Work - Volume 41, issue Supplement 1

Authors: Bhattacharyya, N | Chakrabarti, D

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Work related musculoskeletal disorders are seen as an indicating parameter of occupational stress among the women workers engaged in tea leaf plucking operation. The hand plucking (no mechanized plucking is practiced in Assam) being a highly repetitive task requires forceful exertions to reach to the distant periphery of the tea bushes and mechanical compression (pressing against hard surfaces). Specifically it aggravates with awkward positions adopted. The current research addresses to minimize the risk factors associated with CTDs and to ascertain the role of ergonomic design development in improving the situation. Women workforce engaged in tea industry in Assam suffer from …back, shoulder, arm and finger pains. Workers perform the activity for 440 minutes in the entire shift with one hour lunch break in between in the garden itself. An ergonomic investigation aiming at studying the strain index of plucking operation in tea industry was conducted. While performing the operation workers were found to assume unnatural posture which is static as well as highly dynamic with a load (tea leaf collecting basket up to weight of 30 kg when filled with plucked leaves) at back. With gradual increment of load and pain though the load is released intermittently the strain level found to remain at a high level. The total QEC scores found for plucking activity was 110 out of 138. To improve the situation and to reduce the work related upper limb disorder (WRULD) an ergonomically designed basket was conceived and trial results showed improvements. The newly designed plucking basket fits the back curvature of the workers well, which keeps the basket in place unlike the existing round basket. The new basket is light in weight having more leaf capacity. Significant reduction in energy expenditure and MSDs suffered was observed while using improved basket over existing basket. Show more

Keywords: tea leaf plucking operation, CTD, ergonomic design intervention

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0308-1234

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1234-1238, 2012

Authors: Rai, Arpana | Gandhi, Sudesh | Sharma, D.K.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Conventional and improved methods of aonla pricking were evaluated ergonomically on an experiment conducted for 20 minute with women workers. The working heart rate, energy expenditure rate, total cardiac cost of work and physiological cost of work with conventional tools varied from 93-102 beats.min-1 , 6-7.5 kJ.min-1 , 285-470 beats, 14 -23 beats.min-1 while with machine varied from 96-105 beats.min-1 , 6.5-8 kJ.min-1 , 336-540 beats, 16-27 beats.min-1 respectively. OWAS score for conventional method was 2 indicating corrective measures in near future while with machine was 1 indicating no corrective measures. Result of Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire revealed …that subjects complaint of pain in back, neck, right shoulder and right hand due to unnatural body posture and repetitive movement with hand tool. Moreover pricking was carried out in improper lighting conditions (200-300 lux) resulting into finger injuries from sharp edges of hand tool, whereas with machine no such problems were observed. Output with machine increased thrice than hand pricking in a given time. Machine was found useful in terms of saving time, increased productivity, enhanced safety and comfort as involved improved posture, was easy to handle and operate, thus increasing efficiency of the worker leading to better quality of life. Show more

Keywords: Aonla preserve, hand tool, aonla machine

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0309-1239

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1239-1245, 2012

Authors: Silva, G.D.A. | Cordeiro, E.D. | Silva, A.C.R. | Andrade, A.Q. | Cavalcanti, V.P.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article reports the experience of the design team of the Laboratory The Imaginary in the process of developing an electric potter’s lathe which respects the biomechanics of the body, helps to development the task, maintains the archetype of traditional equipment, and improves the mechanical efficiency of the power transmission system. The design method used was based on the axes of research, analysis, development and monitoring, and focused on the product and with partners: the artisans and engineering and production teams. The main results point to ergonomic improvements in the biomechanical and dimensional aspects, and a decrease in the risk …of accidents and occupational diseases. The experience of this case also highlights the gains arising from the relationship between design, engineering and users (artisans) in developing products with a design that can be easily replicated for other communities of potters in the state. This and other actions are part of the outlook of the Laboratory the Imaginary which in partnership with local authorities, wishes to see the craft activities continue and to give value to the culture of the city. Show more

Keywords: product design, potter's lathe, ergonomics, craft production

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0310-1246

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1246-1251, 2012

Authors: Prete, Lígia Gomes Pereira | Emidio, Lucimar de Fátima Bilmaia | Martins, Suzana Barreto

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to reflect on safety requirements for children’s clothing, based on the standardization proposed by the ABNT (Technical Standardization Brazilian Association). Bibliographic research and case studies were considered on writing this work. We also discuss the importance of adding other safety requirements to the current standardization, as well as the increasing of the actual age range specified by the ABNT, following the children’s clothing safety standardizations in Portugal and the United States, also stated here.

Keywords: children’s clothing, ergonomics, standardization

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0665-1252

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1252-1260, 2012

Authors: Pagnan, Andreia Salvan | Câmara, Jairo José Drummond

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A company making women’s clothing, located in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais was studied in its ergonomic aspects with regard to the layout. With this study it was possible to establish the best positioning of machines and jobs of employees. The analysis criteria used were: frequency of use, functional grouping, sequence of use, flow and intensity of preferred connections. An ideal arrangement in the workplace provides improved manufacturing quality and employee performance and consequently higher production yields.

Keywords: company, ergonomics, work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0311-1261

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1261-1267, 2012

Authors: Shen, Liming | Chen, Yu-xia | Guo, Yong | Zhong, ShiLu | Fang, Fei | Zhao, Jing | Hu, Tian-Yi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Mattress, as a sleep platform, its types and physical properties has an important effect on sleep quality and rest efficiency. In this paper, by subjective evaluations, analysis of sleeping behaviors and tests of depth of sleep, the relationship between characteristics of the bedding materials, the structure of mattress, sleep quality and sleep behaviors were studied. The results showed that: (1) Characteristics of the bedding materials and structure of spring mattress had a remarkable effect on sleep behaviors and sleep quality. An optimum combination of the bedding materials, the structure of mattress and its core could improve the overall comfort of …mattress, thereby improving the depth of sleep and sleep quality. (2)Sleep behaviors had a close relationship with sleeping postures and sleep habits. The characteristics of sleep behaviors vary from person to person. Show more

Keywords: bedding layer properties, sleep quality, spring mattress, movements

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0312-1268

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1268-1273, 2012

Authors: Deun, D. Van | Verhaert, V. | Willemen, T. | Wuyts, J. | Verbraecken, J. | Exadaktylos, V. | Haex, B. | Vander Sloten, J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Proper body support plays an import role in the recuperation of our body during sleep. Therefore, this study uses an automatically adapting bedding system that optimises spinal alignment throughout the night by altering the stiffness of eight comfort zones. The aim is to investigate the influence of such a dynamic sleep environment on objective and subjective sleep parameters. The bedding system contains 165 sensors that measure mattress indentation. It also includes eight actuators that control the comfort zones. Based on the measured mattress indentation, body movements and posture changes are detected. Control of spinal alignment is established by fitting personalized …human models in the measured indentation. A total of 11 normal sleepers participated in this study. Sleep experiments were performed in a sleep laboratory where subjects slept three nights: a first night for adaptation, a reference night and an active support night (in counterbalanced order). Polysomnographic measurements were recorded during the nights, combined with questionnaires aiming at assessing subjective information. Subjective information on sleep quality, daytime quality and perceived number of awakenings shows significant improvements during the active support (ACS) night. Objective results showed a trend towards increased slow wave sleep. On the other hand, it was noticed that % N1-sleep was significantly increased during ACS night, while % N2-sleep was significantly decreased. No prolonged N1 periods were found during or immediately after steering. Show more

Keywords: Smart bedding, spine support, sleep quality, spinal alignment, mattress control

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0313-1274

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1274-1280, 2012

Authors: Sáenz Zapata, Luz M. | Arias, Ana María L. | Guzmán, Emilio C. | de L, Martha Arias

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This project presents an analysis of the ergonomic conditions of three types of mattress and three types of pillow. The products are manufactured by a Colombian company which specializes in flexible polyurethane foam and other products designed for rest and relaxation. The project was developed through the University – Industry relationship: a strategic partnership based on the knowledge and strengths of each component. The conceptual theories that underpin the Ergonomics Research Division of the Design Studies Research Group (GED) provided the methodological approach for the project: the characteristics, the requirements and the relationships that are established between the components that …constitute the User – Product – Context system (basic principles of the Ergonomics – Design relationship). An important factor in the project was the conception and measurement of comfort. Comfort can be measured on an objective level (quantitative measurement), and on a subjective level (a user’s particular perceptions and tastes). What constitutes ‘comfort’ can vary from person to person, thus making the identification of criteria for the standardization of consumer products problematic. This project enabled design recommendations to be made to the Company vis-à-vis future proposals for mattress and pillow products. This experience of applied research was carried out by professors and students from the Faculty of Industrial Design at the UPB in Medellín, Colombia. Show more

Keywords: product evaluation, comfort, design requirements

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0314-1281

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1281-1287, 2012

Authors: Chen, Hsiao-Lin | Cai, Dengchuan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Study reported a pillow with a uniform height was not suitable for sleeping in supine and lateral positions. The study aims to determine the pillow dimensions for fitting supine and lateral positions for Taiwanese. Ten females and ten males subjects with a mean age of 21.9 years (SD= 1.07 years) participated in the study. Body dimensions of head, neck and shoulder in crown and sagittal planes were measured with the Martins’ anthropometer and a curve measurer to determine the pillow’s sizes. The results showed that the basic form of pillow for both genders is a U form from the front …view. The middle area of the pillow is for supine position and the both side areas are for lateral positions. The base of pillow is a rectangle from the top view. The pillow is designed with a width of 75 and 70 cm for male and female, and a depth of 40 and 35 cm for male and female. The height in middle area and both side are 4 and 14 cm for male, and 2 and 12 cm for female. A neck rest with a height of 1.5 cm was proposed for neck support. Show more

Keywords: pillow design, sleep posture, anthropometry

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1013-1288

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1288-1295, 2012

Authors: Bessa, Olavo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study is guided by the principle that there is no technology detached from an ideology. This ideology appears in the interfaces conditioning the relationship between people and digital artifacts. This article adopts as theoretical reference the User-Centered Design (UCD). Under the UCD principles it is presented a key to understand how technology is a vehicle of ideological content that affects the design practices.

Keywords: usability, interaction, UCD, interface, technology

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0004-1296

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1296-1304, 2012

Authors: Chateauroux, E. | Wang, X.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The measurement of maximum pulling force is important not only for specifying force limit of industrial workers but also for designing controls requiring high force. This paper presents a comparison between maximal static handbrake pulling force (FST ) and force exerted during normal handbrake pulling task (FDY ). These forces were measured for different handle locations and subject characteristics. Participants were asked to pull a handbrake on an adjustable car mock-up as they would do when parking their own car, then to exert a force as high as possible on the pulled handbrake. Hand pulling forces were measured using a …six-axes force sensor. 5 fixed handbrake positions were tested as well as a neutral handbrake position defined by the subject. FST and FDY were significantly correlated. Both were found to be dependent on handbrake position, age and gender. As expected, women and older subjects exerted lower forces. FST was significantly higher than FDY . The ratio Fm R (FDY divided by FST ) was also analyzed. Women showed higher FmR than men meaning that the task required a higher amount of muscle capability for women. FmR was also influenced by handbrake location. These data will be useful for handbrake design. Show more

Keywords: force capacities, ergonomics, handbrake, hand pulling strength, automotive

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0640-1305

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1305-1310, 2012

Authors: Könemann, Reinier | Bosch, Tim | de Looze, Michiel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The design of a work station generally prescribes a global movement pattern of the operator, but also leaving some degrees of freedom regarding movement strategy. For a specific order picking work station, we studied the movement strategies, the underlying factors and its impact on performance. Eight subjects performed a task comprising, the picking and placing of an object and pressing a button in eight conditions varying in product weight, movement direction (left vs. right), and placing distance. Movements were analyzed and cycle times were obtained from video-recordings. We observed various types of strategy regarding hand use and global placing mode …(reaching vs. placing). The different strategies did not show clear relationships with performance (in contrast to the various work place factors). Ergonomically spoken, the fact that the workstation allows movement variation without loss of performance, is favorable. Show more

Keywords: movement strategy, physical load, body posture, order picking, human performance

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0316-1311

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1311-1315, 2012

Authors: Moore, Christopher | Nimbarte, Ashish | Rajulu, Sudhakar | Aghazadeh, Fereydoun

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Research has been done on the maximum reach and ingress/egress of upright seats. However, research on recumbent seats and comparisons between recumbent and upright seats is limited. By using an eight-camera Vicon motion capture system and C-motion Visual 3D modeling software, this research compared the ingress/egress joint kinematics and maximal planar reach of an upright seat with a recumbent seat. Mean range of motion and mean peak angle for each ingress/egress task were determined and the values for the upright seat were compared to the values for the recumbent seat. For each reach task, three extreme points were extracted and …compared between the upright and recumbent seat. Seat orientation was found to have a statistically significant effect on the range of motion of several joints during the ingress/egress tasks, as well as one of the extreme points during the reaching tasks. Show more

Keywords: ingress, egress, recumbent seat, 3D kinematics, planer reach

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0317-1316

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1316-1322, 2012

Authors: Zapata, Luz Mercedes Sáenz | Escobar, Andrés Valencia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This project, developed by the Design Studies Research Group at the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (UPB), presents a design proposal focused on human factors for ischial support for the stations of the Medellín Metro. An initial pilot scheme was developed on Platform ‘A’ of San Antonio – the most important transfer station. The methodology of the Ergonomics Research Division at UPB constituted the basis of the project. This methodology observes, analyses and draws conclusions of the conditions that optimize the User-Product-Context nexus, and in doing so defines design requirements which, in this proposal, centered on the needs of the users of …the Medellín Metro. The Experimental Morphology Research Division provided technical support in the form of modelling, production and structural testing of the object. The proposal includes thematic units, themes and priority components for analysis and application in the design process. In addition, the project generates certain activities and moments that future designers can develop in a parallel manner, coherent with the vision of ergonomics. The methodology focused on the requirements of the users and took into account the existing space (the Metro System), thus establishing relationships of use that were coherent with the principles of ergonomics and design. Show more

Keywords: street furniture, reduced mobility, user centered

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0318-1323

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1323-1329, 2012

Authors: Chakrabarti, Debkumar | Bhattachheriya, Nandita

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Strategy for finding the appropriate strategy for work tool development has become a crucial issue in occupational wellness of varied nature of women workforce of Northeast India. This paper deals with ergonomics intervention through sustainable work tool design development process. Workers who frequently shift to different activities quite often in unorganised small-scale fruit processing units where productivity is directly related to the harvesting season require different work tools relevant to specific tasks and mostly workers themselves manage work tools of their own with available local resources. Whereas in contrast the tea-leaf pluckers are engaged in a single task throughout the …year, and the work schedule and work equipment is decided and supplied to them based on the corporate decision where the workers do not have any individual control. Observations confirm the need for organising participatory workshops specific to trade based occupational well-being and different work tools for different tasks in mostly private owned unorganised sector. Implementation of single variety work tool development that supports a crucial component in tea-leaf plucking for which they are engaged in full time employment; and through a corporate decision a single design with its number of users makes a good effect. Show more

Keywords: women agro based workers, Northeast India, ergonomics design strategy, sustainability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0319-1330

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1330-1334, 2012

Authors: Khidiya, Mahendra Singh | Bhardwaj, Awadhesh

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Hand tool mechanisms designed to reduce the risk factors have rarely been studied. In this paper it is analyze trowel firstly designing in CATIA and then its Finite Element Analysis has been carried out by ABAQUS. The main emphasis is on finding stresses by using this software, then removing them by suitable mechanical working on tool & ergonomic change in the design of handle to make it more comfortable. Body part discomfort score and overall discomfort rating experienced by the subjects had also been estimated. During the muscular activity workers physiological responses i.e. energy expenditure rate, oxygen consumption rate and …heart rate increases. This increase in physiological responses is related to the type, intensity and duration of work and thus sets limits to the performance of heavy work. In this paper oxygen consumption rate and heart rate was used for physiological cost estimation. These parameters were measured by Computerized Ambulatory Metabolic Measurement System K4b2 . Show more

Keywords: Trowel, Ergonomics, Productivity, CATIA, ABAQUS

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0320-1335

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1335-1341, 2012

Authors: Berrio, S. | Barrero, L.H. | Quintana, L.A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Manual flower cutting requires repetitive forceful movements that may explain the high incidence of upperextremity MSDs among workers of the Colombian flower industry. Force demands may be caused by the use of pruners that have not been designed for Colombian workers. We conducted a repeated measures field experimental study (n=16, 69% women, 20 to 60 years old) to compare the mechanical demands during rose cutting of two different pruners (Traditional vs. alternative pruner) at two different cutting heights (elbow vs. over-shoulder). Demands included the perceived comfort, perceived effort and upper limb´s muscular activity and posture. Workers perceived their traditional pruner …as more comfortable but requiring more effort than the prototype tool. No benefits were observed regarding ulnar deviation with the alternative pruner. The wrist extension and related muscular activity of the wrist extensors were higher with the prototype pruner. The prototype pruner resulted in reduced muscular load of the wrist flexors; the biceps when working at the elbow height; and the deltoids when working at the shoulder height. However, Moderate results may be explained by the lack of time for workers’ adaptation to the alternative tool. New design developments must focus on reducing extension and ulnar deviation of the wrist. Show more

Keywords: Upper extremity, electromyography, electrogoniometer, hand tool, mechanical exposures

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0321-1342

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1342-1345, 2012

Authors: Silva, Danilo CorrêA | Paschoarelli, Luis Carlos | da Silva, José Carlos Plácido

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Studies on packaging accessibility are still incipient in Brazil. Many of these packagings can represent a challenge to users, whether due to non-informative labels, tricky tabs or seals, or even those that need strength to open. This paper brings a simple test to determine the necessary torque force to open PET bottles, and to predict the amount of users that could not open it. The findings suggest that a considerable amount of users could not open it or would have some difficulties to exert the necessary force.

Keywords: design, openability, usability, soft drinks, packaging

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0322-1346

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1346-1351, 2012

Authors: Ciaccia, Flavia Renata Dantas Alves Silva | Gonçalves, Clenilson Jordão | Sznelwar, Laerte Idal

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The use of a thermal buttocks manikin was explored as a tool to standardize the evaluation of seat comfort. Thermal manikin buttocks were developed and calibrated thermally and anatomically to simulate the sensible heat transfer of a seated person and used to evaluate interface pressure distribution. In essence, the pressure maps of manikin buttocks with and without heating were compared to those of a seated person. The results of average pressure demonstrated that the thermal manikins have a better response in interface pressure measurement than manikins without heating.

Keywords: heat flow, buttock model, comfort

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0323-1352

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1352-1356, 2012

Authors: de Souza van der Linden, JúLio Carlos | Brendler, Clariana Fischer

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper focuses Design importance in the development of effectively inclusive products basead on Design Emotional approach, allowing children with disabilities to experience playing in the childhold as an instrument for social integration. The methodology used to develop this study was based on literature review, considering the following themes: emotional design, accessibility and inclusion, emotion and development of children. As a result, we propose a new level of need to model the hierarchy of needs, of Jordan (“usability”, “functionality” and “pleasure”), level with the inclusion of “dignity.”

Keywords: accessibility, emotion, inclusion, PSN

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0324-1357

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1357-1361, 2012

Authors: Di Bucchianico, Giuseppe | Gregori, Marco | Rossi, Emilio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In the Design for All Approach (DfA), an important phase of the design process consists in the individuation of the so-called “limit users”, that are that particular group of people with the most “critical” features for the autonomous fruition of a system or a product. Generally, however, it is not easy to identify them in a complete and objective way. A clear and complete outline of design requirements with respect to the “normal” use of a service, product or environment, moreover, is of fundamental importance in inclusive design. In fact, we know how bad design, that doesn’t take in account …the true “strategies of use”, may lead to situations of handicap, also serious, temporary or permanent, regardless if the user is a “disabled” person or not. In relation to this scenario, the paper shows the results of a research which has developed the “Ability/Difficulty Table” (“A/D Table”), a new tool useful to identify the so-called “limit users” and their needs with respect to different activities, linking the main “difficulties”, expressed by people, with the “abilities” required to carry out in autonomy the investigated activity. Show more

Keywords: design for all, limit users, user needs, design requirements

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0325-1362

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1362-1367, 2012

Authors: Di Bucchianico, Giuseppe | Camplone, Stefania | Picciani, Stefano | Vallese, Valeria

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The widespread sense of spatial disorientation that can be experienced in many public places (buildings and open spaces), generally depends on a design approach that doesn’t take into account both the “communication skills” of the different parts of the spatial organization, both the variability of people and their ways of interacting with environments, orienteering themselves. Nevertheless, “not find the way” often has some obvious practical costs (loss of time, failure to achieve a target) and some more intangible, but no less important, emotional costs. That’s why the design of signage systems must take into account both the specificities of places …and the extreme variability of its users. The paper presents the results of a study on this specific issue. In particular, the study focuses on the description of some tools useful for the analysis and design of a signage system that is truly “for All”. Show more

Keywords: wayfinding, design for all, signage systems

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0326-1368

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1368-1373, 2012

Authors: Steffan, Isabella Tiziana | Tosi, Francesca

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The paper deals with research areas and actions thanks to which the theoretical and methodological content of the “Ergonomics in Design” project can give a concrete contribution to the “Design for All” project, in particular with regards to the assessment and design of environments, the design of everyday products.

Keywords: Everyday product s Design, Urban Design, User needs

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0327-1374

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1374-1380, 2012

Authors: Woodcock, Andree | Fielden, Simon | Bartlett, Richard

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Developers of assistive technology products need to ensure that their offerings meet the requirements of end users, and that usability issues have been discovered prior to manufacture. This may be difficult for SMEs (Small Medium Enterprises) who may lack the necessary skills and resources required to plan and conduct an evaluation. To assist SMEs in the assistive technology market, a stand alone, decision support system was developed to assist in the planning and evaluation of their products, taking into account the resources available, nature of the product being developed and stage of the design process. The responses given by the …designer to 40 multiple choice questions are matched against a database of 42 research methods. The methods achieving the highest score in relation to all questions are displayed as the final output. The paper describes the development of the User Testing Toolset (UTT), including the additional functionality provided to ensure that the evaluation methods were correctly matched and weighted to the responses. Show more

Keywords: research methods, usability testing

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0328-1381

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1381-1386, 2012

Authors: Alves, Eduardo. J.W. | Melo, Leandro. E.V. | Silva, Sérgio. J. | Câmara, Jairo J.D.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The systematic of device development for support in the period after surgery and for consolidation of fractures of lower limb, manufactured in aluminium alloy and PVC, integrated with quick fixes, cleanliness simplified, retractable, and adaptable to wide range of biotope. Has as value-added a possibility of transforming an axillary crutch in Canadian and, where necessary, the transformation of the Canadian crutch in cane to aid the balance and safety on return to walk independently. The proposed instrument enhances the limited movement capabilities and mobility by ensuring greater security and versatility of the beginning of the user’s recovery until the end …of his convalescence. Show more

Keywords: design, adaptability, flexibility, biotype, mobility

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0329-1387

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1387-1393, 2012

Authors: Bittencourt, R.S. | de M.Guimarães, L.B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents the proposal of a model for planning a barrier free industrial facilities, considering the demands that inclusion requires, ranging from outside the factory (social environment), to the needs of the production system and the workstation. Along with literature review, the demands were identified in a shoe manufacturer that employs people with disabilities, and organized taxonomically in agreement with the structure for planning facilities. The results show that the problems are not primarily related to eliminating architectural barriers and factors aimed at preventing risks to people’s health and safety but, rather, are related to the company’s cultural environment, …because the main hazards are managerial. In special cases, it is suggested there is a need to adjust those parts of tasks that the worker cannot do, or even to re-schedule work so as to make it possible for employees with disabilities to perform their tasks. Show more

Keywords: social responsibility, accessibility, people with disabilities, planning, industrial facilities

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0330-1394

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1394-1402, 2012

Authors: Costa, A.L. | Coura, P.V. | Gomes, M.M.A. | Peregrino, Y.R. | Sarmento, B.R | Sousa, R.A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Public space is endowed with undeniable social relevance, thus becoming a defining element of integration and interaction among its users. Aware of this importance the Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), linked to the Ministério da Educação e Cultura (MEC), develops the project “UFPB para todos: eliminando barreiras’’ (UFPB for all: removing barriers) that aims to conceive an architectural design of an accessible rout to UFPB’s campus I, and execute a pilot stretch of this route. This article aims to subsidize the preprojectual phase by understanding the needs of this campus’ users, through the concepts of ergonomics and universal design. Was …performed out direct observation of the space, and the methods of interviews and observation of user behavior were applied to a group of students with disabilities, through the techniques of assisted walking, photographic and video recording. Based on those, projective guidelines have been defined, which will contribute to the final project’s quality, so that this is not a simple application of the rule, but works free of segregating barriers. Show more

Keywords: architectural project, accessible rout, ergonomics, universal design, users needs

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0331-1403

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1403-1408, 2012

Authors: Oliveira, Rayssa Cristiane | Elali, Gleice Azambuja

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article discusses the quality of internal life space in apartments of residential buildings in the northeast region of Brazil, especially the possibility to adapt environments with small areas (according to local building codes) to the needs of different arrangements of families (considering 4 members per family). The research had a gradual approach and used multimethod strategy: (a) studying the universe of residential buildings whose apartment’s inner area is between 50 and 60m2 and were constructed in Natal-RN between 1998 and 2008, as well as not linked to social housing programs and occupied for more than one year; (b) selecting …a building to do a Post Occupation Evaluation (POE), using walkthrough, technical observation and questionnaires; (c) choosing of two housing units to do an ergonomic intervention (based in interviews and detailed measurements). The results show the technical possibility to modify the units, but these modifications have a high (social, economic and environmental) price, because in general the space of units projected is not flexible. So, the paper concludes that this type of enterprise needs to be rethought, since part of them is (social and ecologically) unsustainable. Show more

Keywords: minimum house spaces, post occupation evaluation (POE), ergonomic intervention, space flexibility, northeast of Brazil culture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0639-1409

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1409-1416, 2012

Authors: dos Santos, Larissa Nascimento | de Carvalho, Ricardo José Matos

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article presents a diagnosis of luxury or superior hotels in the city of Natal, located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, in northeastern Brazil, in what concerns accessibility to the visually impaired. The main objective is to present the guiding principles to design actions and interventions that must be considered in the preparation or revision of technical standards and manuals of good practice in accessibility related to people with visual impairments who are hotel users. The survey showed that the hotels do not meet the normative indications of accessibility, their facilities are in-accessible (have prevented access) or …of reduced accessibility and its employees are not prepared to provide adequate hospital services for people with visual impairment. It was concluded that some of the accessibility problems faced by people with visual impairments are also faced by people in general. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, accessibility, visual impairment, hotels, tourism

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0332-1417

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1417-1424, 2012

Authors: da Silva Duarte, Luiz Carlos | Eckhardt, Moacir | da Motta, Giordano Paulo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The posture, a good organization and the proper layout of the environment and workplaces have a positive influence on the income of an employee. To develop the work it is used a methodology that addressed the study phases of the theory involving the subject, description of the current situation, preparation of conceptions, choice of design, implementation and reporting of results. Through the project of “Change of the layout of an office of a metallurgical company” there was an intervention in these reported aspects providing improvements in the office, regarding ergonomic, layout, workplace and lighting issues, bringing welfare to the official, …with the intent to improve its performance within the company and facilitating its actions, as the company’s customer service. The results provided improvements in layout, in the workplace and especially in comfort for the human resources that perform their activities. Show more

Keywords: layout, workplace, office, welfare, ergonomic

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0333-1425

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1425-1429, 2012

Authors: Schell, Elisabet | Theorell, Tores | Saraste, Helena

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract Associations between self-reported needs for aesthetic and ergonomic improvements were studied to analyse a possible impact of aesthetic needs on job performance as compared to ergonomic needs in 11 occupational groups. Employees at Swedish broadcasting company were invited to participate in a cross sectional study. 74% (n=1961/2641) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Demographic data from company files and a pre-validated questionnaire were used. ‘High rank’ and ‘low rank’ aesthetic and ergonomic needs were compared. The perceived needs for aesthetic and ergonomic improvements showed significantly different distributions (p<0.001). Aesthetic needs were more frequently reported. No gender related differences were observed. Differences …between occupational groups were shown (p=0.006, 0.003).‘High rank’ needs for aesthetic and ergonomic improvements were similarly associated to psychological demands, stress, pain and age. 16/24 factors showed significant differences between ‘high and low rank’ aesthetic needs, whereas 21/24 between ergonomic needs. Sick leave was stronger related to ergonomics. The study results show a relation between not only work place ergonomics but also work place aesthetics to health and well-being. Future work health promotion and prevention may benefit from the inclusion of workplace aesthetics. Show more

Keywords: Aesthetics, ergonomics, work environment, musculoskeletal pain, low back pain, occupational health, stress, sickleave

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0334-1430

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1430-1440, 2012

Authors: Duca, Gabriella

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper concerns an applied research aimed at applying the concept of usability, as derived form the standard ISO 9241/11, in the filed of building design, namely primary schools. Starting from the concept that space characteristics play a very relevant role in learning performances, the study presented here developed an original methodology for the assessment of effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction of buildings hosting primary schools, in order to create a school environment better supporting users in their tasks. Research core is the framework of usability requirements and their related markers, indicators and technical specification that has been formulated in order …to check compliance of urban area, building, rooms and architectural details with users needs. Therefore, a detailed task analysis of pupils and teacher tasks has been carried out and two questionnaires addressed to a significant users panel have been formulated for satisfaction survey. Lastly, a matrix for an overall reading of gathered data has been set-up and criteria for usability assessment based on that data has been defined. The whole study has been developed within the case study of a primary school in the Naples city centre, whose contents and results are discussed. Show more

Keywords: learning performances, education, task analysis, ergonomics, assessment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0335-1441

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1441-1448, 2012

Authors: Falcão, Christianne Soares | Soares, Marcelo Marcio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Representative systematic evaluation studies of the workspace and the extent to which that space is suitable for performing tasks have been developed by professionals engaged on finding evidence as to the importance of users and designers being joint participants in drawing up projects. In this context, this paper sets out to evaluate the environment of a control room in the hydroelectric sector, based on a multidisciplinary method which integrates ergonomics, architecture and environmental psychology so as to assess the influence of space on the user, and thus to identify the user's level of satisfaction with it. It was observed that …some adaptation strategies of the space for activities were not implemented satisfactorily, resulting in the need for further studies on making workspaces suitable. Show more

Keywords: control room, environmental ergonomics, constellation of attributes

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0336-1449

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1449-1456, 2012

Authors: Oliveira, Gilberto R | Mont'Alvão, Claudia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Based on semi-structured interviews answered by professionals in Architecture and Interior Design areas, this research aimed to investigate, how these professionals develop their projects. Considering a real situation, the research tried to find out how these professionals consider users necessities and opinions. It was also verified which attributes are considered most relevant and how these professionals correlate them to uses demands about ergonomic aspects and intrinsic characteristics of each project. The paper is concluded presenting a list of attributes that were identified as the most important when developing a design for a home kitchen (as example), and some considerations about …this topic are also presented. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics in build environment, ergodesign, design attributes, semi-structured interview

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0337-1457

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1457-1460, 2012

Authors: Romain, Pannetier | Xuguang, Wang

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents a method to develop objective discomfort evaluation indicators for a task oriented motion using the concept of less constrained movement. The basic idea is to compare imposed and less constrained movements in order to identify relevant biomechanical parameters for defining objective discomfort indicators. The task of automotive pedal clutching was chosen for illustrating the proposed method. Based on discomfort questionnaire and motion analysis of the experimental data, four discomfort indicators were proposed. Two of them were based on the ankle joint angle around flexion/extension axis at the beginning and the end of the clutch pedal depression. The …third one was defined using knee flexion/extension joint torque at the end of the clutch pedal depression. The last indicator was defined as the relative lateral position of the heel compared to the average pedal lateral position for less constrained configurations. A global discomfort function was also defined as a weighted sum of all indicators. Globally, the proposed global discomfort indicator succeeded in differentiating the tested configurations in agreement with experimental observation. As expected, less discomfort rating is obtained for less constrained movement when compared with the corresponding imposed one. Show more

Keywords: discomfort, biomechanics, ergonomic assessment, motion analysis, clutch pedal

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0338-1461

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1461-1465, 2012

Authors: Vink, P. | Franz, M. | Kamp, I. | Zenk, R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Seats need to be more lightweight for airplanes, cars, busses and even trains to contribute to a better environment and to reduce energy consumption. However, a reduction in comfort due to weight reduction is not preferable, which opens a new area of research: improving comfort with a minimum of material or with lightweight materials and systems. In this paper three experiments are performed to test the effects of light weight seats and parts of a seat on comfort. The first experiment shows that a new developed light weight massage system improves comfort and reduces muscle activity. The second experiment shows …that the automatic seat adjustment without motors improves the comfort as well. The third experiment showed that a light weight seat following closely the human body contour is experienced on many aspects in the same way as current more heavy seats. More research and models will be needed in this ergonomic field which needs more attention. Show more

Keywords: seat, comfort, sustainability, light weight, end user experience

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0339-1466

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1466-1470, 2012

Authors: Terai, H. | Miwa, K. | Okuda, H. | Tazaki, Y. | Suzuki, T. | Kojima, K. | Morita, J. | Maehigashi, A. | Takeda, K.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: We constructed an innovative experimental platform to study cross-situational consistency in driving behavior, conducted behavioral experiments, and reported the data obtained in the experiment. To discuss cross-situational consistency, we separated situations in which people use some systems to conduct tasks into three independent conceptual factors: environment, context, and system. We report the experimental results with the following systems: a laboratory system with a gaming controller and steering/pedal controllers and a real system, COMS an instrumented vehicle. The results are summarized as follows. 1) The individual behaviors in each system were stable, and consistency was retained. 2) The consistency of the …behaviors was also confirmed when the participants drove using different interfaces in identical systems. 3) However, only slight correlation was observed across different systems in a specific situation where a strong high-order cognitive constraint (i.e., rapid driving) and a weak low-order cognitive constraint (driving with easy handling toward a straight-line course) were given. Show more

Keywords: behavior analysis, cross-situational consistency, driving behavior, laboratory studies, multi-environment, real situational studies

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0340-1471

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1471-1476, 2012

Authors: Mazloumi, Adel | Mohammadreze, Fallah

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: One of the applications of ergonomics disciplinary is designing driver workstation compatible to users’ characteristics. The aim of this study was evaluation of interior design of Shoka vehicle with respect to the accommodation for Iranian population and proposing suggestions for customizing design of this vehicle. This study was a descriptive-analytical study conducted among thirty men from Iranian drivers population in 5, 50, 95 percentiles of the stature variable. Objective variables related to the occupant packaging and vehicle visual aspects including anthropometric variables, frontal, lateral, and side view and so on were investigated first. Then, subjective variables related to the driver …mental workload and body comfort discomfort were studied using BMDMW and comfort questionnaires during 2-hour driving trial sessions. Occupant packaging variables and hand-arm angle showed the least accommodation percent (%53). Seating angles showed low accommodation as well (%73). Among three percentile groups there were no significant differences between the mean values of mental workload during two hours driving task. And, the mean value related to the comfort discomfort was 3.9 during driving sessions. Considering the findings in this study, it can be conclude that seating angles need correction and optimization. Taking mental workload results into account, it can be concluded that the interior design of the studied car had no influence on drivers’ mental workload. From the aspect of comfort discomfort, Shoka vehicle showed neutral state among drivers. Optimizing seating angles, decreasing vibration, correcting stiffness of seating pan are suggested for customization of the ergonomics aspect of this vehicle. Show more

Keywords: ergonomic evaluation, vehicle, Shoka, anthropometric, compatibility

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0341-1477

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1477-1485, 2012

Authors: Babapour, Maral | Osvalder, Anna-Lisa | Bligård, Lars-Ola

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The task of handling reach trucks frequently involves poor working postures. The location of the steering wheel in most reach trucks is in front of the operator which requires the drivers to bend forward and stretch their hands for holding onto the steering wheel. To overcome visibility restrictions, this posture is aggravated by twisting and bending their torso sideways. This paper presents a usability study which was conducted to compare adoption of ergonomic features in a new reach truck cabin with the way they were intended to be employed for improving physical working conditions. Participants drove the reach truck on …a test track performing tasks of varying complexity. Video recordings were utilized to facilitate the observations. The results indicate that improved ergonomics features of the reach truck are not used as intended. The test subjects instead adopted postures that they were accustomed to when driving common reach trucks. The possible contributing factors to this posture regression are discussed. The procedure used in this study is recommended for the companies to determine the effectiveness and adoption of ergonomics solutions. Show more

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0342-1486

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1486-1492, 2012

Authors: Tosi, Francesca | Rinaldi, Alessandra

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The changes in society at the beginning of this millennium are giving rise to deep transformations in the behavioural trends and tastes of home users, as well as in their lifestyles and consumption patterns. This opens up a wide range of opportunities for innovation within the context of contemporary home design. Due to the emergence of new user profiles, new needs and models are coming to the attention of designers and manufacturing companies. Just think about the new needs resulting from the changing composition of households, new forms of cohabitation and the contemporary multi-ethnic society.

Keywords: Ergonomics, User Innovation, Design, Sustainability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0343-1493

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1493-1500, 2012

Authors: Tosi, Francesca | Belli, Alessandro | Rinaldi, Alessandra | Tucci, Grazia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The paper presents the early results of the UE-FP7 project “The Intermodal Bike”. The research aim is to provide a super-compactable, super-lightweight folding bicycle as a realistic solution to graft the cycling mode onto the root of the public or private transportation systems. The folding bikes now on the international market reach weighs between 12–15 kg, with a variable footprint but occupying -when compacted- an average volume of about 100 liters. To encourage the use of this vehicle and to extend it to a larger number of users with different characteristics, the research project has set its goal in increasing …as possible compactness and light weight, creating a bicycle with a volume when compacted of 20 liters (reduction factor =5), with a shape of 48 × 36 × 12 cm and a weight of 5 kg. max., ensuring stability and improving vehicle usability and efficiency, during the ride and in the phase of bike folding. To achieve this goal ergonomic and usability tests have been carried out. The tests allowed to find a posture that would ensure efficiency and comfort in the ride to as many users as possible. Parallel tests were made on the vehicle usability in the urban transport system and intermodal. The need for light weight has required special studies on the optimization of the vehicle’s architecture and research on super-lightweight materials. Show more

Keywords: Design, Sustainable Urban Mobility, Ergonomics, Innovation of Usability, Technological Innovation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0344-1501

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1501-1506, 2012

Authors: Carvalho, Raíssa | Soares, Marcelo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This is a research study based on an analysis which sets out to identify and pinpoint ergonomic and usability problems found in a sample of automobile dashboards. The sample consisted of three dashboards, of three different makes and characterized as being a popular model, an average model and a luxury model. The examination was conducted by observation, with the aid of photography, notes and open interview, questionnaires and performing tasks with users, the bases of which are on the principles laid down by methodologies. From this it was possible to point to the existence of problems such as: complaints about …the layout, lighting, colors, available area, difficult access to points of interaction, such as buttons, and the difficult nomenclature of dials. Later, the findings and recommendations presented show the need for a further, deeper study, using more accurate tools, a larger sample of users, and an anthropometric study focused on the dashboard, since reading and understanding it have to be done quickly and accurately, and that more attention be given to the study of automobile dashboards, particularly in the most popular vehicles in order to maintain the standards of usability, and drivers’ comfort and safety. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, panels usability, vehicle, cars, icons

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0345-1507

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1507-1514, 2012

Authors: Fialho, Francisco A.P. | Santos, Paloma Maria | de Melo Braga, Marcus | Thaler, Anelise

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Television can be considered one of the main means of mass entertainment. It occupies an important place in people’s lives, influencing behavior and creating and/or enforcing consumer’s habits and needs. With the advent of Digital Television, a series of new features tend to further impact upon society in many different ways. The main agent of this change is interactivity, which is the leverage that will transform the traditional viewer’s role. Interactivity turns the viewer into a user, a partner who receives the content, but also produces, participates and collaborates during the viewing process. This paper aims to discuss the importance …of applying interaction design in the development of projects related to digital television. The main factors that may contribute to improve the interaction design in applications for digital TV were identified drawing on a descriptive and qualitative method of investigation. The results showed that the interface design for this new media should not only be aesthetically appealing, but should also focus on usability (i.e. user’s wishes and needs). Additionally, the creation of these interfaces requires the investigation of some characteristics and limitations of device interaction, considering the choice of colors, saturation levels and brightness, avoiding graphic symbols and prioritizing the navigation through the numerical buttons of the remote control. Show more

Keywords: interaction design, digital television, interactivity, usability, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0346-1515

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1515-1523, 2012

Authors: Pagnan, Andreia Salvan | Ribeiro, Giovana Freitas Rabelo | Gonçalves, Maria Goretti Souza | Câmara, Jairo José Drummond | Baptista, Sandra Motta

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Contemporary electronic industry offers a wide range of products. Usually touch sensitiveand with few buttons and a lot of functions these products not always have a friendly interface. The human x design interface based on electronics’ ergonomics is the focus of this research. An evolutionary analysis of the electronics industry design within a contemporary context clarifies this relation and proposes new guidelines for a more conscious design.

Keywords: design, technology, man

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0347-1524

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1524-1530, 2012

Authors: Ariel, Eduardo | de Moraes, Anamaria

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents an ergonomic study on the navigation structures and information units of entertainment sites with multimedia content. This research is a case study on the XBOX 360 promotional website. It analyzes the presentation of the content on a grid that simulates the spatial displacement of the screen’s elements and evaluates the interaction that the page allows for, from the users’ point of view.

Keywords: interaction design, human-computer interaction, use experience, usability and spatial navigation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0348-1531

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1531-1533, 2012

Authors: Alves, Patricia | Arezes, Pedro

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to assess whether the existing signals in three European cities were developed according usability principles and ergonomic aspects for the citizen. City maps and signals will be tested using efficiency, effectiveness and user’s satisfaction criteria. Among the urban areas are the center of Paris-FR, assumed to be well signalized, the historical center of Guimarães-PT and Chorweiler, Cologne-DE, a residential neighborhood of modern urbanism characterized by the extensive use of vegetation, the landscape homogeneity, and, consequently, by the difficult navigation.

Keywords: urban signage, wayfinding assistance, schematic maps, spatial context

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0349-1534

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1534-1540, 2012

Authors: da Silva Moroni, Janaina Luisa | Aymone, José Luís Farinatti

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This work proposes a design methodology using ergonomics and anthropometry concepts applied to traffic sign and street name sign projects. Initially, a literature revision on cognitive ergonomics and anthropometry is performed. Several authors and their design methodologies are analyzed and the aspects to be considered in projects of traffic and street name signs are selected and other specific aspects are proposed for the design methodology. A case study of the signs of “Street of Antiques” in Porto Alegre city is presented. To do that, interviews with the population are made to evaluate the current situation of signs. After that, a …new sign proposal with virtual prototyping is done using the developed methodology. The results obtained with new interviews about the proposal show the user satisfaction and the importance of cognitive ergonomics to development of this type of urban furniture. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, design, traffic sign

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0350-1541

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1541-1546, 2012

Authors: Mendonça, André N. F. | van der Linden, Júlio C. S. | Fonseca, Tania M. G.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Through Brazilian publication revision on the relations amongst Ergonomics and Design, we observed the tendency towards an approach focusing on product design. However, it is our duty to question which would be the influences of ergonomics in the graphic design. As a methodology, we considered the identification that the practices derived from ergonomics as epistemic system found in the main bibliography related to graphic design.

Keywords: editorial projects, warnings perception, corporate identity project, cognitive aspects

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0351-1547

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1547-1552, 2012

Authors: Marques, Luiz Guilherme Oliveira | Cardoso, Vânia Maria Batalha

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper refers to the development of a signage system, driven by the vector of Signage Design and Informational Ergonomics associated with Regulatory Standards. The methodology of the Ergonomic Intervention of Moraes and Mont’Alvão (2003), in its early stages, and the Method of the Signage Pyramid of Calori (2007) were used to develop the research, data collection and analysis and to guide the design by a signaling system. The system contemplated by this job is called Mount Zion, a site of 19 hectares, which has signs of disturbance. As a result, we obtained a signaling system, with graphic features that …refer to formal-site, capable of meeting the needs of orientation and displacement inherent to the site. Show more

Keywords: signage design, informational ergonomics, standards, camp

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0352-1553

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1553-1558, 2012

Authors: Drusch, Gautier | Bastien, J. M. Christian

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a new method for comparing scanpaths in a bottom-up approach, and a test of the scanpath theory. To do so, we conducted a laboratory experiment in which 113 participants were invited to accomplish a set of tasks on two different websites. For each site, they had to perform two tasks that had to be repeated ounce. The data were analyzed using a procedure similar to the one used by Duchowski et al. [8]. The first step was to automatically identify, then label, AOIs with the mean-shift clustering procedure [19]. Then, scanpaths were compared two by …two with a modified version of the string-edit method, which take into account the order of AOIs visualizations [2]. Our results show that scanpaths variability between tasks but within participants seems to be lower than the variability within task for a given participant. In other words participants seem to be more coherent when they perform different tasks, than when they repeat the same tasks. In addition, participants view more of the same AOI when they perform a different task on the same Web page than when they repeated the same task. These results are quite different from what predicts the scanpath theory. Show more

Keywords: eye-tracking, scanpath theory, scanpath variability, user behavior, web exploration

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0353-1559

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 1559-1566, 2012