International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics - Volume 53, issue 3

Authors: Zhu, Jian | Zhao, Wenxiang | Ji, Jinghua | Ling, Zhijian

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Vernier double-stator permanent-magnet (DS-PM) motor incorporates the merits of high torque capability and high power factor. In order to evaluate this new topology, this paper compares two DS-PM motors, namely a conventional 42-slot concentrated winding one and a recently proposed 24-slot vernier one. For a fair comparison, both DS-PM motors are designed based on the same size. The slot-vector star graph is applied to analyze their different winding constructions. By analyzing harmonic spectrums of the flux density in the air-gap, their different operation principles are comparatively investigated. Their electromagnetic performances are predicted by using finite-element method. The results show that …the vernier one can provide higher torque capability and flux-weakening capability, but suffers from higher loss even though it has lower pole and slot number than the conventional one. Hence, vernier DS-PM motors are more suitable for the applications such as high torque density, good cooling condition and wide speed range. Show more

Keywords: Concentrated winding, double-stator, finite-element method, permanent-magnet motor, vernier

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-160026

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 387-395, 2017

Authors: Guo, Fengyi | Wang, Zhiyong | Zheng, Zhiqiang | Zhang, Jihua | Wang, He

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: With the continuous increase of electric locomotive running speed, electromagnetic noise of pantograph arc gets more and more serious and has become a kind of safety risk of electric railway's operation. With the self-developed electromagnetic noise experimental system, 66 groups of radiation electromagnetic noise experiments were carried out by changing contact pressure, contact current and sliding speed. The experimental circuit was powered by a 220VAC low current source. The experimental materials are immersed copper-carbon slide and Cu contact wire respectively. Electromagnetic noise of pantograph arc mainly distributes in 30-570 MHz, and the noise in 30-60 MHz band is obviously higher …than that of background. With the increase of frequency, the electromagnetic noise firstly decreases, then increases, and finally decreases to background noise. When the speed is lower than the critical condition of generating pantograph arc, the electromagnetic noise is independent of contact pressure and the amplitude is very small. When the speed is between 30 km/h and 40 km/h, the noise reduces with the increase of contact pressure. When the speed is higher than 50 km/h, the electromagnetic noise becomes intensive and fluctuates with the increase of contact pressure. It can be used to further research on the suppression methods of the electromagnetic noise emission. Show more

Keywords: Pantograph arc, electromagnetic noise, sliding electrical contact, equivalent field strength

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-160033

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 397-408, 2017

Authors: Wang, Junhua | Cai, Changsong | Long, Mengjiao | Liu, Kaipei | Sun, Mingui

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A wireless energy transfer system based on magnetic resonant technology for power transmission and rats playground recharging is studied. The relationship among the self-inductance, mutual-inductance, the maximum approachable efficiency and several key parameters of the system are analyzed. The coupling coefficient, which depends on the above factors, is illustrated through related equations and curves. According to the specifications of energy storage and available space, a wireless energy transfer system with a seven-circular-coil transmitter and one ``box'' receiver has been studied. The array transmitter has been fabricated to make the produced magnetic field over the playground even and then transfer enough …energy. The fabricated novel small ``box'' receiver, consisting of a tape coil on one layer, which is separated by an insulation layer, is designed and compared with the normal receiver coil. The magnetic field intensity above the transmitter and the system efficiency are simulated by FEM analysis. The standing wave ratio and the system efficiency with different distances and displacements are measured. The efficiency of wireless charging system we designed is up to 45% at the resonant frequency 5.56 MHz with the distance of 30 mm. And even the misalignment occurred, the efficiency of the proposed system keeps comparatively stable. Show more

Keywords: Power transmission, resonant, rats playground, Witricity technology

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-160054

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 409-421, 2017

Authors: Banaszak, Szymon

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The factors that influence the position of the first resonance in the low frequency range of transformer windings Frequency Response are discussed in the paper. It is confirmed by industrial measurements and verified by a computer modeling that the position of the first resonance, measured in a standard end-to-end open test setup, is stable and does not depend on the winding being tested. The frequency of the first resonance depends on capacitance of the HV windings in different phases so the differences between curves visible in the low frequency range of the Frequency Response are not influenced by the tested …winding. Show more

Keywords: Frequency Response, RLC model, transformer, transformer windings

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-160057

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 423-434, 2017

Authors: Song, Shoujun | Chen, Shuo | Lin, Yali | Zhang, Man | Liu, Weiguo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: For practical applications, the B-H curve, namely the magnetization characteristic, of the electrical steel is essential for the performance evaluation of the electrical machine. The curve is significantly affected by the manufacturing process of the electrical steel and the electrical machine. In this paper, a new method to determine the actual B-H curve of the electrical steel used in switched reluctance machine (SRM) is proposed based on magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC), where the magnetic path of the machine is divided into five segments. With the flux-linkage characteristic of the SRM at the aligned rotor position, the magnetic flux density and …magnetic field intensity of the stator pole are calculated based on Ampere's law and linear interpolation, and then the B-H curve of the electrical steel is obtained. The accuracy of the proposed method is evaluated by simulation with finite element method (FEM), and the method is also applied to determine the B-H curve of the electrical steel used in a 3-phase 12/8-pole SRM prototype. The simulation results from FEM and Matlab are compared with those from the experiments in detail, which verify the validity of the proposed method. Show more

Keywords: Switched reluctance machine (SRM), electrical steel, B-H curve, magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC), finite element method (FEM)

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-160062

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 435-449, 2017

Authors: Khan, Shafiullah | Yang, Shiyou | Ur Rehman, Obaid

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a stochastic search algorithm inspired from the natural behavior of insects and birds. Due to its few controlling parameters and easiness in implementations, PSO is very popular among other optimal algorithms. However, PSO is often trapped into local optima while solving high dimensional, complicated inverse and multimodal objective problems. To tackle this difficulty, an improved PSO, having an adaptive, dynamic and an improved parameter, is proposed. The adaptive and dynamic parameters will bring balance between the exploration and exploitation search abilities while the improved parameter controls the diversity of the population at the final stages …of the search process. The experimental results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed PSO is better as compared to other well designed variants. Show more

Keywords: Adaptive and dynamic learning parameters, best particle, dynamic inertia weight, PSO, global optimization

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-160063

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 451-467, 2017

Authors: Wang, Shuaibing | Li, Lin | Xie, Yuqing | Zhao, Guoliang

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The operation conditions of series transformer in Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) system are analyzed, and a shell-type structural scheme is proposed in this paper. Taking into account the nonlinear characteristic and the eddy current effect of the ferromagnetic materials, the effective complex permeability is adopted to calculate the nonlinear reluctance of the core, and an electromagnetic transient model of the series transformer is presented based on the duality theory of electric circuit and magnetic circuit, which is one key part of the comprehensive simulation model of UPFC. Besides, the improved magnetic circuit method is coupled with the electric circuit …to analyze the special three-phase asymmetrical DC bias phenomenon of series transformer. Some experiments about no-load switching and asymmetrical DC bias on a low-voltage series transformer prototype have been done to verify the transient model and the improved magnetic circuit method, respectively. Finally, the reactive power of the no-load series transformer prototype under asymmetrical DC bias is calculated, the results indicate that the variation of the reactive power of series transformer under asymmetrical DC bias becomes more complicated, which increases the difficulty of voltage regulation in UPFC system. Show more

Keywords: Series transformer, duality theory, complex permeability, asymmetrical DC bias, reactive power

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-160064

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 469-485, 2017

Authors: Su, Liyuan | Gao, Cheng | Duan, Yantao | Guo, Fei

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aircraft indirect effect test method was studied in this paper based on the numerical simulation method. Meanwhile the influence of the return conductor arrangement on the load matching and current distribution was also analyzed. The aircraft lightning test system models with coaxial return path were established, and their distribution parameters and the characteristic impedances were calculated. The current resonant under different load impedance was analyzed using one dimensional FDTD (finite-difference time-domain) algorithm. On this basis, the current density distributions on the surface of the fuselage with different return conductor arrangements were calculated by the simulation software CST. The conclusions …provide foundation for the further research on the return conductor configuration of fixed wing aircraft lightning test. Show more

Keywords: Aircraft, lightning indirect effect test, return conductor, distribution parameters

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-160066

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 487-496, 2017

Authors: Wang, Xinjie | Lu, Fei | Qiao, Kun

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel non-contact closed-loop control model for the deflection of cantilever beam based on hybrid photovoltaic/piezoelectric actuation mechanism. The polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric actuator was driven under the photovoltage of lead lanthanum zirconate (PLZT) ceramic which was irradiated by ultraviolet light. The closed-loop control equations for the deflection of cantilever beam were derived based on the coupled multi-physics model of PLZT ceramic and the constitutive model of cantilever beam. According to the identified parameters obtained from the static experiments during illumination phase and light-off phase, the mathematical simulation for closed-loop control of the deflection of cantilever beam …was conducted. Furthermore, the corresponding experiments based on the hybrid photovoltaic/piezoelectric actuation mechanism were carried out to verify the proposed control model. The simulation and experimental results show that the deflection of cantilever beam laminated with a PVDF actuator can successfully achieve the target value by applying the UV light to the PLZT ceramic using a simple on-off control method. Show more

Keywords: PLZT ceramic, cantilever beam, deflection control, mathematical modeling

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-160067

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 497-509, 2017

Authors: Li, Ran | Li, Lin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: For wireless power transfer (WPT) systems, communication between the two terminals of power transfer system is also an important problem to be solved. This paper proposes a design method of multi-turn dual-band coil for implementing synchronous transfer of power and data in WPT system with one set of WPT coils. An extra compensation circuit is inserted into the multi-turn spiral coil, so the new coil has two resonant frequencies that lie on both sides of the original resonant frequency of the multi-turn coil. Just one set of dual-band coils is used to provide the data and power transfer via two …different resonant frequencies, so the undesirable interference in multi-coil WPT system is avoided. The equivalent circuit model is built to analyze the characteristic of the dual-band WPT system. The data pickup circuit is analyzed and designed for the receiver of WPT system. Finally, a dual-band WPT prototype with data pickup circuit is built to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed dual-band WPT system. Show more

Keywords: Magnetic resonant coupling (MRC), wireless power transfer (WPT), data transmission, dual-band coil

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-160078

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 511-521, 2017

Authors: Bian, Yixiang | Huang, Huiyu | Can, He | Dai, Longchao | Hong, Jin | Hui, Shen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Crickets and many other orthopteran insects can detect an impinging airflow using mechanosensory hairs located on their cerci. Inspired by these filiform mechanosensory hairs, a new symmetrical electrodes metal-core piezoelectric fiber (SMPF) was designed and fabricated as a building block for future airflow sensors. This novel type of airflow sensor was produced utilizing the extrusion method and high-temperature sintering. A metal core was basically located at the center of the fiber and surrounded by a hollow cylinder of ceramic material. Two thin metal films were spray-coated symmetrically on the surface of the fiber on opposite sides. After successful polarization, the …two surface metal layers could be used as sensor electrodes. This way, a cantilevered SMPF was able to detect the strength and direction of an impinging airflow. A theoretical model of the SMPF airflow sensor was established and validated by the experimental results. The results further showed that the electric charge generated on the electrodes of a cantilevered SMPF grows exponentially with the airflow strength, and that it is proportional to the cosine of the airflow direction. Show more

Keywords: Bio-inspired, piezoelectric fiber, airflow sensor, directional response, metal core

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-160081

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 523-535, 2017

Authors: Sun, Xiaodong | Su, Bokai | Chen, Long | Yang, Zebin | Yang, Yifei | Qiao, Wei | Han, Shouyi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this paper, a novel decoupling control approach based inverse system and internal model control methods are presented to improve the dynamic properties and control accuracy of a reluctance type bearingless motor (RBLM) effectively. By employing the inverse system method, we can obtain a decoupling pseudo-linear system, which consists of two second-order linear integral subsystems and one first-order linear integral subsystem. In addition, to reject the influence of the unmodeled dynamics the decoupling control accuracy as well as enhance RBLM system robustness, the 2 degree-of-freedom (DOF) internal model control approach is used for the three subsystems to design closed-loop controllers. …The effectiveness of the proposed decoupling control approach is validated by experimental results at various operations. Show more

Keywords: Reluctance type bearingless motor (RBLM), inverse system, internal model control, decoupling control, robustness

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-160088

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 537-549, 2017

Authors: Li, Hongmei | Yao, Hongyang | Hou, Shuhan | Wang, Ping

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: As the key sensor of Electric Vehicle Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) drive system, the current sensor usually occurs gain and offset fault, and the fault will directly affect the performance and stability of PMSM drive system. Therefore, the inverter nonlinearity dead-time compensation method is first investigated allowing for parasitic capacitor effect, and the proposed method are compared with the traditional dead-time compensation method, moreover, the technical advantages are all validated via experimental results, the fault diagnosis accuracy problem of current sensor caused by the inverter nonlinearity induced offset voltage between inverter reference and output voltage are cleverly solved. Then, …the differential algebraic based fault diagnosis method and adaptive fault-tolerant control strategy are presented. An integrated solution of PMSM drive system is innovatively proposed integrated the proposed dead-time compensation method with proposed differential algebraic based fault diagnosis method and adaptive fault-tolerant control strategy together. At last, system simulation and dSPACE based experimental test are implemented to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of proposed integrated solution of PMSM drive system and the conclusions are shown. Show more

Keywords: PMSM, current sensor, fault diagnosis, tolerant control, differential algebraic

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-160090

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 551-565, 2017

Authors: Bu, Wenshao | Cheng, Xianghui | He, Fangzhou | Qiao, Yanke | Zhang, Haitao | Xu, Xingyuan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Three-phase bearingless induction motor is a multivariable, nonlinear and strong coupling object, to achieve its decoupling control with high performance, an inverse system decoupling control strategy based on air gap flux orientation is proposed. Under the conditions of air gap flux orientation of torque system, the stator currents of torque winding and suspension winding are taken as input variables, and the inverse system mathematical model of bearingless induction motor is established; adopting the inverse system method, the bearingless induction motor is decoupled into four pseudo linear subsystems, include motor speed first-order integral subsystem, air gap flux-linkage first-order integral subsystem, α …and β displacement components second-order integral subsystems. The structure of decoupling control system is presented also. From the simulation results, it is clear that not only the air gap flux-linkage of torque system can be controlled accurately and directly, but also the dynamic decoupling control between motor speed, air gap flux-linkage of torque system and two radial displacement components can be achieved; Meanwhile, the control system has the characteristics of small overshoot and fast response speed. Show more

Keywords: Three-phase bearingless induction motors, inverse system modeling, air gap flux orientation, decoupling control

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-160096

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 567-577, 2017