapezius

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0468-2377

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2377-2380, 2012

Authors: Ulrey, Brent L. | Fathallah, Fadi A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Adoption of the stooped posture in the workplace is widespread throughout the world in agriculture, construction, and mining. This type of posture has been established as a risk factor for developing low back disorders (LBDs). The purpose of this study is to evaluate a personal weight transfer device as a possible intervention to reduce the load on the lumbar spine, thereby reducing the risk of developing LBDs. Eighteen healthy subjects performed stooped posture tasks in a laboratory study designed to simulate harvesting of low-growing crops. Results showed that when wearing the device in the static stooped posture, biceps femoris activity …was reduced by 17%, lumbar flexion was reduced by 12%, ankle plantar-flexion increased by 5%, and the lumbar erector spinae of those subjects who did not experience flexion-relaxation of the erector spinae was reduced by 26%. Hip and knee flexion were not significantly altered. Therefore, the device may be beneficial for those with existing LBDs, and who use the stooped posture routinely. Show more

Keywords: weight transfer device, ergonomic intervention, electromyography

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0469-2381

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2381-2383, 2012

Authors: Johannaber, Kenneth | Fathallah, Fadi A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Stooped work has been shown to be associated with the development of low back disorders, particularly those that affect the spinal intervertebral discs. Although several studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of physical factors on disc health, little research has focused on the effect of prolonged stooped work on disc hydration- a critical component of disc health. The purpose of this study is to explore the connection between stooped work and low back pain through controlled mechanical loading and quantitative analysis of disc hydration during in vitro simulated stooped and erect loading conditions of porcine discs. The results …showed that stooped postures exhibit significantly decreased overall water content relative to erect postures. Since as disc hydration forms the foundation for overall disc health and proper function, these results have implications for the injury mechanisms associated with stooped work. Show more

Keywords: Low back disorders, biomechanics, back pain

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0470-2384

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2384-2386, 2012

Authors: Samani, A. | Kawczyński, A. | Chmura, J. | Madeleine, P.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Eleven healthy volunteers took part in three sessions where computer work was performed for 10 min in each session. The recordings were made on two consecutive days. After the first session, the subjects underwent a series of high intensity eccentric exercises of shoulder elevation to induce muscle soreness. The second session was performed immediately after the exercises and third session 24 hours after the exercise. Surface electromyography (EMG) of descending and ascending trapezius, deltoideus anterior and serratus anterior was recorded. Exposure variation analysis (EVA) centroid and marginal distribution was computed. Principle component analysis (PCA) was performed on both cases. Describing …more than 80% of variance, first eight components for EVA marginal distributions and first four ones for EVA centroid were picked to be investigated. The sole EVA amplitude levels played a practically significant role to describe the variation in EVA marginal distribution. However, a significant pattern of load redistribution to superficial muscles was not found. This may suggest investigating the role of deep muscles in redistribution of load during computer work in response to high level eccentric contractions. Show more

Keywords: eccentric exercises, spatial reorganization, fatigue

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0471-2387

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2387-2391, 2012

Authors: Riley, Michael W. | Hung, Yu-Ting | Wang, Mao-Jiun | Lin, Yueh-Ling | Blunk, Jessica C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Psychosocial factors, individual factors, workplace requirements, and workplace organizational factors have all been reported as being associated with the risk of musculoskeletal disorders [11]. Huang, Feuerstein, and Sauter [5] described the various concepts and models proposed to link occupational stress and work-related upper extremity disorders, as well as the difficulty in verifying the suggested linkages. Huang et al. [5] suggested that decomposing a complex model would be an appropriate method to begin the investigations of the proposed models. Task repetition is a workplace requirement that is considered a potential risk factor for cumulative trauma and its relationship to psychosocial factors …was investigated. The study found only weak to no statistically significant relationship between task repetition and reported psychosocial factors of job stress in workers in Taiwan. Show more

Keywords: repetition, psychosocial, musculoskeletal

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0472-2392

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2392-2397, 2012

Authors: Vyas, Rekha

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Farming is a physically arduous occupation that places farm workers' at potential risk of musculoskeletal disorders, which has been observed to impose a greater impact on their health. Each activity in agriculture brings about certain stress and strain on bones and muscles leading to work-related musculoskeletal disorders which can lead to several permanent diseases and disabilities. The purpose of analyzing musculoskeletal problems among male and female workers engaged in agriculture was to know about the risk factors dangerous to health so that interventions can be planned for mitigating them thereby increasing the efficiency of work. Educational intervention included audio-visual aids …as well as printed literature. It was hoped that awareness of these factors through dissemination of information would contribute at preventing hazards amongst farmers and their families. The results revealed that the workers reported very severe to severe pain in low back while performing agricultural activities. Weeding was the most strenuous activity for females and threshing crop for males. Training and education on MSDs through educational intervention proved that the knowledge of the farm workers could be enhanced and can help reduce risk of many musculoskeletal problems. It can be help in empowering the community and mitigate MSDs in agriculture. Show more

Keywords: musculoskeletal problems, body discomfort, educational intervention

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0473-2398

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2398-2404, 2012

Authors: Mertens, Alexander | Hurtmanns, Jan | Wacharamanotham, Chatchavan | Kronenbürger, Martin | Borchers, Jan | Schlick, Christopher M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Interacting with touchscreen computer systems is a challenging task for elderly tremor patients, because of a lower input accuracy caused by their tremor symptoms. Previous observations by Mertens et al. suggested that continuous movements are able to lower these symptoms. In this paper Swabbing, a input method for touchscreen systems based on such motions, is presented. A user study will show that Swabbing is able to reduce the error rate while proving equal user satisfaction compared to standard input techniques. Furthermore reasons for these benefits will be argued and explained with the use of accuracy measures by MacKenzie et al. …In the end possible future enhancements of Swabbing will be discussed. Show more

Keywords: HCI, touchscreen, older adults, Swabbing, tremor

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0474-2405

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2405-2411, 2012

Authors: Ribeiro, Sânzia Bezerra | Wagmacker, Djeynefer Silveira | de Oliveira, Lilian Becerra

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the benefits of an exercise program associated to the educational phase of the “Back School Program” in the quality of life of workers from a cigar factory. This is a case study conducted over four months with three activities a week, two times a day, with the third day devoted to educational activities, focusing on healthy lifestyle, correct posture, postural orientations, daily living and work activities, work motivation, and other issues.

Keywords: RSI, Life Quality, Work Physical Therapy, Labor Gymnastic and Back school

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0475-2412

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2412-2416, 2012

Authors: Padula, Rosimeire Simprini | Carregaro, Rodrigo Luiz | Melo, Bruna | da Silva, Cláudia Regina | Oliveira, Ana Beatriz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The incidence of occupational diseases in the population is high and factors such as long working hours, poor posture, psychological and physical stress can contribute to its development. Among work-related musculoskeletal disorders, back pain has a high prevalence. The aim of the present study was to quantify and characterize pain complaints and to identifyindividuals with low back pain, in order to assess the degree of disability. Participated 226 employees of an institution of higher education. They answered a general questionnaire about location and quantification of pain complaints visual analog scale for pain and the Quebec Disability Questionnaire. Of all the …workers, 69.60% had some type of musculoskeletal complaint; of those, 15.41% had low back pain. Considering workers who had back pain, 54.9% were female, 52.94% are under 30 years old and 43.14% between 1 and 5 years of work. As for the final score for the degree of disability, 41.17% had minimal disability and 37.25% moderate disability. The present study found large number of pain complaints and high prevalence of low back pain, resulting in individual’s inability and difficulties in performing work activities. Show more

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, ergonomic risk factors, occupational health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0476-2417

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2417-2419, 2012

Authors: Tirloni, Adriana Seára | dos Reis, Diogo Cunha | dos Santos, Josenei Braga | Reis, Pedro Ferreira | Barbosa, Ailton | Moro, Antônio Renato Pereira

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Brazil has the main producers and exporters of chicken meat, which is classified as the third largest world chicken meat producer and lead exporter. This study aimed at analyzing the body discomfort perception in poultry slaughterhouse workers and its associations with the task characteristics. The study included 290 workers, 200 women (34.7±7.7 years) and 90 men (36.8±8.2 years). A body map for evaluating discomfort and an interview regarding organizational issues and criteria of the OCRA method were used. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test (p ≤ 0.05) were used. It was found that 87.6% of respondents performed repetitive tasks, 86.2% performed …rest breaks, 82.8% performed job rotation (2–7 tasks) and 61% used tools. It was also found that 67.2% felt discomfort in at least one body region, and the symptoms most often reported were pain, fatigue and tingling. The body regions most frequently cited were: shoulders (62.6%), neck (46.2%), spine (36.4%), forearms (31.3%), arms (29.2%), wrists (25.6%) and hands (25.6%). In sectors artificially cold (n = 204), 54.1% felt cold. There was no association between body discomfort and gender, task characteristics, performance of rest breaks and job rotation, use of tools and time working in the company; however, there was association with cold perception (p = 0.035). Show more

Keywords: Pain, ergonomics, repetitive task

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0651-2420

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2420-2425, 2012

Authors: Gangopadhyay, Somnath | Dev, Samrat

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract Occupational driving has often been associated with a high prevalence of back pain. Buses constitute the backbone of the local transportation; so many people are engaged in the profession. The present study was to investigate the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) and due to that problem whether their social and professional life hampers or not. The present study was undertaken among 160 government undertaking male bus drivers. Modified Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire was performed with physical assessment. Then Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (QLBPDQ) was performed to evaluate the extent to which social and professional life is restricted …by back pain. Afterwards, the sit-and-reach test and investigation of sitting postures was done. From the analysis of questionnaire it was revealed that drivers had to spend 8-10 hours daily for 6 days in a shift. It was further observed that all of them mainly suffering from LBP. From the QLBPDQ analysis it was found that LBP restricted their social and professional life. Sit and reach test and posture analysis also support this finding. This result is an absolute reflection of the alarming situations of the Kolkata bus drivers. It can be concluded that the bus drivers are highly stressed due to the hazardous working conditions, which in turn may additionally affects their health and overall work performance in the long run. Show more

Keywords: bus drivers, low back pain, social life, professional life, stressed

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0652-2426

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2426-2433, 2012

Authors: Andersen, J.H. | Frost, P. | Fuglsang-Frederiksen, A. | Johnson, B. | Wulff Svendsen, S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: We aimed to evaluate associations between vocational computer use and 1) ulnar neuropathy, and 2) ulnar neuropathy- like symptoms as distinguished by electroneurography. We identified all patients aged 18–65 years, examined at the Department of Neurophysiology on suspicion of ulnar neuropathy, 2001–2007. We mailed a questionnaire to 546 patients with ulnar neuropathy, 633 patients with ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms, and three community referents per case, matched on sex, age, and primary care centre. From a Job Exposure Matrix we extracted estimates of daily hours of computer use. The analysis was performed by conditional logistic regression. There were a negative association …between daily hours of computer use and the two outcomes of interest. Participants who reported their elbow to be in contact with their working table for 2 hours or more during the workday had an elevated risk for ulnar neuropathy (OR=2.16, 95 % CI; 1.06–4.44). The two outcomes were not associated with daily hours of computer use. Findings suggested specific effects of pressure on the elbow, and might be an explanation for the overweight of left-sided outcomes in this primarily right-handed group. Preventive efforts would then be straightforward by providing appropriate arm support for the left arm and elbow. Show more

Keywords: Entrapment, VDU-use, electroneurography, elbow, job exposure matrix

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0653-2434

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2434-2437, 2012

Authors: Mehta, Ranjana K. | Parijat, Prakriti

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The exponential growth of the information technology (IT) industry in India has been accompanied with a substantial increase in the reporting of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The purpose of the current study was to identify and assess the contributions of prevalent psychosocial factors on perceived WMSD outcomes among IT professionals from India. About 77 IT professionals from India completed a survey set consisting of 26 question items from the Job Content Questionnaire and 3 separate question items pertaining to WMSD outcomes (pain/discomfort and psychological stress scores). The findings suggest prevalence of existing pain (shoulder/neck and low back) in more than …one-fourth of the respondents. Additionally two-thirds of the respondents had never had any ergonomics awareness training. Co-worker support and psychological work demands were found to be the strongest contributors of psychosocial risk factors towards pain/discomfort and psychological stress outcomes. Findings from this study highlight the influence of certain psychosocial traits of the Indian IT workplace on perceived WMSD outcomes. There is a need to develop and implement intervention strategies to address these factors that may help lower the risk of work-related musculoskeletal pain. Show more

Keywords: psychosocial risk factors, musculoskeletal pain, information technology, social support

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0477-2438

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2438-2444, 2012

Authors: Comper, Maria Luiza C. | Macedo, Felipe | Padula, Rosimeire S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD) include a list of inflammatory and degenerative diseases characterized by the presence of musculoskeletal symptoms, compensatory posture changes and functional disabilities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the kinetic/functional characteristics of textile plant workers, their level of exposure to risk factors and the contribution these make to musculoskeletal symptoms. The sample of 42 workers answered the Nordic Questionnaire and the Job Factors Questionnaire. The kinetic/functional characteristics of each worker were verified by a blinded evaluator. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation. Musculoskeletal symptoms were more prevalent in the spinal region and …upper limbs. The exposure levels to risk factors were identified as a serious problem. Postural disorders, musculoskeletal symptoms and risk factors were correlated (P ≤ 0.05). Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal Disorders, Ergonomic risk factors, Occupational Health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0478-2445

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2445-2448, 2012

Authors: Serranheira, Florentino | Cotrim, Teresa | Rodrigues, Victor | Nunes, Carla | Sousa-Uva, António

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Healthcare workers, namely registered nurses (RN), are frequently exposed to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) risk factors. Identifying the symptoms of these disorders is one of the first epidemiological steps to managing them. This study aims to identify WRMSDs prevalence symptoms in Portuguese RN. During 8 months (2010–2011) the National Public Health School and the Portuguese Registered Nurses Board made a call to all RN to answer an online WRMSDs questionnaire. Respondents (n=2140) are mostly females (77.4%) and work mainly in hospitals (n=1396) and in primary healthcare centers (n=421). Results show high symptoms prevalence (last 12 months) in the lower back …(60.6%), the upper back (44.5%), and the neck (48.6%). Nurses’ activity, especially patient hygiene in bed, is a strong contributor (p>0.05) to pain in the upper back (OR=1.39 [1.09–1.80]) and lower back (OR=1.4 [1.08–1.84]). Patient holdup without mechanical support has the highest relationship (p>0.05) between work tasks and symptoms in the last 12 months in the upper back (OR=1.50 [1.19–1.90]). Prevalence rates of WRMSDs symptoms in Portuguese nurses are no different from other studies with Swedish, Italian and Greek nurses. Maybe changes in healthcare systems didn’t change the way care is delivered and we must rethink how to prevent nurses WRMSDs. Show more

Keywords: nurses, WRMSDs symptoms, epidemiology, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0479-2449

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2449-2451, 2012

Authors: Ibrahim, Nurul Ikhmar | Mohanadas, Devinthiran

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate pervasiveness of the musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) among staffs in a specialized healthcare centre. Sixty-eight staffs from three departments namely Cardiovascular Lab (CVL), Nuclear Radiology, and General Radiography were recruited in this study. A modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was distributed among study population. The result shows that the prevalence of MSD was highest in lower back (88.2%), neck (76.5%) and shoulder (60.3%) for the past 12 months followed by lower back and elbow (44.1%), and wrist (39.1%) correspondingly, for the past 7 days. Present results suggest that healthcare professionals – radiographers, patient assistants and …nurses incurs MSD risks through work tasks as well as psychosocial factors. These include awkward posture during patient handling, workload, work stress and time pressure. Therefore, an ergonomics improvement on the job design and workspace are needed in order to reduce the MSD risks. Show more

Keywords: prevalence, MSD, healthcare professionals, psychosocial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0480-2452

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2452-2460, 2012

Authors: Barbieri, Dechristian França | Nogueira, Helen Cristina | Bergamin, Letícia Januário | Oliveira, Ana Beatriz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMD) are the result of the combination of different risk factors. They are very common among computer workers, mainly when neck and upper limbs are considered. Forty-two office workers from a public university participated in this study. They were divided into two groups: Symptomatic Subjects (SS, n=20) and Asymptomatic Subjects (AS, n=22), according to the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). Psychosocial indicators were assessed using the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). Workplaces were evaluated according to the Ergonomic Workplace Analysis (EWA), proposed by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. The NMQ showed higher …weekly prevalence of complaints on neck, shoulders and wrist/hands (p=0.00) among SS. The annual prevalence of symptoms on wrist/hands was also higher among SS (p=0.02). The JCQ did not show any difference between groups (p>0.05). Higher proportion of servers with ‘high level’ of engagement, dedication and absorption, according to UWES, was identified among SS (p<0.01). EWA showed worse scores for ‘Work Site’, ‘Job Content’ and ‘Repetitiveness of the Work’ among SS (p<0.05). Servers are exposed to physical and psychosocial risk factors that can contribute to the development of WRMD. Work conditions need to be change in order to improve musculoskeletal health. Show more

Keywords: Physical Therapy, ergonomics, computer work, WRMD, psychosocial risk factors

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0481-2461

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2461-2466, 2012

Authors: Gangopadhyay, Somnath | Das, Tamal

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract It is a well recognized fact that manual material handling (MMH) entails enormous physical labor and associated discomfort feeling, which invariably culminate into musculoskeletal disorders. However mental fatigue, in such instances, becomes an unexplored parameter that needs definite attention during assessment of work status of MMH workers. The present study is being performed among 75 porters of a central market in Kolkata to ascertain the extent of physical and mental exhaustion among them. SF-12 health status questionnaire followed by another questionnaire involving psychosocial questions were performed among them. The analysis of both the questionnaires clearly revealed that most of …the porters are under severe physical exertion as they alone carry about 120 kg load at a time and such activity is repeated at least 40 times throughout the day. They always suffer from pain and discomfort feeling at different body parts and this interferes with their normal work activity to a great extent. Moreover absenteeism means no financial return and even a day’s rigourous work fetches meagre income. The inability to support family convincingly even after performing such hazardous tasks makes them feel low. Monotony, boredom, fatigue and mental trauma form an integral part of their daily work schedule. Show more

Keywords: physical health, mental health, informal sector

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0482-2467

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2467-2471, 2012

Authors: Arvidsson, Inger | Simonsen, Jenny Gremark | Balogh, Istvan | Hansson, Gert-åke | Dahlqvist, Camilla | Granqvist, Lothy | Ohlsson, Kerstina | Axmon, Anna | Karlson, Björn | Nordander, Catarina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Disorders in the musculoskeletal system have been associated with a high physical workload as well as psychosocial and individual factors. It is however not obvious which of these factors that is most important to prevent. Musculoskeletal disorders in neck and upper extremity was assessed by interview and clinical examination in 79 teachers and 93 assisting nurses, all females. Psychosocial work environment was assessed by questionnaire. The physical workload was recorded by technical measurements of postures, movements and muscular load, in 9 teachers and 12 nurses. The physical workload was lower among the teachers, but they had a more demanding psychosocial …work environment. Among the nurses, but not in the teachers, the neck-shoulder disorders were associated with a high body mass index (BMI). The teachers reported neck-shoulder complaints to a higher extent than the nurses, but had much lower prevalence of diagnoses in the clinical examination (12% vs. 25%; POR 0.3 CI 0.1 – 1.2; adjusted for age and BMI). The results suggest that adverse psychosocial conditions among the teachers give rise to a different kind of pain in the neck-shoulder region than from physical overload, troublesome but not as severe as the one afflicting the nurses. Show more

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, clinical examination, technical measurements

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0483-2472

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2472-2475, 2012

Authors: Motmans, R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Forklift drivers in warehouses are often exposed to whole body vibration (WBV) during the total day. There is however an association between working as a forklift operator and the development of low back pain. In this study the exposure to WBV was measured in five forklift drivers who performed a standardised order picking task during 10 minutes. The effect of driving surface (uneven concrete vs. new flat concrete), driving speed (15 km/h vs. 8 km/h) and seat suspension (mechanical suspension vs. air suspension) was investigated. Improving the driving surface was the most effective preventive measure by reducing the whole body …vibration with 39%, from 1.14 to 0.69 m/s2. Lowering the speed limit resulted in a reduction of WBV with 26% (1.05 vs. 0.78 m/s2). An air suspension seat was 22% more effective compared to mechanical suspension (1.02 vs. 0.80 m/s2). On uneven concrete an air suspension seat performed even better by reducing the WBV by 29% (1.33 vs. 0.95 m/s2). A combination of a new driving surface, limiting the maximum speed and the introduction of an air suspension seat reduced the whole body vibrations below the action limit of 0.5 m/s2 as mentioned in the European directive. None of the interventions were effective enough on their own. Show more

Keywords: whole body vibration, forklift driver, driving surface, air suspension seat, driving speed

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0484-2476

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2476-2481, 2012

Authors: do Nascimento Júnior, Leonildo Santos | da costa Santos Pessoa, Juliana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract This study had as objective to evaluate the workstation of the responsable for the collection of urban garbage in relation to the factors associates with the appearance or aggravation of WMRD, as well as identifying signals and symptoms of these illnesses in the related professionals. For this, was developed a form with open and closed questions, that approached item relative to the identification of the searched, to the organization and execution of the work and to the signals and symptoms of WMRD, e that was applied in 44 agents in a company of collection of urban residues in a …Brazilian metropolis. As the results can be evidenced that between the factors that the cleanness’ agents are susceptible to the appearance of WMRD can detach the lack of orientation of these professionals as the positions adopted in the work, the lack of training and qualification, as well as the repetitivity of tasks and not use of individual protection equipment. However, yet with the existence of innumerable factors of risk, evidenced a small incidence of pain. Show more

Keywords: working conditions, WMRD, cleanness agent

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0485-2482

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2482-2486, 2012

Authors: Torres, Yaniel | Viña, Silvio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study was conducted in a warehouse at a vaccine production centre where improvement to existing storage and working conditions were sought through the construction of a new refrigerated store section (2-8C°). Warehousing tasks were videotaped and ergonomics analysis tools were used to assess the risk of developing MSDs. Specifically, these tools were the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) and the NIOSH equation. The current plant layout was sketched and analyzed to find possible targets for improvement trough the application of general work space design and ergonomics principles. Seven of the eight postures evaluated with REBA had a total score …between 8 and 10, meaning a high risk, and only one was at a medium risk level. Nine of the eleven manual material handling tasks analyzed with the NIOSH equation had a Lifting Index between 1.14 and 1.80 and two had a recommended weight limit of 0kg, indicating a need for job redesign. Solutions included the redesign of shelves, the design of a two-step stair and a trolley with adjustable height; also, changes in work methods were proposed by introducing a two-workers lifting strategy and job rotation, and, finally, a restructuring of plant layout was completed. Show more

Keywords: ergonomic intervention, lifting strategies, plant layout, NIOSH equation, REBA

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0486-2487

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2487-2491, 2012

Authors: Moriguchi, Cristiane Shinohara | Carnaz, Leticia | de Miranda Junior, Luiz Carlos | Marklin, Richard William | Gil Coury, Helenice Jane cote

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Loading/unloading a ladder on vehicles are frequent tasks and involve overhead handling that may expose workers to risk factors of shoulder musculoskeletal disorders. The objective of the present study was to evaluate posture, forces required and perceived exertion when loading and unloading the ladder on a utility truck. Thirteen male overhead line workers from an electric utility in Brazil participated in this study. Shoulder elevation angle was measured using inclinometers. The required force to load/unload the ladder was measured by dynamometer. Subjective assessment of the perceived exertion was recorded to compare the exertion reported during the test conditions to the …field conditions. The task of loading/unloading the ladder presented risks of shoulder musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) to workers because it requires high levels of force (approximately 60% of the maximal force) combined with overhead posture of the shoulders (more than 100° from the neutral posture). Age and height presented to interfere in biomechanical risks presented in load/unload task. There was no significant difference between the subjective exertion during the test conditions and handling the ladder in the field. Ergonomic intervention is recommended to reduce these risks for shoulder MSDs. Show more

Keywords: overhead workers, biomechanics, musculoskeletal disorders, shoulder

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0487-2492

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2492-2495, 2012

Authors: Silva-Júnior, J.S. | Correa, L.R.C. | Morrone, L.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are responsible for important amount of declining productivity among workers. Its economic impact is considered important because, in some aspects, such as sickness absence, it can cause increase in costs for employers. This paper aimed at identifying whether the activities that the hotel maids perform during working hours may lead to the development of musculoskeletal disorders. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in a hotel in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Performed an ergonomic analysis of the job application with a checklist consisting of risk assessment of low back pain. Results: The maids are responsible for the …cleaning of hotel rooms, including to lean in order to clean the bathroom. The activity is associated with ergonomic risk for poor posture, manual transport of loads and use of physical force in the upper limbs. This job presents a moderate risk of low back pain according to checklist for assessing the ergonomic situation. Conclusions: Negative ergonomic aspects are associated with the development or aggravation of musculoskeletal disorders in these workers. We suggest modification in work organisation. Another possibility is decreased the weight of the carts, keeping areas of replacement material on each floor. Show more

Keywords: low back pain, occupational health, ergonomics, absenteeism

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2496-2498, 2012

Authors: Cristancho, María Yanire León

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The objective of this paper was to control ergonomic risks among female cashiers working in a department store belonging to the retail market. This study was conducted between May and November 2010. Participatory ergonomics was applied through knowing and understanding how the company works, establishing the work team (Ergo group), training the team in ergonomics-related topics, and making decisions and interventions. The sample was composed of 71participants –mostly female cashiers–, and all of them have a musculoskeletal compromise, declaring pain or discomfort mainly in the neck, lower back, right wrist and shoulders. Among others, following problems were found: postural overload, …repetitive work, manual load handling, mental fatigue, environmental discomfort, variable work schedules, extended working days, and absence of breaks. In the intervention, the main implemented changes were the redesign of workstation, complete change of chairs and keyboards, and the implementation of a rotation system, as well breaks for compensatory exercises. After that, an evident improvement of found problems was observed, therefore it can be concluded that participatory ergonomics is an attractive methodology, appropriate and efficient for solving and controlling ergonomic risks and problems. Show more

Keywords: Participatory Ergonomics Intervention, Female Cashiers, Retail Market, Ergo Group

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0489-2499

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2499-2505, 2012

Authors: Cândido, Paula Emanuela Fernandes | Teixeira, Juliana Vieira Schmidt | Moro, Antônio Renato Pereira | Gontijo, Leila Amaral

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The work of the goldsmiths consists in the manufacture of jewelry. The piece, be it an earring, bracelet or necklace, is hand-assembled. This task requires precision, skill, kindness and patience. In this work, we make use of tools such as cuticle clippers and rounded tip, beads or precious stones and also pieces of metal. This type of activity requires a biomechanical stress of hands and wrists. In order to quantify the biomechanical stress, we performed a case study to measure the movements performed by an assembly of pieces of jewelry. As method for research, filming was done during assembly of …parts to a paste, using a Nikon digital camera, for 1 (one) hour. The film was edited by Kinovea software, and the task was divided into cycles, each cycle corresponds to a complete object. In one cycle, there are four two movements of supination and pronation movements of the forearm. The cycle lasts approximately sixteen seconds, totaling 1800 cycles in eight hours. Despite the effort required of the wrists, the activity shows no complaints from the employees, but this fact does not mischaracterizes the ability of employees to acquire repetitive strain injuries and work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Show more

Keywords: biomechanics, ergonomics, repetitive movements, manual labor

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0490-2506

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2506-2509, 2012

Authors: Chaiklieng, Sunisa | Suggaravetsiri, Pornnapa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Prolonged posture, static works and repetition are previously reported as the cause of repetitive strain injuries (RSIs) among workers including teachers. This cross-sectional analytic study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of RSIs among school teachers. Participants were 452 full-time school teachers in Thailand. Data were collected by the structural questionnaires, illuminance measurements and the physical fitness tests. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics which were Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used. Most teachers in this study were females (57.3%), the mean years of work experience was 22.6 ± 10.4 years. The six-month prevalence of RSIs …was 73.7%. The univariate analysis identified the related risk factors to RSIs which were chronic disease (OR=1.8; 95% CI = 1.16-2.73), history of trauma (OR=2.0; 95% CI = 1.02-4.01), member of family had RSIs (OR=2.0; 95% CI = 1.02- 4.01), stretch to write on board (OR=1.7; 95% CI = 1.06-1.70) and high heel shoe >2 inch (OR=1.6; 95% CI = 1.03-2.51). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that chronic diseases and high heel shoe >2 inch significantly related to developing of RSIs. The poor grip strength and back muscle flexibility significantly affected RSIs of teachers. In conclusions, RSIs were highly prevalent in school teachers that they should be aware of health promotion to prevent RSIs. Show more

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, ergonomics, prevalence

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0491-2510

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2510-2515, 2012

Authors: Coluci, Marina Zambon Orpinelli | Alexandre, Neusa Maria Costa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The study aimed to conduct a literature review as a step of the development of a new questionnaire about the nursing workers’ perception of job factors that may lead to musculoskeletal symptoms. An information synthesis was achieved by collecting data from studies that fitted the search criteria. The results showed that despite the existence of several job factors related to musculoskeletal symptoms, no specific questionnaire that evaluates this relationship was found. Therefore, this literature review presents important topics for developing the first questionnaire to analyze work activities that may contribute to pain and discomfort among nursing personnel.

Keywords: work-related musculoskeletal disorders, job factors, nursing

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0492-2516

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2516-2520, 2012

Authors: Iqbal, Rauf | De, Amitabha | Mishra, Wricha | Maulik, Shreya | Chandra, AM

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The study was taken up to investigate the effects of heel heights on lumbar kinematics and the risk of Low Back Disorder (LBD) in females. Nineteen female university students (24.5±3.36 yrs) volunteered in the study. Lumbar kinematics was measured by using Industrial Lumbar Motion Monitor (iLMM). The volunteers were asked to walk for a distance of 50 meters in 3 different given conditions i.e bare foot (Heel 0), with flat heels (Heel 1) and with high heels (Heel 2). Heights of Heel 1 and Heel 2 were 1.5±0.84 cm and 5.5±1.70 cm respectively. The Lumbar kinematic parameters studied were- Average …Twisting Velocity (ATV), Maximum Sagital Flexion (MSF) and Maximum Lateral Velocity (MLV). It was observed that all the above mentioned Lumbar kinematics - ATV, MSF and MLV increases with increase of heel heights, which in turn increases the risk of LBD. As a result of increase in Lumbar kinematic values with increase in heel heights, LBD risk has also increased. Mean and SD of the LBD risk with Heel 0, Heel 1 and Heel 2 were 16.79±6.04%, 19.00±7.38% and 22.11±6.98% respectively. Lower stature with high heels showed higher risk of LBD than the higher stature with high heels. Show more

Keywords: iLMM, high heel, Lumbar kinematics, LBD

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1026-2521

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2521-2526, 2012

Authors: Srinivasan, Divya | Mathiassen, Svend Erik

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Several recent reviews have reported that ‘repetitive movements’ is a risk factor for occupational musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in the neck, shoulder and arm regions. More variation in biomechanical exposure is often suggested as an effective intervention in such settings. While increasing variation using extrinsic methods like job rotation may not always be possible in an industrial context, the intrinsic variability of the motor system may offer an alternative opportunity to increase variation. Motor variability (MV) refers to the natural variation in postures, movements and muscle activity observed to different extents in all tasks. The current review explores the state of …the art in MV research from motor control, sports and occupational biomechanics literature to answer whether MV is important to consider in an occupational context, and if yes, whether this literature stimulates further studies to test if MV can be manipulated as a deliberate intervention for increasing biomechanical variation without jeopardizing production. Show more

Keywords: Work-related musculo-skeletal disorders, exposure variability, motor variability, occupational health, performance, kinematics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0493-2527

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2527-2534, 2012

Authors: Hanvold, Therese N | Wærsted, Morten | Veiersted, Kaj Bo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim was to analyze the relationship between periods with uninterrupted neck muscle activity for ≥4 min and neck and shoulder pain. The trapezius muscle activity was recorded bilaterally on 40 young workers and students during a full shift. Neck and shoulder pain, mechanical work load and decision control were reported at the same time as the muscle activity recording and 6 months later. A dose-response relationship was found between uninterrupted muscle activity and neck and shoulder pain, with a ten-fold higher risk for the group with more than half, compared to less than a third, of the shift with …uninterrupted muscle activity. Self-reported mechanical work load showed a small but protective effect related to pain. Gender and decision control did not emerge as important risk factors in this model. In conclusion, this study indicates that work or other exposures that contains long periods with uninterrupted neck muscle activity of 4 min duration or longer should be minimized to reduce risk of neck and shoulder pain. Show more

Keywords: prospective, motor control, sustained muscle activity, neck and shoulder pain

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0494-2535

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2535-2538, 2012

Authors: Fallentin, Nils | Maikala, Rammohan | Banks, Jacob | Obrien, Niall | Rivard, Amanda

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A fatigue-related decrease in quality and accuracy of the proprioceptive feedback from muscle spindles in the back (e.g. stretch reflexes) may lead to a deterioration of spinal stability, thereby making the spine more vulnerable to external perturbations. Endurance time, tissue oxygenation, reflex latency and blood pressure response were studied in twenty subjects during a submaximal endurance test of the back extensors (20 % MVC) performed as either a position task (supporting a weight stack while maintaining trunk position) or a force task (exerting a force against a dynamometer). Mean endurance time was 8.91 (± 2.79) min for the force task …and 10.86 (± 6.93) min for the position task. This result is in striking contrast to what has previously been reported from limb muscles, and suggests that back muscles are especially well suited for postural tasks. An increased reflex latency found after the position task indicates that the disadvantage of the prolonged endurance time is a deterioration of the afferent input from the muscle spindles that may potentially hamper the protection of the spine Show more

Keywords: Back muscle fatigue, reflex responses, cumulative trauma disorders, heavy lifting

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0495-2539

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2539-2544, 2012

Authors: Cho, Young-Jin | Kim, Jung-Yong

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the stationarity of the electromyographic (EMG) signals during isokinetic exertions of the trunk muscle. Six healthy subjects participated in this study. The erector spinae muscles were used to collect the signals. In order to simulate the isokinetic exercises of the trunk, a Cybex system with a trunk modular component was used. All subjects performed sustained exertions with a combination of load (25%, 50% MVC) and angular velocity (0, 15, 30 degree/s). The stationarity of the signals was tested by the reverse arrangements test and modified reverse arrangements test. In the results, the …signal stationarity was high in all conditions in the reverse arrangements test. However, in the modified reverse arrangements test it was relatively low at about the 30 degree/s angular velocity. In the analysis of variance, the effect of angular velocity was statistically significant at the 0.05 significance level in the modified reverse arrangements test and Tukey’s HSD grouping showed that the stationarity of 30 degree/s angular velocity was significantly different from 0, 15 degree/s condition. These results indicate that the stationarity of the EMG signals showed no difference between isometric and isokinetic conditions when the angular velocity was equal to 15 degree/s. Show more

Keywords: lifting, spectral analysis, low back pain, muscle fatigue

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0496-2545

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2545-2548, 2012

Authors: de Souza Moraes, Geraldo Fabiano | Mendes, Davidson Passos | Papinni, Adriana Antunes

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the electromyographyc activity of the muscles of the leg and spine associated with different types of shoes and barefoot, in the various plans of locomotion, in the situations before and after fatigue. Methods: Is a cross-sectional study, which was used a sample of convenience with 15 young women, aged between 18 and 35 years, sedentary. The examined muscles were tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis and erector spinae. The muscular activity was assessed during locomotion on flat surface, up and down stairs and in an inclined surface. The shoes were a high-heeled, …small heeled, tennis, slipper and barefoot. Results: The results of electromyographyc analysis showed that the muscles of the leg had greater electromyographyc activity in the position of pre-fatigue of the lower limbs and erector spinae in the postfatigue of the lower limbs, in most of the conditions and situations. Discussion: Adaptive conditions associated with regular use of high shoes, has been widely questioned in relation to the incidence of injuries. Conclusion: In post-fatigue of the lower limbs, there was a decline in the activities of the muscles of the leg and increased recruitment of the erector muscles justified by the need for greater stability of the spine and pelvis during the locomotion of young women. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, occupational risk, gait, shoes

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0497-2549

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2549-2555, 2012

Authors: Reis, P. | Moro, A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This research was conducted with slaughterhouse female workers in the municipality of São Miguel do Iguaçu, state of Parana, Brazil. The sample was composed of 103 women aged 25 to 40 ( 7.57 years, and the study aimed to verify the nerve conduction of the median nerve. An esthesiometer consisting of a Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments was used to measure the hand skin sensitivity in the region of the median nerve and a Jamar® hand dynamometer, which was used to determine the handgrip strength. About 81% of individuals had normal sensitivity with 0.05 g and average levels of handgrip strength in dominant …hand (DH) of 35.30 kgf (( 3.10) and in the non-dominant hand (NDH) of 28.30 ( 3.09 kgf. 14% of individuals had reduced sensitivity, with values equivalent to 0.2 g and 2.0 g (blue and violet) and levels of handgrip strength in the DH equal to 28.10 kgf (( 2.90) and in the NDH of 26.40 kgf (( 3.28). 5% of individuals showed bilateral sensitivity deficit (4.0 g) and levels of handgrip strength in the DH of 16.10 kgf (( 2.10) and in the NDH of 18.20 kgf (( 3.28), resulting in a strong correlation between handgrip strength and sensitivity of the median nerve (r = 0.786) between variables dominant hand (DH) and (r = 0.626) for the non-dominant hand (NDH). It could be concluded that assessing the nerve conduction of the median nerve by hand esthesiometry can be an important tool in preventing the Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Show more

Keywords: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, handgrip strength, nerve conduction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0498-2556

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2556-2562, 2012

Authors: de Oliveira, Lilian Becerra | Cajaíba, Franklin | Costa, Wesley | Rocabado, Mariano | Lazo-Osório, Rodrigo | Ribeiro, Sanzia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: There are several instruments of evaluation of the craniocervical equilibrium; the most reliable are the radiographies. This study used the cephalometric analysis of Rocabado to measure the sensibility and specificity of the Cervical Range of Motion (CROM), a goniometer designed to assess cervical movements in degrees, and measure the forward head position in centimeters. This instrument frequently used, has been tested as a reliable instrument to evaluate the cervical movements but not the forward head. The sample consisted of 30 volunteers, 18 females, 12 males, mean age of 24.63 years. All participants were evaluated with CROM and radiographies in the …resting head position and in erect head position. The values considered by the cephalometry consisted in the angle made between the McGregor plane and the vertical line formed by the base of the odontoid process to its apex; the posterior space between C0-C1 and C1-C2 and the hyoid triangle. Results: 30% of the subjects had forward head posture, according to de cephalometry of Rocabado (decreased space between C0-C1, C1-C2) and 43,3% according to CROM. 16,6% had decreased posterior-inferior angle, and 13% had the hyoid triangle facing up. ROC curve of identifying forward head posture yielded area under the curve of 0,778 (95% confidence interval 0,596-0,960). The sensibility of CROM was: 77%. The specificity 71%. Conclusion: This study suggests that CROM has a moderate sensibility and specificity, useful for clinic use, but not for research. Show more

Keywords: cephalometry, CROM, forward head posture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0499-2563

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2563-2568, 2012

Authors: Camargo, C. | Ordorica, J. | De la Vega, E.J. | Olguín, J.E. | López, O.R. | López, J.A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study examines changes in body temperature generated in the wrist area through sensory thermography technique because of highly repetitive movements, proving with this technique that there is a decreased ability to perform muscular work, and thereby assess possible pathologies of Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs). Methods: Two healthy right-handed individuals, who performed repetitive work, emulating an operation of the textile industry for three days, generated DTA in the area of the wrist. The evaluation time was of 3 hours 30 minutes in a controlled temperature between 20 and 25°C, 20 minutes stabilization time at the beginning and end of the …operation. Results: The maximum temperatures reached were on the right wrist (RW) of 35. 078°C over a period of 1 hour 41 minutes 52 seconds; and on the left wrist (LR), 34.663°C over a period of 2 hours 42 minutes 51 seconds, detected discomfort in their right shoulder and wrist in the time range which identified the highest temperatures. It was shown that the data does not fit a normal distribution for RW and LW; the data fit the three- parameters Weibull distribution for WR and LW with a correlation coefficient between 0.93 to 0.99. Show more

Keywords: hand disorders, work assessment, CTDs, CTS, IR

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0500-2569

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2569-2575, 2012

Authors: de Souza Moraes, Geraldo Fabiano | Mendes, Davidson Passos

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The impaired performance of the muscles of the scapular region may result in injuries, fatigue, weakness and pain. The main objective of this research was to analyze the scapular positioning during the abduction of the shoulder movement in the frontal, scapular and sagittal plans. Method: This cross-sectional study comprised a convenience sample of 20 individuals. It was used the disability of the arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire (DASH Brazil), the digital inclinometer was used for measuring the scapular positioning. Having the purpose of regulating and ensuring the correct positioning of the upper limbs Assessed in the plans, it was developed …the bulkhead which was used while the examination was performed. Results: The population study was asymptomatic. No significant difference was found for the right shoulder during the concentric and eccentric contraction at all angles of scapular inclination on the three analyzed plans. Significant difference was found in the left shoulder during the concentric contraction in the scapular angle at 90° and in the eccentric contraction at the scapular angles of 30°, 60° and 90° of inclination in the frontal plan compared to men and women. Furthermore, it was found a decreasing left shoulder in the scapular angle during the eccentric contraction above 90° in the scapular and sagittal plans when compared to men and women. Conclusion: we concluded that in the three plans studied, the scapula behaved differently various angles in the measured and yet it was influenced by the direction of motion. Moreover, it is possible to say that showed that this study there is a difference in the rotational behavior of the scapula relating to women and men due to the anthropometric existed differences between them. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, occupational risk, scapular position, biomechanics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0501-2576

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2576-2581, 2012

Authors: de Souza Moraes, Geraldo Fabiano | Mendes, Davidson Passos | Papinni, Adriana Antunes

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: One of the most prevalent aspects is women with complaints of discomfort in the lumbar region for the use of high heeled shoe. Authors described that there may be a relation between attitude and the present discomfort, often associated with muscular fatigue and increase the forces of reaction soil during the use of such footwear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate possible changes postural associated with the use of different types of shoes and barefoot. Fifteen sedentary women were subjected to a static evaluation posture with the use of the software SAPO. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) repeated measures …was used to investigate differences between the shoes in all variables postural analyzed. The results showed no significant difference in static position with the types of shoes and barefoot. It was concluded that the shoes did not interfere in static position. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, shoes, posture occupational risk, work process

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0502-2582

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2582-2587, 2012

Authors: Kim, Jeong Ho | Johnson, Peter W

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: An exposure-response relationship has been shown between muscle fatigue and its effects on keystroke durations. Since keystroke durations can readily be measured by software programs, the method has the potential as a non-invasive exposure assessment tool. However, the software based keystroke durations may be affected by keyswitch force-displacement characteristics. Thus, this study used a force platform to measure the keystroke durations and compared them to software measured keystroke durations in order to determine whether the software based keystroke durations can be used as a surrogate force exposure measures. A total of 13 subjects (6 males and 7 females) typed for …15 minutes each on three keyboards with different force-displacement characteristics. The results showed that the software based keystroke durations were more sensitive to the keyboard force-displacement differences than the force based measures. Although the digital signal based keystroke durations depend on the force-displacement characteristics, the high correlation between the two measures indicated that the keystroke durations derived from the digital signal approximated the true force derived keystroke durations, regardless of the keyboard force-displacement characteristics. Therefore, the software based keystroke durations could be used as a non-invasive, surrogate force exposure measure in lieu of the more invasive actual force measurements. Show more

Keywords: Computer use, musculoskeletal disorders, exposure assessment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0503-2588

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2588-2590, 2012

Authors: Chiou, Wen-Ko | Chou, Wei-Ying | Chen, Bi-Hui

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the posture, muscle activities, and self reported discomforts of neck pain notebook computer users on three monitor tilt conditions: 100°, 115°, and 130°. Six subjects were recruited in this study to completed typing tasks. Results showed subjects have a trend to show the forward head posture in the condition that monitor was set at 100°, and the significant less neck and shoulder discomfort were noted in the condition that monitor was set at 130°. These result suggested neck pain notebook user to set their monitor tilt angle at 130°.

Keywords: display angles, chronic neck pain, forward head posture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0504-2591

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2591-2595, 2012

Authors: de cassia Clark Teodoroski, Rita | Espíndola, Edilene Zilma | Silva, Enéias | Moro, Antônio Renato Pereira | Pereira, Vera Lucia D.V.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: With the advent of technology, the computer became a working tool increasingly present in companies. Its purpose is to increase production and reduce the inherent errors in manual production. The aim of this study was to analyze the usability of 2D graphics software in creating clothing designs by a professional during his work. The movements of the mouse, keyboard and graphical tools were monitored in real time by software Camtasia 7® installed on the user’s computer. To register the use of mouse and keyboard we used auxiliary software called MouseMeter®, which quantifies the number of times they pressed the right, …middle and left mouse’s buttons, the keyboard and also the distance traveled in meters by the cursor on the screen. Data was collected in periods of 15 minutes, 1 hour and 8 hours, consecutively. The results showed that the job is considered repetitive and high demands physical efforts, which can lead to the appearance of repetitive strain injuries. Thus, the goal of minimizing operator efforts and thereby enhance the usability of the examined tool, becomes imperative to replace the mouse by a device called tablet, which also offers an electronic pen and a drawing platform for design development. Show more

Keywords: Technology, Applicability, Ergonomics, Repetitive Strain

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0505-2596

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2596-2599, 2012

Authors: Vink, P. | Blok, M. | Formanoy, M. | de Korte, E. | Groenesteijn, L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In 2010 15.2% of the work force in the Netherlands works with a computer at another location than at the office or at the clients’ location. 27% of the Dutch working population is not satisfied about the possibility to work at home and 18% is not satisfied on the possibility to plan your own working time. The case control study affirms what has been reported as effects of new ways of work: the experienced productivity by communication and the representativeness of the office interior are improved and attention is needed for workers that need concentration space and need to personalize …their work environment. In implementing new ways of work these issues need attention. Show more

Keywords: new ways of work, office interior, telework, work at home, flexible working time

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1027-2600

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2600-2604, 2012

Authors: Blok, Merle M. | Groenesteijn, Liesbeth | Schelvis, Roos | Vink, Peter

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In the changing modern economy some new factors have been addressed that are of importance for productivity and economic growth, such as human skills, workplace organization, information and communication technologies (ICT) and knowledge sharing. An increasing number of companies and organizations are implementing measures to better address these factors, often referred to as ‘the New Ways of Working (NWW)’. This consists of a large variety of measures that enable flexibility in the time and location of work. Expectations of these measures are often high, such as a reduction in operating costs and an increase of productivity. However, scientific proof is …still lacking, and it is worth asking whether al these implementations actually cause a change in work behavior and effect business outcomes positively. This article describes a case study of three departments (total of 73 employees) that changed from a traditional way of working towards a new way of working. Questionnaires and a new developed objective measurement system called ‘work@task’ were used to measure changes in work behavior (i.e. increased variation in work location, work times and a change towards NWW management style) and the effect on business objectives such as knowledge sharing, employees satisfaction, and collaboration. Show more

Keywords: new ways of working, task facilitating office, knowledge worker, work behavior, business objectives

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1028-2605

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2605-2610, 2012

Authors: Robertson, Michelle M. | Schleifer, Lawrence M. | Huang, Yueng-hsiang

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: With the rising number of teleworkers who are working in non-traditional work locations, health and safety issues are even more critical. While telework offers attractive alternatives to traditional work locations, it is not without challenges for employers and workers. A macroergonomics approach or work system design for telework programs is proposed to address these new challenges. This approach explains the impact of organizational, psychosocial and workplace risk factors on teleworker’s health and safety. A process for managing the health and safety of teleworkers is presented along with preventive strategies to provide an injury-free working environment.

Keywords: telework, macroergonomics, musculoskeletal symptoms, safety, psychosocial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1029-2611

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2611-2615, 2012

Authors: Bazley, Conne Mara | De Jong, Annelise | Vink, Peter

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A human factors specialist researched the expectations of a culturally and professionally diverse team throughout a year long participatory design process of a large processing facility. For a deeper understanding of high-level team expectations and characteristics, the specialist collected data and information through in-situ ethnography and traditional case study methods, personal interviews, and a questionnaire that included a likert scale rating for expectation levels. Results found that expectation levels rated extremely satisfied for individual team members and the overall team itself before and during the participatory process. In contrast, expectations for upper management from the team were satisfied before the …participatory process, but changed to uncertain, to unsatisfied, to extremely unsatisfied during the process. Additionally, the participatory design team exhibited high-level team characteristics to include honesty, competence, commitment, communication, creativity, and clear expectations Show more

Keywords: Expectations, Team Characteristics, Participatory Design Process, Control Room Design, Diversity

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1030-2616

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2616-2624, 2012

Authors: Olsen, Kirsten

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Research suggests that Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) practitioners have difficulty influencing the decisionmaking process because they are placed on the sidelines in the organisation. This paper analyses the strategies that OHS practitioners use to fulfill their job role and the impact they have on the working environment and OHS management systems. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten New Zealand OHS practitioners from mainly large private and public organisations about their job role, OHS tasks, strategies and their impact. The interviews were tape recorded, transcribed, entered into a qualitative data management programme and analysed thematically in relation to their strategies, …barriers and their impact on the OHS management system and working environment. The analysis revealed that these OHS practitioners used multiple strategies - chosen in relation to the situation, the stakeholders and their own resources. They saw themselves as change agents or facilitators. They preferred to use a knowledge strategy, supported by an audit strategy. Their last resort was a regulation strategy. All of the practitioners had a positive impact on stakeholders’ knowledge, attitude and behavior and on OHS management systems. Some practitioners improved the working environment but few were involved in introduction of new technology. Show more

Keywords: Change process, change strategy, management, practitioners, influence

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0506-2625

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2625-2632, 2012