Work - Volume 41, issue Supplement 1

Authors: Lemo, A | Silva, A G | Tucherman, M | Talerman, C | Guastelli, R L | e Borba, C L

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The hospitals mostly have a high level of complexity, diversity of services and, consequently, occupational risks. The tasks of mobilization and manual repositioning of patients may require professional of the physical demands due to the weight or excessive patient dependency, attitudes arising from inadequate to lean on a bed or work in a restricted area, sudden weight change that can occur if a patient loses balance or strength to change the position or while moving. These, among many other factors can cause or aggravate musculoskeletal problems in health care workers. These diseases translate into frequent musculoskeletal complaints, high rates of …absenteeism, licenses and problems of prolonged labor, creating a vicious cycle that compromises patient safety and performance of institutions. The literature has suggested the administration of courses on handling and transportation of patients as one of the most important strategies to reduce the incidence of problems in the spine between the worker’s healths. An exercise program emphasizing global distension and strength, mainly the posterior chain muscles (dorsal region), held twice a week, combined with an approach to ergonomics can reduce musculoskeletal symptoms and absenteeism in nursing. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, musculoskeletal disorders, nursing, hospital

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0400-1869

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1869-1872, 2012

Authors: Yeung, Simon S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study aims to preliminary explore the work related and individual factors that contributed to the occurrence of low back pain (LBP) that affected work activities of Personal Care Workers (PCWs). A cross-sectional study was conducted to 36 PCWs in an old age home of Hong Kong. The study is divided into three parts: 1) a questionnaire to document the workload exposure factors and the musculoskeletal symptoms survey of the PCWs, 2) work posture evaluation; and 3) an evaluation of the physical fitness and lifting capacity of the PCWs. Univariate analyses were used to explore the risk factors associated with …LBP that affected work activities. The results indicated that individual physical profile and lifting capacities did not contribute to occurrence of low back pain at work. For the work demand factors, the perceived physical demands in lifting and lowering heavy objects, awkward sustain neck and back postures, loading on the back, and perceived effort of cleaning task contributed to the occurrence of LBP. For the physical environment factors, thermal stress and improper ventilation were associated with the occurrence of LBP cases. For the individual factor, LBP cases were associated with workers’ self perceived muscular effort, and perceived risk of mental illness in response to work requirements. Show more

Keywords: Low back pain, risk factors, personal care workers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0401-1873

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1873-1883, 2012

Authors: McCrory, Bernadette | Lowndes, Bethany R. | Wirth, Laura M. | de Laveaga, Adam E. | LaGrange, Chad A. | Hallbeck, M. Susan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Although laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) is feasible among expert laparoscopic surgeons, it poses many technical challenges not seen in conventional laparoscopy (CL). Recent technological advancements in single-incision instrumentation have created more interest and widespread usage of LESS. However, neither LESS nor its novel instrumentation have been thoroughly studied or evaluated using human factors and ergonomics techniques. Consequently, the aim of this study was to compare the physical performance of LESS to CL using a standardized task. Wrist and elbow angular movements, range of motion and physical discomfort were assessed for 24 novice participants. There were no significant differences for physical …comfort/discomfort ratings or elbow and wrist flexion/extension range of motion between CL and LESS. However, wrist radial/ulnar range of motion was significantly greater in LESS compared to CL (p < 0.05). Additionally, wrist radial/ ulnar range of motion was significantly greater using the SILS Port compared to the GelPOINT (p < 0.05). Although further investigation is needed, LESS resulted in greater wrist deviation and range of motion due to the close proximity of the instruments, restrictive nature of the single-port devices, and the need to achieve adequate instrument triangulation and visualization. Show more

Keywords: single-incision, laparoscopy, goniometry, human factors, simulation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0402-1884

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1884-1890, 2012

Authors: Sharan, Deepak | Ajeesh, PS | Rameshkumar, R | Manjula, M

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The patients of cerebral palsy need assistance for their self activities which expose the caregivers to different risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders. But there is a scarcity of studies revealing the prevalence and the risk factors present among the caregivers of the cerebral palsy children. This lead to formulate a study to identify prevalence and risk factors among the caregivers of cerebral palsy children. Result revealed that most of the caregivers among both the groups were female (63.4% and 69.3%). The common age group of the children who underwent multilevel surgery was at the age group of 6 – 10 …years. It has been observed that among the study group 56.5% were totally cooperative children. The Caregiver Strain Index value showed there is no significant difference among both the groups. Regional body pain of shoulder, elbow, upper back, lower back and ankle revealed a higher prevalence among the study group. Clinical diagnosis revealed prevalence of MPS, FMS and TOS among the study group were 27.6%, 24.5% and 23.0% respectively. Study further revealed that cooperativeness of the child was significantly associated with lower back pain, MPS, FMS and TOS among the study group. Show more

Keywords: “Modified Care givers Strain Index”, “visual analog scale”, “Lifting and carrying”

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0403-1891

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1891-1895, 2012

Authors: Kenny, Vélez V. Martha | Verónica, Nolivos | Fabricio, Alegría

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The pressure distribution on the plantar surface may reveal information not only about the feet structure, also it may bring out information about the entire body posture not only on health but also pathologic conditions. The application in ergonomics and ocupational health gives acces to the postural correction that on a long term may provoke professional injuries giving presition and security. This study is on 132 workers of Universidad de las Américas.

Keywords: baropodometric, ergonomics, pressure plantar, body posture, preventive injuries

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0404-1896

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1896-1899, 2012

Authors: Kenny, Vélez V. Martha | Verónica, Nolivos | Fabricio, Alegría

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The ergonomic risks constitute a vital aspect of study and prevention for the worker’s health, especially for people with different capacities. Very job has and implies certain type of risk for the worker’s health, depending on the conditions it is done with the use of tools or without them. Aplicated techniques: posturogram, baropodometry, Schober test, biocinemátic chain test, Fukuda test, propioceptiva plataform in personnel with special capabilities

Keywords: Ergonomic risk, posturogram, special capabilities, propioceptiva platform, preventive injuries

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0405-1900

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1900-1903, 2012

Authors: Samaras, Elizabeth A. | Real, Sara D. | Curtis, Amber M. | Meunier, Tessa S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Proper identification of all stakeholders and the comprehensive assessment of their evolving and often conflicting Needs, Wants, and Desires (NWDs) is a fundamental principle of human factors science and human-centered systems engineering; it is not yet a consistent element in development and deployment of new health information technologies (HIT). As the single largest group of healthcare professionals, nurses are critical stakeholders for these new technologies. Careful analysis can reveal nurse stakeholder dissonance (NSD) when integrating new technologies into the healthcare environment. Stakeholder dissonance is a term that describes the conflict between the NWDs of different stakeholders which, if left unresolved, …can result in dissatisfaction, workarounds, errors, and threats to patient safety. Three case studies drawn from the authors’ experience in a variety of acute-care settings where new HITs have been recently deployed are examined to illustrate the concept of NSD. Conflicting NWDs, other stakeholders, and possible root causes of the NSD are analyzed and mapped to threats to patient safety. Lessons learned, practical guidance for anticipating, identifying, and mitigating NSD, future research and implications for HFE and nursing practice are discussed. Show more

Keywords: ‘case studies’, CPOE, EMR, ‘human factors’

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0406-1904

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1904-1910, 2012

Authors: Smith, Elizabeth (Lizzy) M

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The effectiveness of occupational health and safety management systems (OHSMS) can be understood through analysis of surveys such as the experiences of exposure to occupational hazards by Australian nursing occupations. How effectively OHSMS are implemented in the Australian health industry is unclear as few studies describe current hazard exposure patterns or the impact of OHSMS in the Australian health industry. This paper concludes from the analysis of an Exposure Survey of Australian nursing occupations that nursing occupations perceive themselves to be “at risk” of injury and/or management of OHS risk in work duties is affected by the patterns of hazard …exposure, occupation group as well as employee attributes, perceptions, patterns and situations of work. The results highlight the top-rated hazards and imply that the perceptions of hazards in the workplace are different to actual risk experience (e.g. injury patterns). There is an unacceptable level of exposure to diverse hazards in Australian nursing occupations workplaces in regard to regulatory and performance obligations. Stronger strategies to achieve more effective risk treatment, integrate with hospital accreditation and quality programs are discussed to benefit system performance and the welfare of those in nursing occupations. Show more

Keywords: hazard, exposure nursing, safety, systems

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0407-1911

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1911-1919, 2012

Authors: Battevi, Natale | Menoni, Olga

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: International standards highlight the steps required by risk assessment and involving first hazard identification, then risk evaluation and finally, if necessary, risk assessment. To check approach appropriateness to “risk evaluation” from manual patient handling through MAPO, a cross study was carried out in view of checking relationship between this new risk assessment model and occurrence of acute low back pain. After proper training the MAPO screening method was assessed in 31 wards, 411 exposed subjects of geriatric hospitals. At the same time health data were collected on occurrence of low back pain episodes during the last year both in the …exposed subjects’ group and the external reference group (n°237). Risk and clinical assessment data were tutored and checked by EPM research unit. The logistic analysis was used as a method to evaluate the relationship between risk index and acute low back pain. Investigating relationship between acute low back pain episodes and levels of MAPO screening index, carried out only with the people exposed who claimed to work for at least 30 hours per week (n = 178), showed definitely positive trends. The study results indicate that MAPO screening may represent a useful tool to estimate the risk from manual handling patients. Show more

Keywords: Lifting patients, low back pain, risk assessment, nurses

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0408-1920

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1920-1927, 2012

Authors: Luz, Taciana Ramos | de Oliveira Echternacht, Eliza Helena

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study aims to analyze the factors that justify the low use of a mechanical transfer in the context of a long-term institution. It is a device intended for internal transportation of individuals who have mobility problems. The analysis involves researchers from the fields of health and engineering in order to generate design criteria that consider the needs of caregivers and patients of this institution. To understand the reality of this site and their specificities, was used Ergonomic Work Analysis.

Keywords: mechanical transfer, elderly, ergonomics, sling, transfer

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0409-1928

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1928-1932, 2012

Authors: Ribeiro, Sânzia Bezerra | Cárdia, Maria Claudia Gatto | Almeida, Lais Cristina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The objective present study was to investigate the presence of low back pain in caregivers of a nursing home, related with the labored activities executed by these workers. 16 subjects were investigated, 15 female and one male, with 40,8 age average all being caregivers as their profession. It consisted of three phases, where the first concerns the analysis of the collective work, assessed in a perspective of caregivers, Second, a postural assessment to verify the retractions in such workers and the third stage was used Diagram of Corllet to identify the presence of signs and symptoms in caregivers. The study …demonstrated that organizational and biomechanical factors are responsible for the high level of physical fatigue and presence of pain in 93,75% of the caregivers in some region of the body. 50% referred pain in the lumbar region. The results of the postural evaluation confirmed that the caregivers had alterations in the postural alignment, presenting retractions of the anterior and posterior chain. The suggestions are to minimize the risk factors of this productive process and the symptoms and signals presented from these workers by adoption ergonomic measures and the realization of a physical program with stretching and muscular strengthening of the muscles of thee anterior and posterior body chain based on the method of Reorganization Postural Sensoperceptive . Show more

Keywords: low back pain, caregivers, enderly, overload work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0410-1933

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1933-1939, 2012

Authors: Hermanson, James E. | Choi, Sang D.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Due to the cost and time benefits associated with patients and physicians, outpatient surgeries continue to become more and more popular over time. With the increase in the number of office-based surgical procedures, the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) associated with office-based surgeries has been reported. The purpose of this pilot study is to ergonomically evaluate the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders of physicians/surgeons performing office-based surgery (OBS). Ergonomic assessment tools included Questionnaire, the BodyMap and the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment for measuring potential ergonomic concerns. The findings have shown that the ergonomic issues of greatest concerns were the …discomforts in the neck, shoulders, arms/wrists, and back. Some additional comments were provided by the participants regarding the duration of discomfort or clarification on the frequency of their body discomfort. This study suggests that there is a considerable risk of musculoskeletal injuries of physicians/surgeons performing the OBS tasks. By properly using the ergonomic assessment techniques, valuable information on ergonomic OBS workplace design and selection could assist in the early interventions of WMSD prevention. Show more

Keywords: ergonomic assessment, body discomfort, work posture, musculoskeletal disorders, healthcare

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0411-1940

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1940-1943, 2012

Authors: Yu, Denny | Sackllah, Michael | Woolley, Charles | Kasten, Steven | Armstrong, Thomas

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present a quantitative posture analysis of microsurgery tasks performed with different visualization methods. Microsurgery is traditionally performed using a binocular microscope; however surgeons are constrained by the optical eyepieces and are forced to assume joint angles that deviate away from neutral postures. This may be especially problematic for the neck and can increase surgeon discomfort and fatigue. Alternative visualization methods may improve surgeon posture by eliminating the constraints imposed by the microscope. This study examines both 2D and 3D heads-up displays as possible alternatives. Six subjects performed microsurgical tasks with each visualization methods …for four hours. Quantitative posture analysis was done using Maxtraq software that tracks reflective markers on the subjects. The initial analysis of neck, upper arm, and elbow angles found significant differences between each display. A biomechanical analysis found that the differences in angles can result in loads on the neck joint that are twice as high in the microscope than the headsup displays. Although the alternative displays can result in better postures, improvements the display technology is needed to improve microsurgical task performance. Show more

Keywords: microscope, heads-up display, posture analysis, surgery

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0412-1944

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1944-1947, 2012

Authors: Samaras, George M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Healthcare information technology (HIT) is being offered as a transformer of modern healthcare delivery systems. Some believe that it has the potential to improve patient safety, increase the effectiveness of healthcare delivery, and generate significant cost savings. In other industrial sectors, information technology has dramatically influenced quality and profitability – sometimes for the better and sometimes not. Quality improvement efforts in healthcare delivery have not yet produced the dramatic results obtained in other industrial sectors. This may be that previously successful quality improvement experts do not possess the requisite domain knowledge (clinical experience and expertise). It also appears related to …a continuing misconception regarding the origins and meaning of work errors in healthcare delivery. The focus here is on system use errors rather than individual user errors. System use errors originate in both the development and the deployment of technology. Not recognizing stakeholders and their conflicting needs, wants, and desires (NWDs) may lead to stakeholder dissonance. Mistakes translating stakeholder NWDs into development or deployment requirements may lead to latent errors. Mistakes translating requirements into specifications may lead to drift errors. At the sharp end, workers encounter system use errors or, recognizing the risk, expend extensive and unanticipated resources to avoid them. Show more

Keywords: human factors, healthcare, technology, quality, improvement

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0413-1948

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1948-1955, 2012

Authors: Nascimento, Adelaide | Falzon, Pierre

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to understand the way in which medical physicists take into account treatment effectiveness and safety when selecting a treatment plan, with respect to the medical prescription and the technical, human and organizational resources available. Data-gathering was based on the allo-confrontation method: 14 medical physicists from five different treatment centers commented on real treatment plans that had been drawn up by their colleagues. Results show that medical physicists have two means at their disposal to control treatment effectiveness and safety: risk avoidance and risk reduction. Risk avoidance is achieved when conceiving the solution. Risk reduction …occurs after the design of the plan and consists in accompanying and assisting the radiographers at the work station where the treatment is carried out. Show more

Keywords: safety, effectiveness, quality, radiotherapy

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0414-1956

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1956-1960, 2012

Authors: Smith, Thomas J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper reports a comparative study of occupancy and patient care quality in four types of intensive care units in a children’s hospital,: an Infant Care Center (ICC), a Medical/Surgical (Med/Surg) unit, a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), and a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), each featuring a mix of multi-bed and private room (PR) patient care environments. The project is prompted by interest by the project sponsor in a pre-occupancy analysis, before the units are upgraded to exclusive PR designs. Methods comprised, for each unit: (1) observations of ergonomic design features; (2) task activity analyses of job performance of …selected staff; and (3) use of a survey to collect perceptions by unit nursing and house staff (HS) of indicators of occupancy and patient care quality. Conclusions: (1) the five most common task activities are interaction with patients, charting, and interaction with equipment, co-workers and family members; (2) job satisfaction, patient care, work environment, job, patient care team interaction, and general occupancy quality rankings by ICC and/or NICU respondents are significantly higher than those by other staff respondents; and (3) ergonomic design shortcomings noted are excess noise, problems with equipment, and work environment, job-related health, and patient care quality issues. Show more

Keywords: intensive care, private room design, occupancy quality

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0415-1961

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1961-1968, 2012

Authors: Van der Molen, Henk F. | Zwinderman, Koos AH | Sluiter, Judith K. | Frings-Dresen, Monique H.W.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Needle stick injuries (NSIs) are frequently reported as occupational injuries among health care workers. The health effects of a NSI can be significant when blood-to-blood contact occurs from patient to health care worker. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the number of NSIs decreased among health care workers at risk in one Dutch academic hospital after introduction of injection needles with safety devices in combination with an interactive workshop. In a cluster threearmed randomized controlled trial, 23 hospital divisions (n=796 health care workers) were randomly assigned to a group that was subjected to the use of a …‘safety device plus workshop’, to a group that was subjected to a ‘workshop only’ or to a control group with no intervention. The combined intervention of the introduction of needle safety devices and an interactive workshop led to the highest reduction in the number of self-reported NSIs compared to a workshop alone or no intervention. For practice, the use of relatively simple protective needle safety devices and interactive communication are effective measures for reducing NSI’s. Show more

Keywords: needle stick injuries, prevention, health care

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0416-1969

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1969-1971, 2012

Authors: Cuvelier, L. | Falzon, P. | Granry, J.C. | Moll, M.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study aims to describe how anesthesia teams handle unforeseen events that may affect the patients’ health. More precisely, it investigates the mechanisms of decisions made by anesthesia teams to manage unthought-of situations, i.e. situations that have not been foreseen as “possible” ones before their occurrence. An empirical study, based on the analysis of simulated situations, was conducted in a pediatric anesthesia service of a university hospital in France. The results highlighted three ways of managing unthought-of situations (determined management, cautious management and overwhelmed management). They support the hypothesis of a collective cognitive trade-off, whereby teams would behave as virtual …operators, with their own collective trade-off between "understanding" and "doing". The discussion of the results questions the assessment criteria, the safety perspectives we adopt and the possible ways to improve the management of unforeseen situations. Show more

Keywords: patient safety, adaptive safety, simulation, team work, unexpectedness

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0417-1972

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1972-1979, 2012

Authors: Moody, Louise | Woodcock, Andree | Heelis, Mike | Chichi, Cynthia | Fielden, Simon | Stefanov, Dimitar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Wheelchair users experience many situations that affect the stability and associated performance of their wheelchair. Stability is affected by user characteristics and abilities, environmental features and conditions, and wheelchair modification and accessories. Wheelchair prescribers need effective tools and methods to provide quantitative evaluation and prediction of the behavior of the user-wheelchair system in a variety of static and dynamic situations. Such information is very important to guide efficient management of associated risks and adjust chairs accordingly. This project involves a user-centered approach for design and evaluation of a load cell based wheelchair stability assessment system (Wheel-SAS). Here, the current methods …for assessing stability are described, and their shortcomings explained. The user-centered design approach being applied to the development of the associated Wheel-SAS hardware and software is described. Future work including semi-structured interviews and an online survey with wheelchair prescribers and associated healthcare professionals for deriving user requirements and a design specification for a load cell system for measuring dynamic wheelchair stability are detailed. Show more

Keywords: wheelchair stability assessment, wheelchair prescription, Wheel-SAS

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0418-1980

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1980-1984, 2012

Authors: Willemen, Tim | Van Deun, Dorien | Verhaert, Vincent | Pirrera, Sandra | Exadaktylos, Vasileios | Verbraecken, Johan | Haex, Bart | Sloten, Jos Vander

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Ergonomic sleep studies benefit from long-term monitoring in the home environment to cope with daily variations and habituation effects. Polysomnography allows to asses sleep accurately, but is costly, time-consuming and possibly disturbing for the sleeper. Actigraphy is cheap and user friendly, but for many studies lacks accuracy and detailed information. This proof-of-concept study investigates Least-Squares Support Vector Machines as a tool for automatic sleep stage classification (Wake-N1-Rem to N2-N3 separation), using automatic trainingset-specific filtered features as derived from three easy to register signals, namely heart rate, breathing rate and movement. The algorithms are trained and validated using 20 nights out …of a 600 night database from over 100 different healthy persons. Different training and test set strategies were analyzed leading to different results. The more person-specific the training nights to the test nights, the better the classification accuracy as validated against the hypnograms scored by experts from the full polysomnograms. In the limit of complete person-specific training, the accuracy of the algorithm on the test set reached 94%. This means that this algorithm could serve its use in long-term monitoring sleep studies in the home environment, especially when prior person-specific polysomnographic training is performed. Show more

Keywords: LS-SVM, actigraphy, polysomnography

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0419-1985

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1985-1989, 2012

Authors: Luz, Taciana Ramos | de Oliveira Echternacht, Eliza Helena

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study aims to describe the painfulness applied to situations of teaching-learning of a Big Band in a School of Music of a Brazilian Federal University. Moreover, the concept of what painful noise is will be developed, applied to this context. After Ergonomic Work Analysis [2], the following variables were selected to characterize the painful noise: volume, height, frequency, sound confluence and reverberation. To relate the influence of painful noise on modes operatives, were explained the operative strategies used by teacher and students during the performance in group of this Big Band.

Keywords: painful, insalubrities, noise, musicians, Big Band

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0420-1990

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1990-1993, 2012

Authors: Smith, Jan R. | Lombard, Wesley R. | Shaba, Moses N.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Accurate sound source localization has advantages for the performance of work by humans. The ability to accurately localize sound sources contributes to perception, decision making and task performance. Two studies were conducted to investigate the prevalence of accurate sound source localization and the enhancement that spatially separated sound source locations can have on speech perception. The first study was conducted to characterize the ability to detect the location of horizontal plane sound sources. A sample of 117 participants with the hearing capacity within the normal limits participated in the study. The results indicated that sound sources located towards the front …of the participant were identified more frequently than those sound sources located towards the rear positions. Based on the results found in the first study, a second study was conducted to assess performance within a listening task. Three different spatial configurations were used to assess if similar trends in performance translated to sound sources through headphones. Fifteen research participants performed a Coordinated Response Measure (CRM) task requiring the identification of a speech phrase and its associated information for a diotic configuration and two different spatial sound source configurations. Performance measured for the diotic configuration was significantly (p(0.05) less than for the two spatial configurations. The current studies indicate distinct advantages of utilizing localized sound sources to present auditory signal and speech to listeners. Show more

Keywords: diotic, binaural, CRM

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0421-1994

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1994-2000, 2012

Authors: Campos, Izabel Carolina Martins | da Cruz Serafim, Alessandra | Custódio, Kamilla Valler | da Silva, Lizandra | Cruz, Roberto Moraes

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Programs geared towards the occupational health of public workers, that include the prevention of moral harassment, have been created in Santa Catarina. Any institution identified for its poor records in regards to moral harassment will end up having its image tainted before society at large. This is due to its use of arbitrary and embarrassing means for accomplishing everyday tasks. This article aims to consider Workplace Psychological Harassment (WPH), its risks and implications for the health of public workers. The methodology chosen was a teacher’s case study, which consisted of document research, interviews, anamnesis and observation, all in order to …relate both theory and practice. The results indicate that WPH is a complex phenomenon, which can be studied in a variety of ways. WPH risks the biopsychosocial health of the worker, causing the deterioration in social-professional relations, illness, and incapacity, as well as higher costs and certain degradation in production. It is difficult to prove incidents and their impact. Nevertheless, this research concluded that WPH has harmful consequences for the physical and mental health of workers, and is in the ergonomic field, since part of this profession’s role is to seek understanding of work in order to reorganize it. Show more

Keywords: moral harassment, illness, teaching, public employee

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0422-2001

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2001-2007, 2012

Authors: Goossens, R.H.M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: It is well known that people that sit or lie down for prolonged periods change their posture on a regular basis. Even when people are asleep on average 20-40 postural can be observed during an 8 hours period of night rest. One of the reasons that can be found in literature for this ‘urge to move’ is that these movements are necessary to persevere the blood flow in the tissue. The aim of this paper is to study the relation between tissue perfusion and pressure on the tissue and frequency of the load cycle. Each subject is subjected to a …treatment scheme that varies in pressure and frequency of the load on the tissue. The pressure levels that are used are 2.7 kPa, 4.0 kPa and 5.3 kPa and the frequency levels that are used are loading/unloading at intervals of 5 min., 10 min., 15 min. Statistics shows that for 2.7 kPa there is a significant reduction of blood flow between time intervals of 5 min. and 10 min. (P=0.028), and 5 min. and 15 min. (p=0.009). Statistics also shows that there is no significant reduction in blood flow at the time interval of 10 minutes, for every level of pressure. This series of measurements seems to suggest that at the time interval of 10 minutes for every level of pressure the blood flow does not decrease compared to the start situation. Show more

Keywords: bed, mattress, blood perfusion

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0423-2008

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2008-2011, 2012

Authors: Draicchio, Francesco | Silvetti, Alessio | Forzano, Federico | Iavicoli, Sergio | Ranavolo, Alberto

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study analyzed a post office clerk’s tasks, comparing two workstation models. The clerk was facing the client in one, and seated at 45° to the counter in the other. We analyzed the most frequent tasks and those presenting the most critical points: 1) payment of a postal order; 2) accepting a registered letter, breaking them down into subtasks. We used an optoelectronic system for kinematic analysis, and calculated the range of motion of the trunk and arms in the three spatial planes. The 45( position required less torsion of the trunk and head when using the printer, placed to …the left of the employee. A larger worktop improved the workstation, leaving more room for equipment and allowing the worker to sit frontally to the monitor. However, this solution involved a shorter distance between the worker and the client with longer extension of the shoulder and elbow and less trunk flexion. These findings suggested a modification in the layout that shortens the distance between the worker and client. Show more

Keywords: ergonomic redesign, biomechanics, posture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0424-2012

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2012-2016, 2012

Authors: Sá, Maria Manuel | Azevedo, Rui | Martins, Maria Cristina | Machado, Osvaldo | Tavares, João

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study aims to create awareness, both within the scientific community and among providers of sports facilities, for individuals with impaired or reduced mobility, promoting the development of technical solutions that allow greater autonomy and social integration of people with disabilities. The purpose of this work is, on the one hand, to evaluate the accessibility of sports facilities for people with reduced mobility and, on the other hand, to investigate why this user group has such low rates of participation in sporting activities. Firstly, using the Portuguese norms and legislation transcribed from European Community directives, a check list was created …comprising all the items that sports facilities should abide by in order to provide accessibility and safety to people with reduced mobility. Another questionnaire was designed aimed at this user group, with questions pertaining to their desire and ability to use sports facilities. This questionnaire was distributed in Portugal, in the greater metropolitan area of Porto, to users of Rehabilitation Centres and Physiotherapy Clinics. The results obtained from the check-list showed the compliances and non-compliances of the respective sports facilities, proving that many barriers preventing the participation of people with reduced mobility still exist. Twenty-four people with permanent impairment of the lower extremities (paraplegia) answered the questionnaire pertaining to the desire and ability to perform physical activity. Two individuals (8%) had sporting activities available to them in their area of residence and only five (21%) performed any physical activity. The main reason given for not taking part in any activity was the lack of adapted sports facilities. All the participants felt that taking part in sports is beneficial. The benefits stated were: general well-being and development of the psychomotor component (e.g. coordination, balance, body posture), of physical condition (e.g. strength, resistance, flexibility) and social integration and quality of life. Besides wellbeing, they also mentioned social interaction, a way of occupying their time and an escape from the routine as the main motives for which they would like to take up physical exercise. Show more

Keywords: accessibility, safety, sports facilities, conditioned mobility

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0425-2017

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2017-2023, 2012

Authors: Tosetto, Thaís | Orsi, Flávia Giuntini

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Among the indicators of Decent Work in Brazil, the one referring to the "Safe Working Environment" was the only which had no improvement in the time series analyzed by the International Labor Organisation. There is an increased number of accidents with significant economic and social impacts. Given that many of these accidents involve the hands and cause functional sequels, this paper presents an integration between the approaches of Hand Therapy and Ergonomics in order to facilitate the process of rehabilitation and reintegration, as well as acting to prevent further accidents, thus contributing to the promotion of Decent Work in the …country, particularly with regard to safety and health at work and equal opportunities. Show more

Keywords: integration, vocational rehabilitation, hand therapy, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0426-2024

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2024-2029, 2012

Authors: Fraysse, François | Daniell, Nathan | Paul, Gunther

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Bedsores (ulcers) are caused by multiple factors which include, but are not limited to; pressure, shear force, friction, temperature, age and medication. Specialised support services, such as specialised mattresses, sheepskin coverings etc., are thought to decrease or relieve pressure, resulting in a lowering of pressure ulcer incidence [3]. The primary aim of this study was to compare the upper/central body pressure distribution between normal lying in a hospital bed versus the use of a pressure redistribution belt. The study involved 16 healthy voluntary subjects lying on a hospital bed with and without wearing the belt. Results showed that the use …of a pressure redistribution belt results in reduced pressure peaks and prevents the pressure from increasing over time. Show more

Keywords: pressure ulcers, bedsores, pressure mapping, pressure redistribution

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0427-2030

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2030-2036, 2012

Authors: Park, Sung | Yim, Jinho | Lee, Goeun

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Long-term use of medical imaging devices requires significant improvements to the user experience. One factor that impact upon such experience is whether the device is ergonomically built, ecologically designed, and leverages the current medical practice. In this research, we took a holistic and systematic approach to design an effective and biomechanically-fit ultrasound system. Research methods from behavior science (e.g., contextual inquiry, pseudo experiments) had been adopted to involve the users (sonographers) early in the design process. The end results – product design guideline for a cart type ultrasound system and control panel layout – were reviewed by the users and …adjusted so that the design is within the range of an acceptable learning curve while maintaining innovativeness, a differentiated value over competitor’s ultrasound devices. Show more

Keywords: antropometrics, biomechanics, contextual inquiry, ergonomics, medical device, product design, user experience, user research, system design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0428-2037

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2037-2042, 2012

Authors: Marquezea, Elaine C | Lemosa, Lucia C | Soaresa, Nilson | Lorenzi-Filhob, Geraldo | Morenoa, Claudia R.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Objective: To investigate the relationship between working at night and increased body weight in nursing. In addition, we evaluated the differences in the proportion of variables sociodemographic, work and health, according to the work shift and their association with body mass index. Methods: Based on questionnaires, we obtained data from 446 nursing professionals about aspects of their job, health and lifestyle. We performed linear and logistic regression analysis. Results: Working at night is associated with a weight gain greater than (β=0.24 kg/m2) working during the day (β=0.15 kg/m2), as well as with aging (β=0.16 kg/m2) and duration of working in …nursing (β=0.18 kg/m2). Night workers have a higher educational level, have been working for more years in nursing and also in the current shift, do not have diabetes and have reported longer sleep than day workers. There are also a higher number of smokers among the night workers than day workers. Logistic regression analysis also showed the more time to work in nursing and as an assistant was more likely to develop overweight/obesity. Conclusion: Working at the night contributes to more weight gain than the day shift, aging and duration of working in nursing. Show more

Keywords: shift work, weight gain, nursing professionals, night work, body mass index

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0429-2043

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2043-2048, 2012

Authors: Borba, A | Santos, A | Santos, Y | Porto, F

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Respiratory disease in childhood is a factor of concern to health professionals, resulting in a primary determinant of lung function in adulthood. Studies indicate that people placed in areas with established industries, are exposed to pollutants from many industrial processes, thus increasing the risk of diseases. The aim was to examine the connection between exposure to cement and the incidence of respiratory diseases in the Jardins Community. It was a field study, descriptive, conducted in a community in the city of Cabedelo- PB, and result in a qualitative-quantitative approach. The sample comprised 51 children aged between 1 to 12 years …who have symptoms or diagnosis of respiratory disease. The survey data was obtained by applying a semistructured interview, and analysed using chi-square, MacNemar and Mann-Whitney tests for statistical analysis. A high number of complaints about environmental pollution, small houses and subdued, lack of paving and sanitation, a high frequency of respiratory symptoms and especially the occurrence of the onset of symptoms after arrival in the community were found. There is a correlation between environmental exposure and the incidence of respiratory diseases in children; therefore the community requires specific actions to reduce the exposure. Show more

Keywords: Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Illness, Health Profile

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1015-2049

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2049-2055, 2012

Authors: Comper, Maria Luiza C. | Costa, Leonardo O.P. | Padula, Rosimeire S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Most instruments used by occupational safety and health professionals have been originally developed in English. Cross-cultural adaptation enables the use of these instruments in other countries, cultures and languages in countries like Brazil, where the official language is not English. This methodology ensures that the translation process includes the cultural and linguistic equivalence between the original instrument and the translated version. Therefore, this study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the instrument Quick Exposure Check (QEC) into Brazilian-Portuguese. The process of cross-cultural adaptation followed the steps of translation, synthesis, back-translation, expert committee review and pretesting. The final questionnaire was pretested …by two raters in 40 workers employed in an expedition of knitting and textile industry. All versions resulting from the translation process (T1, T2) and back-translation (BT1, BT2) showed good agreement. During the pre-test was not presented any difficulty in understanding or completing the instrument adapted QEC for Brazilian language. Show more

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, ergonomic risk factors, occupational health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0430-2056

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2056-2059, 2012

Authors: Campos, Izabel C. Martins | da Silva, Lizandra | Trevisan, Rafaela Luiza | Cruz, Roberto Moraes

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Moral Harassment at Work (MHW) is considered a recurrent practice of humiliation, mockery, isolation, persecution and psychological torture. Its results go beyond the worker private life: represent financial loss, affects the work, the organization, the productivity and the society. This article aims to develop a model of MHW, which characterizes the main components of the phenomenon and their nexus with the inability to work. For this, the Literature field is consulted, in order to identify systematically, the MHW components and their risky factors. The results showed a multifaceted model which demonstrates: the aggressor/victim and the configuration of the Moral Harassment …at Work causes. The management of the degraded work. The characteristic features of the inability to work, caused on the victim. The MHW modalities and as a final product, the integration among these components. It is expected that this model can help the Ergonomist comprehending this phenomenon and contribute on the creation of some strategies of prevention on the workplace. It is concluded that the removal or minimization of this occupational risks requires some changes on the job organization, on the people`s behaviour, the leadership styles, on the humanization of the social labor relationship and on the coping this problem. Show more

Keywords: moral harassment at work, degraded work, ergonomics, inability to work, theoretical model

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0431-2060

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2060-2067, 2012

Authors: da Silva, Charles Ricardo Leite | Soares, Marcelo Marcio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This research deals with the design of leaflets of medicines, evidencing the problems resulting from the lack of Brazilian normalization to promote the use of the graphical representation of instructional texts warnings. It approaches studies related to the effectiveness and efficiency of information systems, highlighting the semiotics and the cultural and informational ergonomics. The analysis of the context uses as method, an analytical study on selected warnings of thirty leaflets of medicines, followed by interviews lead with the public managers involved with the regulation of the pharmaceutical companies, and two experiments with users performed in city of Recife, in State …of Pernambuco: one aiming at to identify how they interact with the leaflets of medicines, and the second one testing their understanding concerning standardized illustrations in the United States and the South Africa. The results show the need for improvements in presentation and graphic representation of leaflets of medicines, powering them to the role of communication, to ensure the consumption of medicine safely by its users. The conclusion congregates parameters and recommendations for the graphic representation of warnings in leaflets of medicines in Brazil. Show more

Keywords: medicines, ergonomics, visual representation, cultural ergonomics, public health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0432-2068

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2068-2071, 2012

Authors: Wilkowsk, Wiktoria | Ziefle, Martina | AlagÖZ, Firat

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In recent years, due to the demographical change and the resulting overload of healthcare systems, there has been an increasing interest focusing on the global proliferation of assistive medical technologies (=E-health) in home environments. The present study examines how users’ diversity influences the readiness to adopt novel medical technologies, comparing users’ attitudes in terms of perceived advantages and disadvantages in three technically and culturally different countries: Germany, Poland and Turkey. This investigation also intended to verify if acceptance of information and communication technologies is associated with the sensitive acceptance of E-health. Results revealed overall a considerably higher motivation to use …medical technology compared to perceived barriers, with Polish users more willing to use E-health, higher than German or Turkish ones. Older participants showed a highly positive attitude, comparable to young and middle-aged respondents’ receptiveness, differing from the latter in terms of greater appreciation of the advantage of higher independency when being supported by medical technology. With respect to gender, woman showed higher motivation to use E-health technology than men, although utilization barriers were not gendered. Following these results, an unconditional transfer of acceptance from information and communication to medical technology is not justified. Show more

Keywords: aging, E-health technology, culture, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0433-2072

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2072-2080, 2012

Authors: Po-Chan, Yeh | Cherng-Yee, Leung

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Walker operation completely relies on the walker handle, however most marketed walkers possess two horizontal handles. Several researchers have suggested that horizontal handles might lead to wrist injury. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the relevant design aspects of walker for elderly people. 28 elders participated in this study; when the experiment was started, subject walked on the tile for 3 meter distance twice by using walker. Data for analysis were selected at the corresponding wrist deviation and vertical force. The results showed that during walker using, the mean wrist deviation was greater than zero. The largest …vertical force is significantly larger than the smallest one, and different wrist deviation occurred at three phases, the largest wrist deviation while raising walker is larger than the smallest one, however, no significant different was found between the largest and smallest wrist deviation while pressing walker. No significant correlation occurred between weight and wrist deviation. The correlation between weight and vertical force was significantly positive. With wrist deviation walker use may cause injury to upper-limb, however wrists remain in a neutral position during hand movement to prevent damage. The findings of this study should improve the design of walker handles to reduce the wrist deviations of users. Show more

Keywords: walker, aging, wrist deviation, handle design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0434-2081

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2081-2085, 2012

Authors: Goossens, R.H.M. | Netten, M.P. | Van der Doelen, B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Since the introduction of ergonomic guidelines in the design of office chairs, a lot of effort has been put in designing these office chairs accordingly. Because these features all have to be adjusted in different ways (mostly a knob underneath the seat surface), and because every office chair offers different solutions, often users do not use all of the adjustments, and thus do not use the office chair an the optimal ergonomic way. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of feedback on sitting habits of office workers in a field test during 4 weeks. 40 office …workers were selected for this test (13 male, 27 female). They were divided in three groups. A control group, a group that received a sitting instruction and a group that received sitting instruction and feedback on their posture every hour that they sit. The results show that there is an effect in average increase in basic posture on both the group that received instruction and the group that received feedback. This effect decreases over time. There was no effect in the control group. Show more

Keywords: sitting instruction, field study, smart technology

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0435-2086

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2086-2088, 2012

Authors: An, Vatana | Soares, Marcelo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A usability evaluation technique to evaluate user interfaces is introduces. The technique is effective and affordable for small manufacturing companies. By using this technique, an integration of users’ feedbacks and some usability concepts, a product can be 3 times easier to use among potential users and more than 5 times easier to use among motivated users. In addition, the technique can be implemented with the company’s employees as participants.

Keywords: interface, improvement, evaluate, deliver, result

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0436-2089

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2089-2096, 2012

Authors: Biquand, Sylvain | Zittel, Benoit

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is now considered in large and global companies and the recent publication of the ISO 26000 standard clarifies the targets. Based on our consultancy’s experience for fifteen years in ergonomics mainly in French small and medium enterprises, we developed a label to coax and value efforts of companies in dealing with health and safety at the work place as required by ISO 26000 paragraph 6.4. The formal approach of ISO describes what should be achieved but gives no cue on how actual conditions of work should be improved. The label, called Démarche T (ie Process W …where W stands for work) aims the management of work conditions as a process, giving visibility and credit to companies for their continuous involvement in the matter. We describe the items and processes that are part of our assessment. We first conduct an ergonomic diagnosis including the analysis of records on health, physical and psychological well-being, observations at the workplace and interviews with the workers. This diagnosis is followed by recommendations. The fulfillment of these is assessed yearly. Items under assessment include: - ergonomics, health and safety in the companies statements and their impact in actual project management; - relations with workers through the committee for health and safety; - actual results on health, safety and work conditions. On a local level, we give the companies passing the label a competitive edge in recruiting better candidates motivated by good work conditions, and help them fulfill ISO 26000 requirements, an increasingly decisive advantage to benefit from public regional and European support. Our paper describes the diagnosis and follow-up process. Show more

Keywords: ISO 26000, ergonomics, work conditions, social responsibility

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0437-2097

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2097-2100, 2012

Authors: Jacques, Jocelise J. | Guimarães, Lia B.M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This work is based on the study of pioneering sustainable product development initiatives, and the analysis was guided by the cradle-to-cradle concept, which sees the waste of a given process as raw material for another, just like it happens in nature. Several studies on human factors have focused on factory conditions and workers dealing with product assembly. This research, however, relates more to consumer behavior, product use and end-of-life. The purchase of more environmentally- friendly products, in particular, is heavily influenced by the information made available by the companies. In this scenario, this article discusses three early but notable efforts …on green product development, focusing on the disclosure practices adopted by the companies regarding the composition of their products. Research and data collection has focused on the footwear industry, whose products satisfy a basic human need and are ubiquitous worldwide. The use of hazardous materials and chemicals in shoe manufacturing, particularly the use of chromium – a highly toxic element – in addition to toxic solvents and adhesives and non-recyclable synthetic materials can pose serious risks to human health and the environment, even though the consumer usually is not aware of all the relevant characteristics of this kind of product. Show more

Keywords: sustainable product development, sustainable production, footwear industry, green products

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0438-2101

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2101-2108, 2012

Authors: Nadadur, G. | Parkinson, M.B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper proposes a method to identify opportunities for increasing the efficiency of raw material allocation decisions for products that are simultaneously targeted at multiple user populations around the world. The values of 24 body measures at certain key percentiles were used to estimate the best-fitting anthropometric distributions for female and male adults in nine national populations, which were selected to represent the diverse target markets multinational companies must design for. These distributions were then used to synthesize body measure data for combined populations with a 1:1 female:male ratio. An anthropometric range metric (ARM) was proposed for assessing the variation …of these body measures across the populations. At any percentile, ARM values were calculated as the percentage difference between the highest and lowest anthropometric values across the considered user populations. Based on their magnitudes, plots of ARM values computed between the 1st and 99th percentiles for each body measure were grouped into low, medium, and high categories. This classification of body measures was proposed as a means of selecting the most suitable strategies for designing raw material-efficient products. The findings in this study and the contributions of subsequent work along these lines are expected to help achieve greater efficiencies in resource allocation in global product development. Show more

Keywords: anthropometry, design for sustainability, designing for multiple user populations, design for human variability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0439-2109

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2109-2116, 2012

Authors: Anjos, Thaiana P. | Matias, Márcio | Gontijo, Leila A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Few steps like turning off the tap while brushing your teeth, turn off the lights when leaving a room, recycle waste or using recycling bags are considered sustainable attitudes. Sustainable development is one that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the future generations and it doesn’t deplete resources for the future. Consume with conscious is a sustainable habit and usability of products contributes to this. The goal of this paper is to prove that the usability of software contributes positivity or negativity for sustainability. By calculating the amount of electrical power dissipated by an electronic device, you …can discover the amount of energy lost by it, and consequently, to relate this quantity with the amount charged by the concessionaire for each kWh of energy used. It was concluded that a software with low usability cause users to lose a lot of time interacting with it and thus spend more energy and money that goes against the concept of sustainability. Show more

Keywords: usability, sustainability, usability test, power consumption

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0440-2117

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2117-2121, 2012

Authors: Oliveira, Luis | Mitchell, Val | Badni, Kevin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Electric cookers are one of the highest energy consuming domestic appliances, and there are several aspects that can influence the amount of energy used when preparing a meal. Appliance characteristics are shown to influence consumption, but human factors play an important role in the overall electricity usage. A user observation study was conducted among university students to understand how they use electric cookers. They were asked to perform a specific cooking task, and the electricity usage was measured. Participants' behaviours were analysed and compared with a set of energy saving techniques. Appliance characteristics that influenced how students use energy were …also investigated. The results show that users performed the task in several different ways, presenting diverse energy consumption, the average being 3 times above the necessary to complete the task. This information is now informing the design of interventions to motivate people to change their behaviours whilst cooking. Show more

Keywords: Energy saving, cookers, user observation,

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1016-2122

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2122-2128, 2012

Authors: Miller, Linda | Dorsey, Julie | Jacobs, Karen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Protecting and conserving environmental resources is a global concern. Over the past decade, a number of certification processes have emerged to help designers and operators of buildings assess the potential impact of a building on the environment. Certifications such as the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) consider the environmental impact through the lifecycle of a building, but may not be considering the people that construct and utilize it. It is important to remember the human factor. Considering the human factor throughout the lifecycle is crucial to ensure individuals are protected during construction and in operation in the built …environment. The paper highlights how ergonomics can be integrated into the life cycle of a building to promote sustainability goals for both the human factor and the environment. A case study approach will be used to illustrate how ergonomics was integrated into a LEED renovation and expanded into its daily operations on a large university campus.. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, Sustainability, LEED, Occupant Health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0647-2129

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2129-2132, 2012

Authors: García-Acosta, Gabriel | Saravia Pinilla, Martha Helena | Riba i Romeva, Carles

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This work details the conceptual and methodological evolution of ‘Ergoecology’ and its relationship to certain comparable disciplinary proposals and standards, with a view to making its current status known and fostering discussion and development of it in a broader context. ‘Ergoecology’ is a discipline which relates the ergonomic system to ‘environmental factors’, stressing the relationships between ecological-geographical aspects and human activities. After analyzing previouslydeveloped and partially-validated methods, strengths are established, together with areas where there is room for improvement, based on conceptual validity. The objectives, principles, and premises of ‘Ergoecology’ will be revised and therefore it will be able to …be compared with other disciplinary and regulatory developments. Finally, new concepts and notions are proposed, together with basic principles and axioms that will enable ‘Ergoecology’ to advance in both, the theoretical and the practical dimensions, leaving the door open to be disseminated and applied. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, Ecology, Ergonomic system, Ergoecologic system, Eco-productivity, Eco-efficiency

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1017-2133

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2133-2140, 2012

Authors: Attaianese, Erminia | Duca, Gabriella

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents an applied research aimed at understanding the relevance and the applicability of human related criteria in sustainability assessment of construction materials. Under a theoretical perspective, human factors consideration is strongly encouraged by building sustainability assessment methods, but the practice demonstrates that current models for building sustainability assessment neglect ergonomic issues, especially those ones concerning the construction phase. The study starts from the observation that new construction techniques for high energy efficient external walls are characterized by elements generally heavier and bigger than traditional materials. In this case, high sustainability performances connected with energy saving could be reached …only consuming high, and then not very much sustainable, human efforts during setting-up operations. The paper illustrates a practical approach for encompassing human factors in sustainability assessment of four block types for energy efficient external walls. Research steps, from block selections to bricklaying task analysis, human factors indicators and metrics formulation, data gathering and final assessment are going to be presented. Finally, open issues and further possible generalizations from the particular case study will be discussed. Show more

Keywords: Bricklaying, task analysis, human factors indicators, metrics, construction techniques

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1018-2141

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2141-2146, 2012

Authors: Talsma, L | Molenbroek, J.F.M

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The transfer of knowledge in an ecotourism project is never a one-way affair. An approach connected to bottomup development is the submersion into another culture, while creating a new organizational structure. For co-creation, patterns that are often latent, such as leadership roles, the association with business, or even the color of education can be revealed by carefully facilitated brainstorms or workshops. Especially in countries with a different hierarchical structure, such as Indonesia compared to Holland, a careful analysis is needed before starting cooperation. Although a case is only a temporary view on a situation and not a guarantee for a …truly sustainable system, the bottom-up approach tested has interesting starting points for an ecotourism system. Two cases were conducted in Bali, Indonesia, which resulted in guidelines on how to approach usercentered ecotourism development. Show more

Keywords: Eco-tourism, sustainability, cultural diversity, co-creation, participatory research, developing countries

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1019-2147

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2147-2154, 2012

Authors: Attaianese, Erminia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The link between ergonomic/human factor and sustainability seems to be clearly evidenced mainly in relation to social dimension of sustainability, in order to contribute to assure corporate social responsibility and global value creation. But the will to establish an equilibrated connection among used resources in human activities, supported by the sustainability perspective, evidences that the contribution of ergonomics/human factors can be effectively enlarged to other aspects, especially in relation to building design. In fact a sustainable building is meant to be a building that contributes, through its characteristics and attribute, to a sustainable development by assuring, in the same time, …a decrease of resources use and environmental impact and an increase of health, safety and comfort of the occupants. The purpose of this paper is to analyze in a broader sense the contribution of ergonomic/human factor to design of sustainable building, focusing how ergonomics principles, methodology and techniques can improve building design, enhancing its sustainability performance during all phases of building lifecycle. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, sustainability, users, management, performances

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1020-2155

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2155-2159, 2012

Authors: Guimarães, L. B. de M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article presents a literature review on the concept of sustainability applied to cities and a proposal for transforming a town in the south of Brazil into a sustainable town. Improvements in energy, sanitation, waste and water conditions, as well as food, clothing, education and jobs generation were considered to enhance the citizen's quality of life and environmental protection.

Keywords: sustainability, cities, towns, environmental protection, socioeconomic growth

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1021-2160

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2160-2168, 2012

Authors: de Assis, Uiara Wasconcelos | Silva, Glaucia Wasconcelos

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The changes happen quickly in today’s world, simultaneously interacting with technological advances in the sciences and new paradigms socio-political and economic, in search of a sustainable future and a present with emergency strategies for the preservation of humanity and the planet “Earth ”. Currently, the mobility of people in the intra-urban space is being threatened by congestion, pollution resulting from the appreciation of the culture of personal transport and the precariousness of public transportation. In the city of João Pessoa (PB), the subject of this finding for these disorders. Workers suffer the consequences of daily stress takes to access home-work, …difficulty in arriving at the right time to the workplace and adverse reactions caused by pollution. The VLT (Light Rail Vehicle) has been presented as a viable solution to the problems of public transport, with several experiments that can be seen as positive in the world. This work involves the implementation of a public transport system based on VLT Corridor along the Avenue Dom Pedro II, in João Pessoa (PB), aiming to acquire a good transport network for use of the population, reduce the number of vehicles on process, minimize pollution and optimize urban mobility. Show more

Keywords: Congestion, Transport, VLT, Population

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1022-2169

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2169-2174, 2012

Authors: Venâncio, Geisy Anny | Heemann, Adriano | Chaves, Liliane Iten

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper approaches the challenge of considering the principles of sustainable development in the conception of products, services or systems in a specific territory, though inserted in a globalized world. The reflection takes place by crosschecking the information gathered through bibliographical research on the following themes: wellbeing, design, and the local versus global relation. Thus, the strategy of analysis adopted comprehends the triangulation of information for further comparison of the survey and discussion of the data obtained. This paper results in a set of reflections on the interactions between human beings and their territories, towards new conceptions oriented to a …more sustainable future. Show more

Keywords: Sustainability, ergodesign, satisfaction, need

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0648-2175

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2175-2178, 2012

Authors: Trierweiller, Andréa Cristina | Peixe, Blênio César Severo | Tezza, Rafael | Bornia, Antonio Cezar | de Andrade, Dalton Francisco | de Souza Campos, Lucila Maria

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Growing challenges with respect to preserving the environment have forced changes in company operational structures. Thus, the objective of this article is to measure the evidence of Environmental Management using the Item Response Theory, based on website analysis from Brazilian industrial companies from sectors defined through the scope of the research. This is a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive study related to an information collection and analysis instrument. The general view of the research problem with respect to the phenomenon under study in based on multi-case studies, with the methodological outline based on the theoretical reference used. Primary data was gathered …from 270 company websites from 7 different Brazilian sectors and led to the creation of 26 items approved by environmental specialists. The results were attained with the measuring of Environmental Management evidence via the Item Response Theory, providing a clear order of the items involved based on each item's level of difficulty, quality, and propriety. This permitted the measurement of each item's quality and propriety, as well as that of the respondents, placing them on the same analysis scale. Increasing the number of items and companies involved is suggested fEor future research in order to permit broader sector analysis. Show more

Keywords: Environmental management performance, Industry websites, Disclosure, Measurement, Item response theory

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1023-2179

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2179-2186, 2012

Authors: Neuhöfer, Jan A. | Govaers, Felix | Mokni, Hichem El | Alexander, Thomas

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Augmented Reality focuses on the enrichment of the user’s natural field of view by consistent integration of text, symbols and interactive three-dimensional objects in real time. Placing virtual objects directly into the user’s view in a natural context empowers highly dynamic applications. On the other hand, this necessitates deliberate choice of information design and density, in particular for deployment in hazardous environments like military combat scenarios. As the amount of information needed is not foreseeable and strongly depends on the individual mission, an appropriate system must offer adequate adaptation capabilities. The paper presents a prototypical, vehicle-mountable Augmented Reality vision system, …designed for enhancing situation awareness in stressful urban warfare scenarios. Tracking, as one of the most crucial challenges for outdoor Augmented Reality, is accomplished by means of a Differential-GPS approach while the type of display to attach can be modified, ranging from ocular displays to standard LCD mini-screens. The overall concept also includes envisioning of own troops (blue forces), for which a multi-sensor tracking approach has been chosen. As a main feature, the system allows switching between different information categories, focusing on friendly, hostile, unidentified or neutral data. Results of an empirical study on the superiority of an in-view navigation cue approach conclude the paper. Show more

Keywords: outdoor augmented reality, situation awareness, information design, information density

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0441-2187

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2187-2194, 2012

Authors: Teixeira, Luís | Vilar, Elisângela | Duarte, Emília | Rebelo, Francisco | da Silva, Fernando Moreira

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Previous studies suggest significant differences between navigating virtual environments in a life-like walking manner (i.e., using treadmills or walk-in-place techniques) and virtual navigation (i.e., flying while really standing). The latter option, which usually involves hand-centric devices (e.g., joysticks), is the most common in Virtual Reality-based studies, mostly due to low costs, less space and technology demands. However, recently, new interaction devices, originally conceived for videogames have become available offering interesting potentialities for research. This study aimed to explore the potentialities of the Nintendo Wii Balance Board as a navigation interface in a Virtual Environment presented in an immersive Virtual Reality …system. Comparing participants’ performance while engaged in a simulated emergency egress allows determining the adequacy of such alternative navigation interface on the basis of empirical results. Forty university students participated in this study. Results show that participants were more efficient when performing navigation tasks using the Joystick than with the Balance Board. However there were no significantly differences in the behavioral compliance with exit signs. Therefore, this study suggests that, at least for tasks similar to the studied, the Balance Board have good potentiality to be used as a navigation interface for Virtual Reality systems. Show more

Keywords: Virtual Reality, Navigation interfaces, Human performance, Emergency egress

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0649-2195

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2195-2200, 2012

Authors: Conradi, Jessica | Alexander, Thomas

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Exploration of a Virtual Environment (VE) might vary as well in applied technology as in the conceptual design. A conceptual difference of exploring style and navigation type relates to the degree of freedom a user possesses. It ranges from completely unrestricted to completely restricted navigation. To assess the impact of different exploration styles, an experiment was carried out. Four different styles were compared in a large-scale VE. The navigation of the participants was either free or restricted in various levels concerning motion and viewing direction. During the exploration, the participants memorized the location of flags, which represented special events at …these locations. The participant’s task was to memorize position and color of the flags. Subsequently, they marked the positions and colors of the flags in a map of the scene. The performance in this task was captured, as well as data about their amount of experienced simulator sickness and subjective workload. Additionally, balancing tests were administered to investigate in an objective measurement of simulator sickness. Each condition showed the same achievement in the memorizing task and the subjective workload. Furthermore, the measured high variance in simulator sickness symptoms overrode other effects. In the balancing tests a basic influence of exposure with VE was found. However, subsequent interviews with the participants showed that the personal impression of the efficiency of exploration method was highly individual. By finding and matching exploration methods to individual persons, benefit by using Virtual environments could be enhanced. Show more

Keywords: virtual environments, HMD, exploration, simulator sickness

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0442-2201

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2201-2207, 2012

Authors: Liston, Paul M. | Kay, Alison | Cromie, Sam | Leva, Chiara | D’Cruz, Mirabelle | Patel, Harshada | Langley, Alyson | Sharples, Sarah | Aromaa, Susanna

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper outlines the approach taken to iteratively evaluate a set of VR/AR (virtual reality / augmented reality) applications for five different manual-work applications – terrestrial spacecraft assembly, assembly-line design, remote maintenance of trains, maintenance of nuclear reactors, and large-machine assembly process design – and examines the evaluation data for evidence of the effectiveness of the evaluation framework as well as the benefits to the development process of feedback from iterative evaluation. ManuVAR is an EU-funded research project that is working to develop an innovative technology platform and a framework to support high-value, high-knowledge manual work throughout the product lifecycle. …The results of this study demonstrate the iterative improvements reached throughout the design cycles, observable through the trending of the quantitative results from three successive trials of the applications and the investigation of the qualitative interview findings. The paper discusses the limitations of evaluation in complex, multi-disciplinary development projects and finds evidence of the effectiveness of the use of the particular set of complementary evaluation methods incorporating a common inquiry structure used for the evaluation – particularly in facilitating triangulation of the data. Show more

Keywords: evaluation, iterative development, virtual reality, augmented reality, manual work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0443-2208

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2208-2215, 2012

Authors: Brouillette, David | Thivierge, Guillaume | Marchand, Denis | Charland, Julie

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Muscle fatigue is considered as one of the major risk factors for developing musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of this project was to select an adequate fatigue assessment model for an implementation in Dassault Systemes digital human modeling software. A review of existing MET models has been done resulting in a decision to use the extended Ma's model (2010). In this project, only shoulder and elbow joints have been tested and more subjects will be necessary for further validation. The model has been compared to several endurance time (ET) static studies. Two dynamic experiments were also performed by two different subjects. …The results showed that because of the inter-individual variability, a simple prediction curve or value, can’t well predict individual measured ET (or task failure). There is a need for a chart representation which also shows standard deviation (SD) range. Considering the SD range, the results were included in the prediction. Thus, this range may help the human factors expert to nuance the prediction results while considering environment factors and some realities specific to the industry. Show more

Keywords: Muscle exhaustion, Human Modeling, Digital 3d Manikin, Human Simulation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1024-2216

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2216-2225, 2012

Authors: Paul, Gunther | Daniell, Nathan | Fraysse, François

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Seat pressure is known as a major factor of seat comfort in vehicles. In passenger vehicles, there is lacking research into the seat comfort of rear seat occupants. As accurate seat pressure measurement requires significant effort, simulation of seat pressure is evolving as a preferred method. However, analytic methods are based on complex finite element modeling and therefore are time consuming and involve high investment. Based on accurate anthropometric measurements of 64 male subjects and outboard rear seat pressure measurements in three different passenger vehicles, this study investigates if a set of parameters derived from seat pressure mapping are sensitive …enough to differentiate between different seats and whether they correlate with anthropometry in linear models. In addition to the pressure map analysis, H-Points were measured with a coordinate measurement system based on palpated body landmarks and the range of H-Point locations in the three seats is provided. It was found that for the cushion, cushion contact area and cushion front area/force could be modeled by subject anthropometry, while only seatback contact area could be modeled based on anthropometry for all three vehicles. Major differences were found between the vehicles for other parameters. Show more

Keywords: seat comfort, seat posture, rear occupant, pressure mapping, vehicle package design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0444-2226

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2226-2231, 2012

Authors: Wirsching, Hans-Joachim | Engstler, Florian

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Many digital human models provide the crucial method to calculate postures in virtual environments. Traditionally these methods refer to experiments and make use of statistical modeling. They provide sufficient results in their specialized domain, but cannot be used in general applications. In addition they do not consider important design aspects as forces and discomfort. Hence a new force based approach has been introduced in order to overcome these shortcomings. Based on biomechanical models of active maximal and passive receding joint torques, a mechanical optimization generates static stable postures and related discomfort ratings. The results were promising, but showed some model …deficiencies and were not validated in detail. The present paper continues this work and provides necessary model enhancements. Finally the new prediction models are validated on real experiments. The validation results are presented and discussed regarding to usability aspects and future development work. Show more

Keywords: biomechanics, digital human model, generic simulation model, validation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0445-2232

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2232-2237, 2012

Authors: Santos, V. | Guimarães, C.P. | Franca, G.A.N. | Cid, G.L. | Paranhos, A.G.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The goal of this paper is to present the advantages on the use of 3D Digital Human Models (DHM) on the design of public transport vehicles. In this case, the subjects were scanned using the WBX Cyberware 3D Whole Body Scanner, with functional and daily postures according to the use of public transportation and some especial cases, such as a mother with her offspring or a business man with his valise, so the volume of the person would be taken in consideration. A data collection was created to simulate several situations of the daily use of the vehicle.

Keywords: ergonomics, occupancy, magnetic levitation train and digital human model

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1025-2238

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2238-2242, 2012

Authors: Zamberlan, M | Santos, V | Streit, P | Oliveira, J | Cury, R | Negri, T | Pastura, F | Guimarães, C | Cid, G

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper will present the workflow developed for the application of serious games in the design of complex cooperative work settings. The project was based on ergonomic studies and development of a control room among participative design process. Our main concerns were the 3D human virtual representation acquired from 3D scanning, human interaction, workspace layout and equipment designed considering ergonomics standards. Using Unity3D platform to design the virtual environment, the virtual human model can be controlled by users on dynamic scenario in order to evaluate the new work settings and simulate work activities. The results obtained showed that this virtual …technology can drastically change the design process by improving the level of interaction between final users and, managers and human factors team. Show more

Keywords: digital human model, simulation, virtual environment, motion capture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0446-2243

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2243-2247, 2012

Authors: Hanson, L. | Högberg, D. | Söderholm, M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Several digital human modelling (DHM) tools have been developed for simulation and visualisation of human postures and motions. In 2010 the DHM tool IMMA (Intelligently Moving Manikins) was introduced as a DHM tool that uses advanced path planning techniques to generate collision free and biomechanically acceptable motions for digital human models (as well as parts) in complex assembly situations. The aim of the paper is to illustrate how the IPS/IMMA tool is used at Scania CV AB in a digital test assembly process, and to compare the tool with other DHM tools on the market. The illustrated case of using …the IMMA tool, here combined with the path planner tool IPS, indicates that the tool is promising. The major strengths of the tool are its user friendly interface, the motion generation algorithms, the batch simulation of manikins and the ergonomics assessment methods that consider time. Show more

Keywords: digital human modelling, anthropometrics, ergonomics assessment, vehicle manufacturing

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0447-2248

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2248-2252, 2012

Authors: Zülch, Gert

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In 2008 the Association of German Engineers (VDI) published the first part of the VDI 4499 guideline for methods and tools for the digital factory. Part 1 of this guideline deals with the fundamentals of the system and will be expanded by the addition of further parts on specific topics within the digital factory. Soon to be published is Part 4 which covers human models as tools of the digital factory. It describes the state of the art of current digital human models with regards to the methods and procedures implemented in German speaking countries. The structure of this part …of the guideline is based on the different sections of engineering mechanics and outlines the opportunities for ergonomic assessments and the evaluation of work systems. During the writing of the guideline, the restrictions of the existing procedures also became evident thus showing the requirement for further development of such procedures. This is illustrated in this paper using examples from commercial software systems. Show more

Keywords: human modelling, digital factory, ergonomic evaluation, anthropometry, prospective work design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0448-2253

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2253-2259, 2012

Authors: Guenzkofer, Fabian | Bubb, Heiner | Bengler, Klaus

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Most strength tests are restricted to measuring joint torques only in main directions like flexion or pronation. However, for an advanced strength prediction model, information about maximum possible joint torques in intermediate directions also has to be known. This paper concentrates on obtaining functions for maximum joint torques in arbitrary directions in the elbow. Therefore, isometric joint torque measurements have been conducted with 20 young males applying joint torques in eight different directions in one posture (90 degrees elbow flexion, 0 degrees shoulder flexion, neutral forearm rotation). It turns out that the appearance of the resulting shape can be best …predicted using ellipse segments. Furthermore, a standardized ellipse could be obtained for the measurement posture. This helps to predict maximum joint torques in any other direction by knowing only one of the main joint torques. Show more

Keywords: digital human model, joint torque, biomechanics, elbow, strength

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0449-2260

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2260-2267, 2012

Authors: Verhaert, Vincent | Druyts, Hans | Van Deun, Dorien | De Wilde, Tom | Van Brussel, Karel | Haex, Bart | Sloten, Jos Vander

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The sleep system (i.e. the combination of mattress and bed base) is an important factor of the sleep environment since it allows physical recuperation during sleep by providing proper body support. However, various factors influence the interaction between the human body and the sleep system. Contributing factors include body dimensions, distribution of body weight and stiffness of the sleep system across the mattress surface. During the past decade, the rise of several new bedding technologies has made it increasingly difficult for the consumer to select a proper sleep system. Therefore, this study presents a method to model human-bed interaction in …order to objectively predict the ideal sleep system for a particular individual. The proposed method combines a personalized anthropometric model with standardized load-deflection characteristics of mattress and bed base. Results for lateral sleep positions show a root mean square deviation of 11.9 ± 6.1 mm between modeled spine shapes and validation shapes, derived from 3D surface scans of the back surface. The method showed to be a reliable tool to individually identify the sleep system providing superior support from a variety of possible mattress–bed base combinations. Show more

Keywords: ergonomic design criteria, sleep system optimization, personalized body support, mechanical bed characteristics, bed support

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0450-2268

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2268-2273, 2012

Authors: Jiang, Hong | Karwowski, Waldemar | Ahram, Tareq Z.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) has gained wide attention over the past few years. ABMS is a powerful simulation modeling technique that has a number of applications, including applications to real-world business problems [1]. This modeling technique has been used by scientists to analyze complex system-level behavior by simulating the system from the bottom up. The major application of ABMS includes social, political, biology, and economic sciences. This paper provides an overview of ABMS applications with the emphasis on modeling human socio-cultural behavior (HSCB).

Keywords: Agent-based modeling, Human Socio-cultural Behavior, simulation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0650-2274

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2274-2278, 2012

Authors: Santos, V | Zamberlan, M | Streit, P | Oliveira, J | Guimarães, C | Pastura, F | Cid, G

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim in this paper is to present a research on the application of serious games for the design of laboratories in the oil and gas industries. The focus is in human virtual representation acquired from 3D scanning, human interaction, workspace layout and equipment designed considering ergonomics standards. The laboratory studies were simulated in Unity3D platform, which allows the users to control the DHM1 on the dynamic virtual scenario, in order to simulate work activities. This methodology can change the design process by improving the level of interaction between final users, managers and human factor teams. That helps to …better visualize future work settings and improve the level of participation between all stakeholders. Show more

Keywords: digital human model, simulation, virtual environment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0451-2279

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2279-2283, 2012

Authors: Gopher, Daniel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Multimodal, immersive, virtual reality (VR) techniques open new perspectives for perceptual-motor skill trainers. They also introduce new risks and dangers. This paper describes the benefits and pitfalls of multimodal training and the cognitive building blocks of a multimodal, VR training simulators.

Keywords: Virtual reality, multimodal training, skill acquisition, perceptual motor skills, virtual reality training

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0452-2284

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2284-2287, 2012

Authors: Zhang, L. | Grosdemouge, C. | Arikatla, V. S. | Ahn, W. | Sankaranarayanan, G. | De, S. | Jones, D. | Schwaitzberg, S. | Cao, C.G.L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Laparoscopic surgery requires more specialized training of the surgeons than traditional open surgery. The Virtual Basic Laparoscopic Surgical Trainer (VBLaST) is being developed as a virtual version of the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Skills (FLS) trainer. This study assessed the current haptic and virtual reality (VR) technology of a virtual peg transfer task of the VBLaST, based on the subjective preference of surgeons and their objective task performance measures. Twenty-one surgical residents, fellows and attendings performed a peg-transfer task in the FLS and the VBLaST. Each subject performed 10 trials on each simulator. Results showed that subjects performed significantly better on …the FLS than on the VBLaST. Subjects showed a significant learning effect on both simulators, but with an accelerated improvement on the VBLaST. Even so, 81% of the subjects preferred the FLS over the VBLaST for surgical training which could be attributed to the novelty of the VR technology and existing deficiencies of the haptic interface. Despite the subjective preference for the physical simulator, the performance results indicate an added value of VR and haptics in surgical training, which is expected to be demonstrated in more surgically relevant tasks such as suturing and knot-tying. Show more

Keywords: surgical training, virtual reality (VR), virtual basic laparoscopic surgical trainer (VBLaST), fundamentals of laparoscopic skills (FLS), force feedback

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0453-2288

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2288-2292, 2012

Authors: Vanwonterghem, Kamiel | Yoopat, Pongjan | Maes, Christophe

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Musculoskeletal disorders are still a major problem in daily occupational life. Despite the high incidence rates and important consequences for employees, employers and society, efficient preventive strategies seem to fail in efficiency. The reason may be found in approaching the issue via the classic post-factum analysis. The preventive measures are almost not implemented because of the low predictability to be injured which affects the awareness of the problem and the low identification with the improvement proposals. MSD belong to the cumulative diseases which require and anticipating strategy based on early detection of pre-indicating symptoms.

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, cumulative trauma disorders, anticipative prevention

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0454-2293

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2293-2298, 2012

Authors: Verbeek, Jos H. | Martimo, Kari-Pekka | Kuijer, P. Paul F.M. | Karppinen, Jaro | Viikari-Juntura, Eira | Takala, Esa-Pekka

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Training and provision of assistive devices are considered major interventions to prevent and treat low back pain (LBP) among workers exposed to manual material handling (MMH). To establish the effectiveness of training and provision of assistive devices in preventing and treating LBP an update of a Cochrane literature review was performed to November 2010. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies with a concurrent control group (CCTs) were included. Nine RCTs (20.101 employees) and nine CCTs (1280 employees) were included for prevention: six more than in the previous version. No study on treatment was found. None of the included RCTs …and CCTs provided evidence that training and provision of assistive devices prevented LBP when compared to no intervention or another intervention. Show more

Keywords: prevention, musculoskeletal, lifting, carrying, training

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0455-2299

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2299-2301, 2012

Authors: Mathiassen, Svend Erik | Liv, Per | Wahlström, Jens

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In ergonomics, assessing the working postures of an individual by observation is a very common practice. The present study investigated whether monetary resources devoted to an observational study should preferably be invested in collecting many video recordings of the work, or in having several observers estimate postures from available videos multiple times. On the basis of a data set of observed working postures among hairdressers, necessary information in terms of posture variability, observer variability, and costs for recording and observing videos was entered into equations providing the total cost of data collection and the precision (informative value) of the resulting …estimates of two variables: percentages time with the arm elevated <15 degrees and >90 degrees. In all 160 data collection strategies, differing with respect to the number of video recordings and the number of repeated observations of each recording, were simulated and compared for cost and precision. For both posture variables, the most cost-efficient strategy for a given budget was to engage 4 observers to look at available video recordings, rather than to have one observer look at more recordings. Since the latter strategy is the more common in ergonomics practice, we recommend reconsidering standard practice in observational posture assessment. Show more

Keywords: resource consumption, mean exposure, risk assessment, posture observation, efficiency

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0456-2302

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2302-2306, 2012

Authors: Jackson, Jennie | Mathiassen, Svend Erik

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Normalization of surface electromyography (EMG) is a common and recommended practice, however this methodological step itself introduces variability to a data set. Quantification of this variance is necessary to correctly interpret overall EMG variability. This information is also paramount to identifying experimentally and clinically relevant normalization task(s) which minimize induced variance yet are time-efficient. Purpose: The goal of this study was to quantify the within-day variance of two commonly reported, sub-maximal tasks utilised for low back EMG normalization: one collected with a high degree of meticulousness, and the other collected in a more rapid manner. Results: Only minimal differences …were seen between tasks in the magnitude of within-day variance for EMG amplitude at all recording sites, save the right-side L5 location, which showed a significant difference (p=0.020). For trunk posture, within-day variance for the highly meticulous tasks was significantly higher than for the less-meticulous task (p=0.011). Conclusion: A less meticulous sub-maximal normalization task performed in a standing position was equal or superior to a more meticulously collected task in terms of kinematic task repeatability and within-day EMG variance. These findings are encouraging for field study applications where meticulous methods are not feasible, and provide a time saving strategy for lab studies. Show more

Keywords: variance components, electromyography, work related musculoskeletal disorders, exposure assessment, submaximal

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0457-2307

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2307-2314, 2012

Authors: Driessen, Maurice | Bosmans, Judith | Proper, Karin | Anema, Johannes | Bongers, Paulien | Van der Beek, Allard

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study was an economic evaluation conducted alongside a cluster randomised controlled trial with a follow-up of 12 months. The aim was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of the Stay@Work Participatory Ergonomics programme (PE) compared to a control group (no PE). In total, 37 departments (n=3047 workers) were randomised into either the intervention (PE) or control group (no PE). During a meeting, working groups followed the steps of PE, and composed and prioritised ergonomic measures aimed to prevent low back pain (LBP) and neck pain (NP). Working groups had to implement the ergonomic measures within three months in their …department. Cost data included those directly related to LBP and NP. Cost-effectiveness analyses (CEA) and cost-benefit analyses (CBA) were performed. After 12 months, health care costs and costs of productivity losses were higher in the intervention group than in the control group (the mean total cost difference was $/euro$127; 95% CI $/euro$-164 – $/euro$418). From a societal perspective, the CEA showed that PE was not cost-effective compared to control for LBP and NP prevalence, work performance, and sick leave. The CBA from a company perspective showed a monetary loss of $/euro$78 per worker. The PE programme was neither cost-effective nor cost-beneficial on any of the effect measures. Show more

Keywords: economic evaluation, cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit, musculoskeletal pain, participatory ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0458-2315

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2315-2320, 2012

Authors: BräNnmark, Mikael | Håkansson, Malin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper aimed at summarizing the knowledge of the relationship between Lean and work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD), and WMSD risk factors, in manufacturing companies. Literature search processes identified 23 publications studying this, in scientific journals. Eight included measurements of WMSD; three were mostly negative, two showed mixed results, one showed no results and two were mostly positive. Eighteen publications included measurements of WMSD risk factors; seven showed mostly negative results, eight snowed mixed results, two showed mostly positive results and one was inconclusive. Three literature reviews were identified, which studied this question; two were mostly negative, while the third …was inconclusive. Also, 12 publications of grey literature studying Lean and WMSD risk factors in Swedish organizations were identified; nine showed mixed results, two showed mostly positive results and one showed mostly negative results. Due to the varying quality and study design of the publications, together with the few identified studies, it is difficult to compare them. The context and the implementation also likely affect the results. The general conclusion was that a Lean implementation may increase the risk of WMSD and risk factors for WMSD, if it is not accompanied with an ergonomic intervention. Show more

Keywords: WMSD, working conditions, manufacturing

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0459-2321

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2321-2328, 2012

Authors: Di Benedetto, Raffaele | Fanti, Michele

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper wants to present an integrated approach to Line Balancing and Risk Assessment and a Software Tool named ErgoAnalysis that makes it easy to control the whole production process and produces a Risk Index for the actual work tasks in an Assembly Line. Assembly Line Balancing, or simply Line Balancing, is the problem of assigning operations to workstations along an assembly line, in such a way that the assignment be optimal in some sense. Assembly lines are characterized by production constraints and restrictions due to several aspects such as the nature of the product and the flow of orders. …To be able to respond effectively to the needs of production, companies need to frequently change the workload and production models. Each manufacturing process might be quite different from another. To optimize very specific operations, assembly line balancing might utilize a number of methods and the Engineer must consider ergonomic constraints, in order to reduce the risk of WMDSs. Risk Assessment may result very expensive because the Engineer must evaluate it at every change. ErgoAnalysis can reduce cost and improve effectiveness in Risk Assessment during the Line Balancing. Show more

Keywords: assembly lines, line balancing, ergonomics, OCRA index, risk assessment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0460-2329

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2329-2333, 2012

Authors: Aghazadeh, Fereydoun | Qaisi, Saif Al | Hutchinson, Francis | Ikuma, Laura

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Injuries due to manual valve handwheel operations are a major concern in the chemical process industry. Manual valves are used to start, stop, and control flow in process lines. The torque required to operate handwheels after the initial “breaking” can vary due to the size, design, and condition of the valve. This study tested four methods of turning the handwheel on a medium-sized gate valve at two different torque requirements (25 Nm and 50 Nm). The methods were compared to each other, in terms of efficiency, subjective ratings of perceived exertion, and electromyography activity of the upper extremity and trunk …muscles. The results indicate that different methods and torque requirements are compensated for by the use of different muscles. Also, this use of different muscles, along with the increased mechanical advantage of the wrench, can affect the operator’s actual and perceived comfort and efficiency while operating a valve handwheel. Show more

Keywords: valve operation, handwheels, EMG, torque, MSDs

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0461-2334

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2334-2340, 2012

Authors: Barros Oliveira, Paulo Antonio | Scopel, Juliana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate muscular strain in the upper limbs of workers in a freeze-processing plant for poultry by developing a tool for quantitative analysis, yielding a final score, which can provide diagnostic support in legal proceedings. Methods: The Strain index proposed by Moore & Garg was used to quantify biomechanical aspects of muscular strain, evaluating the intensity and duration of effort, frequency of movement, position of wrist and hand, speed of activity and duration of the task per shift. The index was applied in three critical work-areas in a freezeprocessing plant for poultry where the activities of nine workers were …analyzed. Results: Absenteeism caused by osteomuscular lesions and mental-health problems reaches 20%. The three work-areas studied are those where the birds’ throats are cut, where they are suspended on a conveyor-belt and, where they are wrapped. These areas were chosen because they have the highest rates of absenteeism and rotation of workers. The findings identified final scores between 12 and 27, when 7 or more means the maximum risk. Conclusion: Defensive strategies developed by workers can reduce biomechanical problems arising from high throughput rates, but are not enough by themselves to allow production to proceed without the occurrence of osteomuscular problems. Show more

Keywords: biomechanics, cumulative trauma disorders, ergonomics, work in freeze-processing plants

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0462-2341

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2341-2348, 2012

Authors: de cassia Clark Teodoroski, Rita | Koppe, Vanessa Mazzocchi | Merino, Eugênio Andrés Díaz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: To cut a fabric, the professional performs different jobs and among them stands out the cut. The scissors has been the instrument most used for this activity. Over the years, technology has been conquering its space in the textile industry. However, despite the industrial automation able to offer subsidies to answer employment market demands, without appropriate orientation, the worker is exposed to the risks inherent at the job. Ergonomics is a science that search to promote the comfort and well being in consonance with efficacy. Its goals are properly well defined and clearly guide the actions aimed at transforming the …working conditions. This study aimed to analyze the activity of cut tissues with a machine by a seamstress and the implications on their body posture. The methodology used was the observation technique and application of the Protocol RULA, where the result obtained was the level 3 and score 5, confirming that "investigations and changes are required soon". Conclude that using the machine to tissue cut should be encouraged, but in conjunction with orientations for improving posture while handling it. It seeks to prevent dysfunction of the musculoskeletal system that prevents employees from performing their work tasks efficiently and productively. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, technology, RULA protocol, musculoskeletal disorders

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0463-2349

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2349-2354, 2012

Authors: Ellegast, Rolf | Weber, Britta | Mahlberg, Rena

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Physical inactivity and prolonged static work tasks may seriously affect health. There are numerous indications that promoting physical activity (PA) at sedentary workplaces can reduce these health risks. However, PA interventions have so far been documented rarely on the basis of medical parameters. Effects on the PA behavior are often studied only through the methods of subjective self-assessment. For this reason an extensive method inventory was developed consisting of objective PA assessment methods and various methods for documenting PA related health outcomes. The developed method inventory has been tested in a pilot intervention study at office workplaces. The current paper …presents and discusses a part of the applied inventory. The methods considered here demonstrated several positive intervention effects: intervention subjects were more active, felt better, increased muscle strength and showed improvements in resting heart rate and BMI. Not all data has been analyzed to date, but the preliminary results suggest that most of the investigated methods turned out to be suitable for the documentation of intervention effects. Among the methods for which no effects were found, the question remains whether this is due to a lack of sensitivity of the method or due to aspects related to the study design. Show more

Keywords: VDU workplaces, intervention study, measurement, physical activity, health outcomes

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0464-2355

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2355-2359, 2012

Authors: Chang, Chien-Chi | Xu, Xu | Faber, Gert S. | Kingma, Idsart | Dennerlein, Jack

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study investigates the effects of the number of interpolation points on the prediction accuracy of segment angle trajectory during lifting. Ten participants performed various lifting tasks while a motion tracking system recorded their movements. Two-point through ten-point equal time-spaced segment angles extracted from major segment trajectory data captured by the motion tracking system were used to re-generate the whole body lifting motion by using polynomial and cubic spline interpolation methods. The root mean square error (RMSE) between the reference (motion tracking system) and the estimated (interpolation method) segment angle trajectories were calculated to quantify the prediction accuracy. The results …showed that the cubic spline interpolation will yield a smaller RMSE value than one based on the polynomial interpolation. While increasing the number of interpolation points can reduce the RMSE of the estimated segment angle trajectories, there was a diminishing advantage in continuing to add interpolation points. A sensitivity analysis suggests that if the estimation of the segment angles at each interpolation point deviates considerably from the real value, and cannot be controlled at a low level (<10 (), the use of higher number of interpolation points will not improve the estimation accuracy. Show more

Keywords: simulation, joint trajectory, posture coding

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0465-2360

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2360-2363, 2012

Authors: Gutiérrez, Manuel | Monzó, Jorge

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the association between prevalence of low back disorders in female workers and biomechanical demands of compressive and shear forces at the lumbar spine. A descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational study was carried out in 11 groups of female workers in the Province of Concepción. An interview was performed to investigate the prevalence of low back pain. To estimate biomechanical demands on the lumbar spine, it was used the 3DSSPP software. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the prevalence of low back disorders and peak compression force at the lumbar spine was r = (p<0.005). …The Spearman correlation coefficient between the prevalence of low back disorders and peak shear force was r = 0.9 (p <0.005). To protect 90% of female workers studied, the limits of compression and shear forces should be at 2.8 kN and 0.3 kN, respectively. These values differ from the recommendations currently used, 3.4 kN for peak compression force and 0.5 kN for peak shear force. Show more

Keywords: low back pain, women, handling load, compression force, shear force

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0466-2364

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2364-2369, 2012

Authors: Ganga, G.M.D. | Esposto, K.F. | Braatz, D.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The occupational exposure limits of different risk factors for development of low back disorders (LBDs) have not yet been established. One of the main problems in setting such guidelines is the limited understanding of how different risk factors for LBDs interact in causing injury, since the nature and mechanism of these disorders are relatively unknown phenomena. Industrial ergonomists’ role becomes further complicated because the potential risk factors that may contribute towards the onset of LBDs interact in a complex manner, which makes it difficult to discriminate in detail among the jobs that place workers at high or low risk of …LBDs. The purpose of this paper was to develop a comparative study between predictions based on the neural network-based model proposed by Zurada, Karwowski & Marras (1997) and a linear discriminant analysis model, for making predictions about industrial jobs according to their potential risk of low back disorders due to workplace design. The results obtained through applying the discriminant analysis-based model proved that it is as effective as the neural network-based model. Moreover, the discriminant analysis-based model proved to be more advantageous regarding cost and time savings for future data gathering. Show more

Keywords: lifting task assessment, statistical analysis, musculoskeletal injuries

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0467-2370

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2370-2376, 2012

Authors: Bruno Garza, J.L. | Eijckelhof, B.H.W. | Johnson, P.W. | Raina, S.M. | Rynell, P. | Huysmans, M.A. | van Dieën, J.H. | van der Beek, A.J. | Blatter, B.M. | Dennerlein, J.T.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The present study, a part of the PROOF (PRedicting Occupational biomechanics in OFfice workers) study, aimed to determine whether trapezius muscle effort was different across computer activities in a field study of computer workers, and also investigated whether head and shoulder postures were different across computer activities. One hundred twenty participants were measured continuously for two hours each while performing their own computer work. Keyboard activities were associated with the highest intensity of left and right trapezius muscle efforts, and mouse activities were associated with the smallest variability in left and right trapezius muscle efforts. Corresponding trends in head and …shoulder postures included that the greatest head flexion and left and right shoulder internal rotation was observed during keyboard activities, and that the smallest variability in head flexion, head lateral tilt, and right shoulder internal rotation was observed during mouse activities. Identifying which muscle efforts and postures are different across computer activities is the first essential step for developing prediction rules for muscle efforts and postures, which can be used to link muscle efforts and postures to musculoskeletal symptoms in epidemiological studies. Show more

Keywords: office work, exposure assessment, upper extremity, task, trapezius

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0468-2377

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2377-2380, 2012

Authors: Ulrey, Brent L. | Fathallah, Fadi A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Adoption of the stooped posture in the workplace is widespread throughout the world in agriculture, construction, and mining. This type of posture has been established as a risk factor for developing low back disorders (LBDs). The purpose of this study is to evaluate a personal weight transfer device as a possible intervention to reduce the load on the lumbar spine, thereby reducing the risk of developing LBDs. Eighteen healthy subjects performed stooped posture tasks in a laboratory study designed to simulate harvesting of low-growing crops. Results showed that when wearing the device in the static stooped posture, biceps femoris activity …was reduced by 17%, lumbar flexion was reduced by 12%, ankle plantar-flexion increased by 5%, and the lumbar erector spinae of those subjects who did not experience flexion-relaxation of the erector spinae was reduced by 26%. Hip and knee flexion were not significantly altered. Therefore, the device may be beneficial for those with existing LBDs, and who use the stooped posture routinely. Show more

Keywords: weight transfer device, ergonomic intervention, electromyography

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0469-2381

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2381-2383, 2012

Authors: Johannaber, Kenneth | Fathallah, Fadi A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Stooped work has been shown to be associated with the development of low back disorders, particularly those that affect the spinal intervertebral discs. Although several studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of physical factors on disc health, little research has focused on the effect of prolonged stooped work on disc hydration- a critical component of disc health. The purpose of this study is to explore the connection between stooped work and low back pain through controlled mechanical loading and quantitative analysis of disc hydration during in vitro simulated stooped and erect loading conditions of porcine discs. The results …showed that stooped postures exhibit significantly decreased overall water content relative to erect postures. Since as disc hydration forms the foundation for overall disc health and proper function, these results have implications for the injury mechanisms associated with stooped work. Show more

Keywords: Low back disorders, biomechanics, back pain

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0470-2384

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2384-2386, 2012

Authors: Samani, A. | Kawczyński, A. | Chmura, J. | Madeleine, P.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Eleven healthy volunteers took part in three sessions where computer work was performed for 10 min in each session. The recordings were made on two consecutive days. After the first session, the subjects underwent a series of high intensity eccentric exercises of shoulder elevation to induce muscle soreness. The second session was performed immediately after the exercises and third session 24 hours after the exercise. Surface electromyography (EMG) of descending and ascending trapezius, deltoideus anterior and serratus anterior was recorded. Exposure variation analysis (EVA) centroid and marginal distribution was computed. Principle component analysis (PCA) was performed on both cases. Describing …more than 80% of variance, first eight components for EVA marginal distributions and first four ones for EVA centroid were picked to be investigated. The sole EVA amplitude levels played a practically significant role to describe the variation in EVA marginal distribution. However, a significant pattern of load redistribution to superficial muscles was not found. This may suggest investigating the role of deep muscles in redistribution of load during computer work in response to high level eccentric contractions. Show more

Keywords: eccentric exercises, spatial reorganization, fatigue

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0471-2387

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2387-2391, 2012

Authors: Riley, Michael W. | Hung, Yu-Ting | Wang, Mao-Jiun | Lin, Yueh-Ling | Blunk, Jessica C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Psychosocial factors, individual factors, workplace requirements, and workplace organizational factors have all been reported as being associated with the risk of musculoskeletal disorders [11]. Huang, Feuerstein, and Sauter [5] described the various concepts and models proposed to link occupational stress and work-related upper extremity disorders, as well as the difficulty in verifying the suggested linkages. Huang et al. [5] suggested that decomposing a complex model would be an appropriate method to begin the investigations of the proposed models. Task repetition is a workplace requirement that is considered a potential risk factor for cumulative trauma and its relationship to psychosocial factors …was investigated. The study found only weak to no statistically significant relationship between task repetition and reported psychosocial factors of job stress in workers in Taiwan. Show more

Keywords: repetition, psychosocial, musculoskeletal

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0472-2392

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2392-2397, 2012

Authors: Vyas, Rekha

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Farming is a physically arduous occupation that places farm workers' at potential risk of musculoskeletal disorders, which has been observed to impose a greater impact on their health. Each activity in agriculture brings about certain stress and strain on bones and muscles leading to work-related musculoskeletal disorders which can lead to several permanent diseases and disabilities. The purpose of analyzing musculoskeletal problems among male and female workers engaged in agriculture was to know about the risk factors dangerous to health so that interventions can be planned for mitigating them thereby increasing the efficiency of work. Educational intervention included audio-visual aids …as well as printed literature. It was hoped that awareness of these factors through dissemination of information would contribute at preventing hazards amongst farmers and their families. The results revealed that the workers reported very severe to severe pain in low back while performing agricultural activities. Weeding was the most strenuous activity for females and threshing crop for males. Training and education on MSDs through educational intervention proved that the knowledge of the farm workers could be enhanced and can help reduce risk of many musculoskeletal problems. It can be help in empowering the community and mitigate MSDs in agriculture. Show more

Keywords: musculoskeletal problems, body discomfort, educational intervention

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0473-2398

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2398-2404, 2012

Authors: Mertens, Alexander | Hurtmanns, Jan | Wacharamanotham, Chatchavan | Kronenbürger, Martin | Borchers, Jan | Schlick, Christopher M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Interacting with touchscreen computer systems is a challenging task for elderly tremor patients, because of a lower input accuracy caused by their tremor symptoms. Previous observations by Mertens et al. suggested that continuous movements are able to lower these symptoms. In this paper Swabbing, a input method for touchscreen systems based on such motions, is presented. A user study will show that Swabbing is able to reduce the error rate while proving equal user satisfaction compared to standard input techniques. Furthermore reasons for these benefits will be argued and explained with the use of accuracy measures by MacKenzie et al. …In the end possible future enhancements of Swabbing will be discussed. Show more

Keywords: HCI, touchscreen, older adults, Swabbing, tremor

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0474-2405

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2405-2411, 2012

Authors: Ribeiro, Sânzia Bezerra | Wagmacker, Djeynefer Silveira | de Oliveira, Lilian Becerra

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the benefits of an exercise program associated to the educational phase of the “Back School Program” in the quality of life of workers from a cigar factory. This is a case study conducted over four months with three activities a week, two times a day, with the third day devoted to educational activities, focusing on healthy lifestyle, correct posture, postural orientations, daily living and work activities, work motivation, and other issues.

Keywords: RSI, Life Quality, Work Physical Therapy, Labor Gymnastic and Back school

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0475-2412

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2412-2416, 2012

Authors: Padula, Rosimeire Simprini | Carregaro, Rodrigo Luiz | Melo, Bruna | da Silva, Cláudia Regina | Oliveira, Ana Beatriz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The incidence of occupational diseases in the population is high and factors such as long working hours, poor posture, psychological and physical stress can contribute to its development. Among work-related musculoskeletal disorders, back pain has a high prevalence. The aim of the present study was to quantify and characterize pain complaints and to identifyindividuals with low back pain, in order to assess the degree of disability. Participated 226 employees of an institution of higher education. They answered a general questionnaire about location and quantification of pain complaints visual analog scale for pain and the Quebec Disability Questionnaire. Of all the …workers, 69.60% had some type of musculoskeletal complaint; of those, 15.41% had low back pain. Considering workers who had back pain, 54.9% were female, 52.94% are under 30 years old and 43.14% between 1 and 5 years of work. As for the final score for the degree of disability, 41.17% had minimal disability and 37.25% moderate disability. The present study found large number of pain complaints and high prevalence of low back pain, resulting in individual’s inability and difficulties in performing work activities. Show more

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, ergonomic risk factors, occupational health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0476-2417

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2417-2419, 2012

Authors: Tirloni, Adriana Seára | dos Reis, Diogo Cunha | dos Santos, Josenei Braga | Reis, Pedro Ferreira | Barbosa, Ailton | Moro, Antônio Renato Pereira

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Brazil has the main producers and exporters of chicken meat, which is classified as the third largest world chicken meat producer and lead exporter. This study aimed at analyzing the body discomfort perception in poultry slaughterhouse workers and its associations with the task characteristics. The study included 290 workers, 200 women (34.7±7.7 years) and 90 men (36.8±8.2 years). A body map for evaluating discomfort and an interview regarding organizational issues and criteria of the OCRA method were used. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test (p ≤ 0.05) were used. It was found that 87.6% of respondents performed repetitive tasks, 86.2% performed …rest breaks, 82.8% performed job rotation (2–7 tasks) and 61% used tools. It was also found that 67.2% felt discomfort in at least one body region, and the symptoms most often reported were pain, fatigue and tingling. The body regions most frequently cited were: shoulders (62.6%), neck (46.2%), spine (36.4%), forearms (31.3%), arms (29.2%), wrists (25.6%) and hands (25.6%). In sectors artificially cold (n = 204), 54.1% felt cold. There was no association between body discomfort and gender, task characteristics, performance of rest breaks and job rotation, use of tools and time working in the company; however, there was association with cold perception (p = 0.035). Show more

Keywords: Pain, ergonomics, repetitive task

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0651-2420

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2420-2425, 2012

Authors: Gangopadhyay, Somnath | Dev, Samrat

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract Occupational driving has often been associated with a high prevalence of back pain. Buses constitute the backbone of the local transportation; so many people are engaged in the profession. The present study was to investigate the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) and due to that problem whether their social and professional life hampers or not. The present study was undertaken among 160 government undertaking male bus drivers. Modified Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire was performed with physical assessment. Then Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (QLBPDQ) was performed to evaluate the extent to which social and professional life is restricted …by back pain. Afterwards, the sit-and-reach test and investigation of sitting postures was done. From the analysis of questionnaire it was revealed that drivers had to spend 8-10 hours daily for 6 days in a shift. It was further observed that all of them mainly suffering from LBP. From the QLBPDQ analysis it was found that LBP restricted their social and professional life. Sit and reach test and posture analysis also support this finding. This result is an absolute reflection of the alarming situations of the Kolkata bus drivers. It can be concluded that the bus drivers are highly stressed due to the hazardous working conditions, which in turn may additionally affects their health and overall work performance in the long run. Show more

Keywords: bus drivers, low back pain, social life, professional life, stressed

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0652-2426

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2426-2433, 2012

Authors: Andersen, J.H. | Frost, P. | Fuglsang-Frederiksen, A. | Johnson, B. | Wulff Svendsen, S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: We aimed to evaluate associations between vocational computer use and 1) ulnar neuropathy, and 2) ulnar neuropathy- like symptoms as distinguished by electroneurography. We identified all patients aged 18–65 years, examined at the Department of Neurophysiology on suspicion of ulnar neuropathy, 2001–2007. We mailed a questionnaire to 546 patients with ulnar neuropathy, 633 patients with ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms, and three community referents per case, matched on sex, age, and primary care centre. From a Job Exposure Matrix we extracted estimates of daily hours of computer use. The analysis was performed by conditional logistic regression. There were a negative association …between daily hours of computer use and the two outcomes of interest. Participants who reported their elbow to be in contact with their working table for 2 hours or more during the workday had an elevated risk for ulnar neuropathy (OR=2.16, 95 % CI; 1.06–4.44). The two outcomes were not associated with daily hours of computer use. Findings suggested specific effects of pressure on the elbow, and might be an explanation for the overweight of left-sided outcomes in this primarily right-handed group. Preventive efforts would then be straightforward by providing appropriate arm support for the left arm and elbow. Show more

Keywords: Entrapment, VDU-use, electroneurography, elbow, job exposure matrix

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0653-2434

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2434-2437, 2012

Authors: Mehta, Ranjana K. | Parijat, Prakriti

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The exponential growth of the information technology (IT) industry in India has been accompanied with a substantial increase in the reporting of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The purpose of the current study was to identify and assess the contributions of prevalent psychosocial factors on perceived WMSD outcomes among IT professionals from India. About 77 IT professionals from India completed a survey set consisting of 26 question items from the Job Content Questionnaire and 3 separate question items pertaining to WMSD outcomes (pain/discomfort and psychological stress scores). The findings suggest prevalence of existing pain (shoulder/neck and low back) in more than …one-fourth of the respondents. Additionally two-thirds of the respondents had never had any ergonomics awareness training. Co-worker support and psychological work demands were found to be the strongest contributors of psychosocial risk factors towards pain/discomfort and psychological stress outcomes. Findings from this study highlight the influence of certain psychosocial traits of the Indian IT workplace on perceived WMSD outcomes. There is a need to develop and implement intervention strategies to address these factors that may help lower the risk of work-related musculoskeletal pain. Show more

Keywords: psychosocial risk factors, musculoskeletal pain, information technology, social support

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0477-2438

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2438-2444, 2012

Authors: Comper, Maria Luiza C. | Macedo, Felipe | Padula, Rosimeire S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD) include a list of inflammatory and degenerative diseases characterized by the presence of musculoskeletal symptoms, compensatory posture changes and functional disabilities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the kinetic/functional characteristics of textile plant workers, their level of exposure to risk factors and the contribution these make to musculoskeletal symptoms. The sample of 42 workers answered the Nordic Questionnaire and the Job Factors Questionnaire. The kinetic/functional characteristics of each worker were verified by a blinded evaluator. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation. Musculoskeletal symptoms were more prevalent in the spinal region and …upper limbs. The exposure levels to risk factors were identified as a serious problem. Postural disorders, musculoskeletal symptoms and risk factors were correlated (P ≤ 0.05). Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal Disorders, Ergonomic risk factors, Occupational Health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0478-2445

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2445-2448, 2012

Authors: Serranheira, Florentino | Cotrim, Teresa | Rodrigues, Victor | Nunes, Carla | Sousa-Uva, António

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Healthcare workers, namely registered nurses (RN), are frequently exposed to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) risk factors. Identifying the symptoms of these disorders is one of the first epidemiological steps to managing them. This study aims to identify WRMSDs prevalence symptoms in Portuguese RN. During 8 months (2010–2011) the National Public Health School and the Portuguese Registered Nurses Board made a call to all RN to answer an online WRMSDs questionnaire. Respondents (n=2140) are mostly females (77.4%) and work mainly in hospitals (n=1396) and in primary healthcare centers (n=421). Results show high symptoms prevalence (last 12 months) in the lower back …(60.6%), the upper back (44.5%), and the neck (48.6%). Nurses’ activity, especially patient hygiene in bed, is a strong contributor (p>0.05) to pain in the upper back (OR=1.39 [1.09–1.80]) and lower back (OR=1.4 [1.08–1.84]). Patient holdup without mechanical support has the highest relationship (p>0.05) between work tasks and symptoms in the last 12 months in the upper back (OR=1.50 [1.19–1.90]). Prevalence rates of WRMSDs symptoms in Portuguese nurses are no different from other studies with Swedish, Italian and Greek nurses. Maybe changes in healthcare systems didn’t change the way care is delivered and we must rethink how to prevent nurses WRMSDs. Show more

Keywords: nurses, WRMSDs symptoms, epidemiology, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0479-2449

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2449-2451, 2012

Authors: Ibrahim, Nurul Ikhmar | Mohanadas, Devinthiran

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate pervasiveness of the musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) among staffs in a specialized healthcare centre. Sixty-eight staffs from three departments namely Cardiovascular Lab (CVL), Nuclear Radiology, and General Radiography were recruited in this study. A modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was distributed among study population. The result shows that the prevalence of MSD was highest in lower back (88.2%), neck (76.5%) and shoulder (60.3%) for the past 12 months followed by lower back and elbow (44.1%), and wrist (39.1%) correspondingly, for the past 7 days. Present results suggest that healthcare professionals – radiographers, patient assistants and …nurses incurs MSD risks through work tasks as well as psychosocial factors. These include awkward posture during patient handling, workload, work stress and time pressure. Therefore, an ergonomics improvement on the job design and workspace are needed in order to reduce the MSD risks. Show more

Keywords: prevalence, MSD, healthcare professionals, psychosocial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0480-2452

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2452-2460, 2012

Authors: Barbieri, Dechristian França | Nogueira, Helen Cristina | Bergamin, Letícia Januário | Oliveira, Ana Beatriz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMD) are the result of the combination of different risk factors. They are very common among computer workers, mainly when neck and upper limbs are considered. Forty-two office workers from a public university participated in this study. They were divided into two groups: Symptomatic Subjects (SS, n=20) and Asymptomatic Subjects (AS, n=22), according to the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). Psychosocial indicators were assessed using the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). Workplaces were evaluated according to the Ergonomic Workplace Analysis (EWA), proposed by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. The NMQ showed higher …weekly prevalence of complaints on neck, shoulders and wrist/hands (p=0.00) among SS. The annual prevalence of symptoms on wrist/hands was also higher among SS (p=0.02). The JCQ did not show any difference between groups (p>0.05). Higher proportion of servers with ‘high level’ of engagement, dedication and absorption, according to UWES, was identified among SS (p<0.01). EWA showed worse scores for ‘Work Site’, ‘Job Content’ and ‘Repetitiveness of the Work’ among SS (p<0.05). Servers are exposed to physical and psychosocial risk factors that can contribute to the development of WRMD. Work conditions need to be change in order to improve musculoskeletal health. Show more

Keywords: Physical Therapy, ergonomics, computer work, WRMD, psychosocial risk factors

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0481-2461

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2461-2466, 2012