Work - Volume 41, issue Supplement 1

Authors: Silva-Costa, Aline | Griep, Rosane Harter | Fischer, Frida Marina | Rotenberg, Lúcia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The concept of need for recovery from work (NFR) was deduced from the effort recuperation model. In this model work produces costs in terms of effort during the working day. When there is enough time and possibilities to recuperate, a worker will arrive at the next working day with no residual symptoms of previous effort. NFR evaluates work characteristics such as psychosocial demands, professional work hours or schedules. However, sleep may be an important part of the recovery process. The aim of the study was to test the association between sleep-related complaints and NFR. A cross-sectional study was carried out …at three hospitals. All females nursing professionals engaged in assistance to patients were invited to participate (N = 1,307). Participants answered a questionnaire that included four sleep-related complaints (insomnia, unsatisfactory sleep, sleepiness during work hours and insufficient sleep), work characteristics and NRF scale. Binomial logistic regression analysis showed that all sleep-related complaints are associated with a high need for recovery from work. Those who reported insufficient sleep showed a greater chance of high need for recovery; OR=2.730 (CI 95% 2.074 – 3.593). These results corroborate the hypothesis that sleep is an important aspect of the recovery process and, therefore, should be thoroughly investigated. Show more

Keywords: Need for recovery, Sleep complaints, Work, Nursing professionals

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0086-3726

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3726-3731, 2012

Authors: Vasconcelos, S. | Marqueze, E. | Gonçalves, L. | Lemos, L. | Araújo, L. | Fischer, F.M. | Moreno, C.R.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Introduction: Work organization patterns and working conditions experienced by nursing personnel in the hospital settings may be associated to increased morbidity among these health workers. Aim: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with self-reported diseases among nursing personnel at the emergency hospital in Rio Branco/State of Acre, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 272 participants who answered a questionnaire including sociodemographic characteristics, working conditions, lifestyles, work ability, and a fatigue perception scale. The selfreported diseases in the 12 months prior to data collection were considered the dependent variable. Results: A total of 85.7% of the participants reported …one or more diseases in the past 12 months. Most prevalent diseases were: musculoskeletal diseases (37.1%), digestive diseases (28.7%), mental disorders (28.3%), work injuries (27.9%), and respiratory diseases (26.8%). The following significant variables remained in the final model: high work demands (OR 2.69), reported fatigue (OR 3.59), night work (OR 6.55) and being a technician or nursing assistant (OR 4.23). Conclusions: Variables related to working conditions and work organization were associated with the occurrence of reported diseases among nursing professionals. Health promotion measures at work require a comprehensive approach including the working conditions and the work organization. Show more

Keywords: Nursing personnel, hospital, morbidity, work conditions

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0087-3732

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3732-3737, 2012

Authors: Menegon, Fabrício Augusto | Fischer, Frida Marina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate factors associated with reported work-related musculoskeletal symptoms among aircraft assembly workers. Population consisted of 552 (491 men/61 women) workers who performed tasks related to the work of aircraft assembly. Participants completed a comprehensive questionnaire, including socio-demographic information, habits/lifestyles, working conditions, and work organization. Workers also answered the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire to obtain data on musculoskeletal symptoms. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to analyze factors associated with musculoskeletal reported symptoms. Results showed that body regions with the highest prevalence of reported musculoskeletal symptoms were similar when referred the past twelve months and the …past seven days. Significant factors associated with musculoskeletal symptoms included variables related to conflicts at work, sleep problems, mental fatigue, and lack of time for personal care and recovery. Working time in the industry was associated only with reports for the last seven days and regular physical activity off-work seems to be a positive factor in preventing musculoskeletal symptoms for the past twelve months. The results highlight the multi-factorial nature of the problem. Actions to prevent musculoskeletal diseases at the aircraft assembly work should consider multiple interventions that would promote better recovery between work shifts. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, work analysis, shiftwork, health-related problems, work demands

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0088-3738

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3738-3745, 2012

Authors: Fischer, Frida Marina | Martinez, Maria Carmen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The work of hospital food service is characterized by demands that can be associated with work ability - WA. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors associated with WA among hospital food service professionals and recommend intervention measures. This is a cross sectional study carried out in 2009, conducted in a hospital of São Paulo, Brazil. Participants were 76 (96.2%) of the eligible. They filled out a questionnaire including socio-demographic data, life styles, working conditions and WA. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed. Factors associated with WA were age (p = 0.051), over commitment (p = 0.011), effort-reward …ratio (p = 0.002) and work injuries (p < 0.001). In spite was a young population, age was associated with WA. Association with work injuries is consistent with the theoretical model that demonstrated that health status is the basis to maintain the WA. The association of effort-reward imbalance shows that issues related with work organization are relevant for these workers. The association of overcommittment suggests that workers recognize their responsibility with the therapeutic processes of patients. Results showed a number of features of different nature that should be taken into account when implementing measures to improve the WA, to be applied at different levels: individual, task and institutional. Show more

Keywords: work ability evaluation, work stressors, psychosocial factors at work, working conditions, hospital food services

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0089-3746

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3746-3752, 2012

Authors: Minna, Savinainen | Mika, Nyberg

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract Construction work consists of numerous factors that influence workers’ occupational health and that load the musculoskeletal system in particular. Musculoskeletal disorders are responsible for over a third of all sick leaves lasting over nine days in the construction industry. Occupational health services (OHS) were organized for 85% of the construction workers in our study. The proportion of construction workers who had suffered from chronic or repetitive neck and shoulder, shoulder or arm, or low-back disorders was 55.6%, 44.8% and 42.1%, respectively. Those who felt that they had received enough information, advice or guidance from OHS concerning work posture, work …performance or work tools were more often those who had not suffered from shoulder or arm disorders (60.9% vs. 39.1%, p=.024, respectively) or low-back disorders (63.6% vs. 36.4%, p=.034, respectively) during the last month than those who had. Those who had received enough support from OHS concerning maintenance of work ability were more often workers who had not suffered from low-back disorders during the last month than those who had (63.3% vs. 36.7%, p=.004, respectively). OHS should focus more on workers who would really benefit from their activities at a particular time and in a particular situation (primary, secondary or tertiary prevention) and who are themselves devoted to improving their health. Show more

Keywords: construction worker, musculoskeletal disorder, occupational health service

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0676-3753

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3753-3756, 2012

Authors: Chi, Chia-Fen | Lin, Yuan-Yuan | Ikhwan, Mohamad

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The current study reanalyzed 250 electrical fatalities in the construction industry from 1996 to 2002 into seven patterns based on source of electricity (power line, energized equipment, improperly installed or damaged equipment), direct contact or indirect contact through some source of injury (boom vehicle, metal bar or pipe, and other conductive material). Each fatality was coded in terms of age, company size, experience, performing tasks, source of injury, accident cause and hazard pattern. The Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) was applied to the coded data of the fatal electrocution to find a subset of predictors that might derive meaningful classifications …or accidents scenarios. A series of Flow Diagrams was constructed based on CHAID result to illustrate the flow of electricity travelling from electrical source to human body. Each of the flow diagrams can be directly linked with feasible prevention strategies by cutting the flow of electricity. Show more

Keywords: fatal electrocution, accident analysis, prevention measure, CHAID

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0677-3757

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3757-3764, 2012

Authors: Hoonakker, Peter | Van Duivenbooden, Cor

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this study we examine whether the Work Ability Index (WAI) has additional value in predicting long-term absenteeism in construction industry. Results of the study show that the WAI has additional value in predicting absenteeism, but that the amount of explained variance is low. This is partly due to the definition of absenteeism in The Netherlands, where this study took place.

Keywords: Construction industry, work ability, absenteeism

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0002-3765

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3765-3770, 2012

Authors: van der Molen, Henk F. | Visser, Steven | Kuijer, P. Paul F.M. | Faber, Gert | Hoozemans, Marco J.M. | van Dieën, Jaap H. | Frings-Dresen, Monique H.W.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Lifting and carrying heavy loads occur frequently among ironworkers and result in high prevalence and incidence rates of low back complaints, injuries and work-disability. From a health perspective, little information is available on the effect of team lifting on work demands and workload. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effects of team lifting of maximally 50 kg by two ironworkers (T50) with team lifting of maximally 100 kg by four ironworkers (T100). This study combined a field and laboratory study with the following outcome measures: duration and frequency of tasks and activities, energetic workload, perceived discomfort …and maximal compression forces (Fc peak) on the low back. The physical work demands and workload of an individual iron worker during manual handling of rebar materials of 100 kg with four workers did not differ from the manual handling of rebar materials of 50 kg with two workers, with the exception of low back discomfort and Fc peak. The biomechanical workload of the low back exceeded for both T50 and T100 the NIOSH threshold limit of 3400N. Therefore, mechanical transport or other effective design solutions should be considered to reduce the biomechanical workload of the low back and the accompanying health risks among iron workers. Show more

Keywords: Team lifting, Physical work demands, Workload, Prevention, Construction work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0003-3771

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3771-3773, 2012

Authors: Andrade, Isabela Fernandes | Ely, e Vera Helena Moro Bins

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The enforcement of accessibility today has faced several difficulties, such as intervention in historic buildings that now house public services and cultural activities, such as town halls, museums and theaters and should allow access, on equal terms to all people. The paper presents the application of a method for evaluating the spatial accessibility conditions and their results. For this, we sought to support the theoretical foundation about the main issue involved and legislation. From the method used - guided walks - it was possible to identify the main barriers to accessibility in historic buildings. From the identified barriers, possible solutions …are presented according to the four components of accessibility: spatial orientation, displacement, use and communication. It is hoped also that the knowledge gained in this research contributes to an improvement of accessibility legislation in relation to the listed items. Show more

Keywords: spatial accessibility, impaired people, method, public buildings, historic heritage

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0675-3774

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3774-3780, 2012

Authors: Costa, Ana Paula Lima | Villarouco, Vilma

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The open-plan office is a layout used in government offices in Brazil aimed at saving on space occupied and integrating employees. However, the design of these work-stations must follow the characteristics of tasks and their interrelationships, since adverse physical and organizational conditions may have a negative impact on work productivity. From this perspective, this study sought to identify, from the viewpoint of the ergonomics of the built environment, the adequacy of the open-plan government offices for financial auditing accounts and analyzing documents. Use was made of the Ergonomic Methodology for Evaluating the Built Environment - MEAC (in Portuguese) which systematically …analyzes the physical space, by using a mix of physical-spatial assessments and tools for identifying how the environment is perceived. The MEAC was employed in three analytical phases of the physical aspects, namely: an analytical phase of the user’s perception; a diagnostic phase; and a final phase of propositions. Show more

Keywords: built environment, organizational culture, environmental perception

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0678-3781

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3781-3787, 2012

Authors: Parida, Ratri | Ray, Pradip Kumar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Manual material handling (MMH) is unavoidable because of the nature of jobs or tasks as and man-machine interfaces in a construction worksystem. Data were collected from six strata of workers viz., masons, mason helpers, carpenters, welders, gas cutters and ground-level helpers (259 out of 700 workers) from a construction site of a steel plant located in India to analyze different types of occupational risk factors, such as awkward posture, repetitive movements and others associated with MMH activities to assess their impact on musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). It is essential that these risk factors are required to be under control through application …of ergonomics-based design approaches for construction worksystem. In this context, multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to identify the significant risk factors among the workers. The results shows that masons, mason helpers, carpenters, welders/gas cutters and ground-level helpers are greatly affected by static body posture, type of tools used, excessive stress due to repetition, awkward postures and extreme climate, respectively. Appropriate preventive and corrective measures are suggested for minimization of risks associated with such jobs/tasks to improve health and performance of the workers. Show more

Keywords: manual material handling, musculoskeletal disorders, sustainable change, man-machine interface

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0679-3788

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3788-3794, 2012

Authors: Kuijer, P. Paul F.M. | Van der Molen, Henk F. | Frings-Dresen, Monique H.W.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Despite worldwide attention, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) remain a substantial concern at work. To support ergonomists to assess the work-related risk factors for MSDs, several instruments are available. Unfortunately, many of these instruments are not supported by evidence-based exposure criteria for particular MSDs. For effective prevention of MSDs, it is important to know to what extent work-related risk factors are present in the work situation. The Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases (NCOD) develops evidence-based criteria documents for the assessment of work-related MSDs. The exposure criteria of these documents can be used on a group level to support ergonomists in their assessment …of the physical job demands that are associated with workrelated MSDs. At the moment the NCOD has exposure criteria for the assessment of 22 work-related MSDs, for instance on the work-relatedness of upper extremity disorders, non-specific low back pain or patellar tendinopathy. The use of these exposure criteria enables ergonomist to better assess the work-related risks of MSDs as a starting point for effective prevention. Show more

Keywords: Prevention, Occupational disease, Threshold limit, Low back pain, Osteoarthritis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0001-3795

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3795-3797, 2012

Authors: Bezerra, Isabela Xavier Barbalho | de Carvalho, Ricardo José Matos

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article proposes a system of indicators to evaluate the performance of companies in ergonomics for buildings. The system was developed based primarily on studies related to the performance evaluation of the construction industry and on Brazilian standards of ergonomics and work safety and had also the contribution of national and international indicators related to ergonomics, work safety, quality, sustainability, quality of work life and to organizational behavior. The indicators were named, classified and their components were assigned to compose the theoretical model SIDECE – System of Performance Indicators in Ergonomics for Building Construction (as for the Portuguese acronym), serving …the major goals of ergonomics: health, safety and workers’ satisfaction and production efficiency. The SIDECE is being validated along with the building construction companies in the city of Natal, Brazil, whose practical results, deriving from the application of instruments to collect field data, are under process, to be presented on the occasion of the 18th World Congress on Ergonomics. It is intended that the SIDECE be used by building construction companies as a support tool for excellence management. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, Indicators, Performance, Building construction, SIDECE

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0680-3798

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3798-3805, 2012

Authors: Evanoff, Bradley | Kaskutas, Vicki | Dale, Ann Marie | Gaal, John | Fuchs, Mark | Lipscomb, Hester

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Falls from heights are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among construction workers, especially inexperienced workers and those performing residential construction. This research reports changes in fall prevention behaviors following revision of fall prevention training in a union-based carpenters’ apprenticeship program. We used a comprehensive needs assessment to identify gaps in apprentice carpenters’ preparation to work at heights, used these results to guide a schoolbased fall prevention curriculum to fill these gaps, and measured the effects of the revised curriculum on knowledge, beliefs, and fall prevention behaviors.

Keywords: construction safety, intervention study, fall prevention, safety training

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0681-3806

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3806-3808, 2012

Authors: Ferrer, Nicole | Villarouco, Vilma

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Research in the field of Ergonomics of the Built Environment has been developed with a view to consolidating studies in this area, the objective of which is to provide evidence that the joint participation of users and designers on drawing up projects is important. In this context, the theme of this study is to investigate the interactions between users and the environment in a university library. To do so, well-established techniques from Ergonomics, Architecture and Environmental Psychology were used to make a functional and behavioral evaluation to identify the level of user satisfaction in six libraries in the various study …centers of the Federal University of Pernambuco in Recife, northeast Brazil, so as to identify the strengths and also weaknesses in these spatial structures. Show more

Keywords: environmental ergonomics, ergonomics in libraries, university libraries

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0682-3809

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3809-3815, 2012

Authors: Thatcher, Andrew | Milner, Karen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Multiple claims and some empirical findings suggest that ‘green’ buildings should be healthier (psychologically and physically) and promote greater productivity than conventional buildings. The empirical evidence in this regard over the last decade or so has been inconclusive suggesting either that the studies are flawed or that there are specific aspects of green buildings that promote wellbeing and productivity and others that do not. This study looks at a longitudinal comparison of two groups; a group that moved into South Africa’s first GreenStar-accredited building and a group that did not. Measures were taken before the move and six months later. …Results demonstrated that the ‘green’ building did not produce significantly better physical or psychological wellbeing, or higher perceived productivity. These results are discussed in relation to suggestions for what design features to focus on that may produce significant results. Show more

Keywords: psychological wellbeing, physical wellbeing, GreenStar accreditation, perceived productivity, workplace indoor environmental quality

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0683-3816

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3816-3823, 2012

Authors: Dale, Ann Marie | Jaegers, Lisa | Buchholz, Brian | Welch, Laurie | Evanoff, Bradley A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The construction industry continues to experience high rates of musculoskeletal injuries despite the widespread promotion of ergonomic solutions. Participatory ergonomics (PE) has been suggested as one approach to engage workers and employers for reducing physical exposures from work tasks but a systematic review of participatory ergonomics programs showed inconclusive results.. A process evaluation is used to monitor and document the implementation of a program and can aid in understanding the relationship between the program elements and the program outcomes. The purpose of this project is to describe a proposed process evaluation for use in a participatory ergonomic training program in …construction workers and to evaluate its utility in a demonstration project among floor layers. Show more

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, implementation strategy, work measurement

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0684-3824

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3824-3826, 2012

Authors: de Oliveira Cunha, Marcella Viana Portela | Costa, Angelina Dias Leão | da costa Ireland, Mariama

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: As has happened in many other countries, Brazil has also witnessed an evident change in the question of accessibility over the last twenty years. In line with this theme, that of old age has only become evident in the last two decades. For a long period of time, the elderly have been systematically ignored as an object of investigation and have not been contemplated with consistent public social policies. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to verify the conditions of physical accessibility that allow the elderly to use public spaces, taking as a study case the São Gonçalo …square and the Solón de Lucena Park, in the city of João Pessoa – PB, identifying the biological and functional losses suffered by elderly people due to the aging process and verifying the specific physical needs of this segment of the population. Qualitative methods were adopted, such as systematic observations with the production of behaviour maps, in addition to a review of the literature and analysis of the data. The research identified problems related to the physical accessibility of the elderly to public spaces that generate difficulties for displacement, use, information and orientation, contributing to the planning and ergonomic guidelines which aim at improving these environments, such as the use of different and contrasting colours on the urban furniture and floor, for example. Show more

Keywords: accessibility, the elderly, public spaces

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0685-3827

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3827-3833, 2012

Authors: Seabra, Sadi | Barros, Bruno

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The relevant research is questioning the essence of the existence of an adequate internal circulation to human dimensions. The research was based on the method of anthropometric assessment of internal circulation de Barros (2009), which was applied in three different sizes of apartments in the city of Caruaru-PE. These apartments were evaluated through the floor plans and furniture layouts, suggested by the builders, with the use of anthropometric models in simulation of movement. The study found that traffic problems are not just a consequence of small rooms, but projects that do not bother to match the anthropometric measurements to the …space environment. Show more

Keywords: anthropometric assessment, internal circulation, housing design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0686-3834

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3834-3839, 2012

Authors: Andrade, Isabela | Dorneles, Vanessa | Ely, e Vera Helena Moro Bins

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The present work demonstrates, through a case study, the importance of theoretical knowledge in practical application of spatial accessibility in order to guarantee equal conditions for all people in the movement and use of space. Initially there was a literature review on the accessibility of space and how design in a accessible way. Next, we show one makeover proposal in one public school that wants to provide access to people with disabilities. This makeover was done and so we could evaluate the buildings changes through the method of accompanied walk with two people. Finally we present the main results and …discussions. Show more

Keywords: spatial accessibility, accessible design, accompanied walk, people with disabilities, school

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0687-3840

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3840-3846, 2012

Authors: Buckle, Peter

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Systems approaches and their relevance to risk assessment are considered through an examination of a number of recent applications in England. The importance of visual mapping of systems is emphasised. This approach encourages participation from those within the system with less technical knowledge but with important information to add to a risk assessment. Other advantages outlined include the ability to readily identify system boundaries, map processes and record both strengths and weaknesses of existing or planned system changes. The use of risk assessment methods with this approach should be cautious, as any one method may only identify a sub-set of …all risks. Show more

Keywords: Systems analysis, healthcare, mapping, risk

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0090-3847

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3847-3849, 2012

Authors: Carayon, Pascale

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The SEIPS (Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety) model of work system and patient safety is described and selected research and practical applications are presented.

Keywords: sociotechnical systems, macroergonomics, health care, patient safety, SEIPS model

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0091-3850

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3850-3854, 2012

Authors: Falzon, Pierre | Nascimento, Adelaide | Gaudart, Corinne | Piney, Cécile | Dujarier, Marie-Anne | Germe, Jean-François

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In France, in the private sector as in the public sector, performance-based management tends to become a norm. Performance-based management is supposed to improve service quality, productivity and efficiency, transparency of allotted means and achieved results, and to better focus the activity of employees and of the whole organization. This text reports a study conducted for the French Ministry of Budget by a team of researchers in ergonomics, sociology and management science, in order to assess the impact of performance-based management on employees, on teams and on work organization. About 100 interviews were conducted with employees of all categories and …6 working groups were set up in order to discuss and validate or amend our first analyses. Results concern several aspects: workload and work intensification, indicators and performance management and the transformation of jobs induced by performance management. Show more

Keywords: Quality of work, system ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0092-3855

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3855-3860, 2012

Authors: Wilson, John R

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Ergonomics/human factors is, above anything else, a systems discipline applying a systems philosophy and systems approaches. Many things are labeled as “systems X” in today’s world, and this paper specifies just what attributes and notions define ergonomics/human factors in systems terms. These are concern for context, acknowledgement of interactions and complexity, a holistic approach, recognition of emergence and embedding of the professional effort involved within organization systems. These five notions are illustrated with examples from a large body of work on rail human factors.

Keywords: Systems, systems ergonomics, human factors, rail

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0093-3861

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3861-3868, 2012

Authors: Marano, Antonio | Di Bucchianico, Giuseppe | Rossi, Emilio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Referring to the discussion recently promoted by the Sub-Technical Committee n°4 “Ergonomics and design for sustainability”, in this paper will be shown the early results of a theoretical and methodological study on Ergonomic design for sustainability. In particular, the research is based on the comparison between the common thematic structure characterizing Ergonomics, with the principles of Sustainable Development and with criteria adopted from other disciplines already oriented toward Sustainability. The paper identifies an early logical-interpretative model and describes possible and relevant Strategies of Ergonomic design for sustainability, which are connected in a series of specific Sustainable Arguments.

Keywords: Principles of sustainable development, Ergonomic design for sustainability, Design for sustainability, Strategies of ergonomic design for sustainability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0053-3869

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3869-3873, 2012

Authors: Di Bucchianico, Giuseppe | Marano, Antonio | Rossi, Emilio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Starting from the results of a theoretical and methodological study on Ergonomic design for sustainability previously developed from the authors, this paper shows the early results of a study that tries to apply them to actual operational and conceptual apparatuses of Ergonomics. In particular, the research aims to verify the possibility for Ergonomics to initiate an update of its current theoretical and procedural tools, towards new design solutions of “sustainable well-being”, trying to look for new declinations of its several fields of application. The paper identifies new paradigms and definitions for one of the central themes of ergonomic design, as …well as one among the most established and investigated: the usability of products and services. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomic design for sustainability, Transdisciplinary approach, Social effectiveness, Relative efficiency, Extended satisfaction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0054-3874

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3874-3877, 2012

Authors: Tosi, Francesca

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The relationship between Ergonomics and Design is a key element in the sustainability project, as well as in many other areas of experimental design. In the Design for Sustainability field, Ergonomics is a strategic factor for design culture innovation, providing designers with the necessary knowledge and skills regarding human characteristics and capabilities, as well as user needs and desires during use and interaction with products in work activities and everyday life. Ergonomics is also a strategic innovative factor in design development and manufacturing processes. In fact, ergonomics provides a methodological approach in user-product interaction evaluation processes through the use of …participatory design and survey methods, user trials, direct observation, savings and resource conservation, etc. On the other hand, design offers solutions able to interpret user needs and expectations, at the same time suggesting new behaviors and lifestyles. In Design for Sustainability, the ergonomic and user-centered approach contributes greatly to lifestyles and innovative use of products - making it possible to understand and interpret real people needs and expectations in their everyday actions and behavior. New consumption patterns, new awareness of lifestyles, energy source consumption, purchasing methods and consumption style etc. can be supported by design innovation, responding to expressed and unexpressed user needs. With this in mind, the ergonomic approach represents the starting point for design choices and at the same time, a tool for assessing their appropriateness and effectiveness. Show more

Keywords: user needs, lifestyle innovation, product innovation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0055-3878

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3878-3882, 2012

Authors: Andreoni, Giuseppe | Arslan, Pelin | Costa, Fiammetta | Muschiato, Sabrina | Romero, Maximiliano

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This work presents considerations on Ergonomics and Design for Sustainability in the healthcare field based on research experiences of the Technology and Design for Healthcare (TeDH) research group of INDACO (Industrial design, communication, arts and fashion) department of Politecnico di Milano. In order to develop a multidisciplinary approach to design able to answer to specific user needs such as elderly in an environmental sustainable way (1) this paper shows the results we achieved concerning ergonomics and environmental impact in product development (2), the extension of this approach to interior and home design and the advantage of the application of Information …Communication Technologies (ICT). ICT can help people with special needs to make their everyday life easier and more safe, at the same time, ICT can make socialenvironmental impact of everyday behavior evident and can be applied to manage sustainability. The specific theme is thus to integrate ergonomics and sustainability competences in the development of Ambient Assisted Living through a Product- Service System approach. The concept of product service system has the potential to improve product performances and services, establish new relations and networks with different actors in order to satisfy user needs and apply a systems approach considering environmental, social and economic factors in the users’ environment. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, Ambient Assisted Living, Healthcare, Sustainability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0056-3883

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3883-3887, 2012

Authors: Steffan, Isabella

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A sustainable project should also be affordable, and it is cheaper if it its affordability is guaranteed to as much people as possible since the first phases of the project without any modifications. The author illustrates the activity of diffusion of DfA on an urban scale carried out on didactic and cultural level.

Keywords: sustainability, accessibility, Design for All, teaching DfA, disseminating DfA

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0057-3888

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3888-3891, 2012

Authors: Thatcher, Andrew

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The sub-discipline of “sustainable development and human factors” is relatively new, first being used in 2006 with a Technical Committee of the IEA being established only in 2009 and a similar special interest group on “green ergonomics” at the Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors being established in 2010. In general though, the definitions and practice of “sustainable development” is highly contentious and ambiguous across a range of disciplines. This paper examines the diversity of definitions and approaches to sustainable development and human factors in the early papers in this sub-discipline. An examination of 45 chapters and papers (from 2008 …to 2011) reveals a surprising consistency in the definitions used for sustainable development but also a large proportion of the papers where no definitions are given at all. The majority of papers were, however, biased towards an economic capital and social capital emphasis, which is to be expected of work traditionally in the ergonomics paradigm. Further, most papers were theoretical in nature demonstrating a great opportunity for empirical work. The variability in definitions is discussed in relation to the future challenges facing the growth of this emergent sub-discipline and opportunities for further theoretical and empirical work. Show more

Keywords: triple bottom line, work systems sustainability, sustainable development, green ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0058-3892

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3892-3899, 2012

Authors: Fischer, Klaus | Zink, Klaus J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Based on a system-theoretic discussion of sustainability, this paper aims to develop a conceptual model of a sustainable work system which is consistent with the definition of ergonomics by the IEA in 2000 (but also with earlier definitions) as well as with the triple bottom line understanding of sustainable development – comprising the management of human, social, ecological and economic capital in a balanced manner.

Keywords: Sustainable development, sustainable work system, system theory, keyword four, keyword five

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0059-3900

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3900-3905, 2012

Authors: Hasle, Peter | Jensen, Per Langaa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The development of globalised supply chains is a major challenge for sustainability. For several years, there has been discussion within the profession whether and how ergonomics and human factors can play a role. Based on our research, we have identified five major challenges from global supply chains especially related to the social aspects of sustainability: (1) criteria for social sustainability, (2) the role of key performance indicators in the management of supply chains, (3) the constant changes in supply chains, (4) the challenge in establishing participation, and (5) the development of agency and regulatory mechanisms. There are obviously no clear …and simple solutions to these challenges. One possible avenue for progress might lie in acquiring a greater understanding of the challenges from global supply chains and developing a strategy which combines social and long-term business sustainability. Starting from such a basis, the next step would be to find ways for the ergonomics and human factors community to create international collaboration which can impact specific global supply chains. Show more

Keywords: Sustainability criteria, organisational change, participation, regulation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0060-3906

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3906-3913, 2012

Authors: Arnoud, Justine | Falzon, Pierre

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study examines the way in which Shared Services Centers (SSCs) were implemented in a French multinational company. It aims to characterize the change according to the capabilities model developed by Amartya Sen: what are the effects of SSCs in terms of capabilities development and developmental quality of work, i.e. in the enabling potential of work? A 3-step methodology has been used: first, an investigation was conducted in a pay service of a local entity moving into SSC in 2013; second, two investigations were conducted in another pay service of a SSC: first, a few months after the change, and …then, one year after the change (the same operators were interviewed). Results show a tendency to the decrease of the enabling potential. Additionally, it was noted that administrators are kept away from the design process and have to struggle with inappropriate rules. The efficiency and sustainability of the SSC are questioned; in this context, the human factor specialist has an important role to play. Show more

Keywords: Strategic restructuring, organizational change assessment, enabling environment, ergonomic intervention, design process for sustainability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0061-3914

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3914-3919, 2012

Authors: Cason, Dott. Luigi Dal

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The psycho-physical stress is a risk to all intents and purposes, finally acknowledged, it requires increasing attention. Measures for its protection are reflected in the appropriate application of organizational policies on a human scale, or in respect of the “macro-ergonomics”. This work consists on several inter-disciplinary tools available to the proper prevention, outbreaks of work-related stress.During work, adequate rests are important to prevent work related physical and mental fatigue. The strategies for maintaining a healthy balance between work rate and work breaks, may differ depending on the individual, subjective habits and peculiarities related to the work environment. Resting does not …necessarily mean “going to break”. The break-time is important as the work-time. While the latter is regulated, the first is not always clearly defined, though necessary. Knowing the employment contract is the first step towards the implementation of their rights relating to periods of suspension from the activity of work is also essential for high performance working. Breathing exercises, massage therapy, biofeedback, role-playing are some of the tools used during work breaks to prevent mental and physical fatigue. At the end music has a rhythm by alternating strong and weak accents. If the musical notes represent the “vertical” trend of music (melody), figures and pauses, inserted into the rhythmic structure of the measure, regulate the duration of sounds over time and determine the “horizontal” trend of a song. Transferring this concept on work, is meant to understand, using a metaphor, the importance of respect of changes in both vertical and horizontal trends inside a cycle. Show more

Keywords: Psyco-Phisical Stress, Risks, Work Environment, Breaks, Time-Planning, Rithm, Music

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0062-3920

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3920-3922, 2012

Authors: Karwowski, Waldemar | Ahram, Tareq Z.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In order to leverage individual and organizational learning and to remain competitive in current turbulent markets it is important for employees, managers, planners and leaders to perform at high levels over time. Employee competence and skills are extremely important matters in view of the general shortage of talent and the mobility of employees with talent. Two factors emerged to have the greatest impact on the competitiveness of complex service systems: improving managerial and employee’s knowledge attainment for skills, and improving the training and development of the workforce. This paper introduces the knowledge-based user-centered service design approach for sustainable skill and …performance improvement in education, design and modeling of the next generation of complex service systems. The rest of the paper cover topics in human factors and sustainable business process modeling for the service industry, and illustrates the user-centered service system development cycle with the integration of systems engineering concepts in service systems. A roadmap for designing service systems of the future is discussed. The framework introduced in this paper is based on key user-centered design principles and systems engineering applications to support service competitiveness. Show more

Keywords: Service Systems, Performance, Sustainability, Ontology

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0063-3923

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3923-3929, 2012

Authors: Caple, David C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Many simple MSD risk management tools have been developed by ergonomists for use by workers and employers with little or no training to undertake injury prevention programs in their workplace. However, currently there is no “toolkit” which places such tools within an holistic, participative ergonomics framework and provides guidance on how best to use individual tools. It is proposed that such an holistic approach should entail initial analysis and evaluation of underlying systems of work and related health and performance indicators, prior to focusing in assessment of MSD risks stemming from particular hazards. Depending on the context, more narrowly focused …tools might then be selected to assess risk associated with jobs or tasks identified as problematic. This approach ensures that biomechanical risk factors are considered within a broad context of organizational and psychosocial risk factors. This is consistent with current research evidence on work- related causes of MSDs Show more

Keywords: Holistic approach, MSD tools, systems approach, biomechanical risks, participatory ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0688-3930

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3930-3932, 2012

Authors: Macdonald, Wendy

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The World Health Organisation (WHO) network of Collaborating Centres in Occupational Health aims to promote the development, implementation use of “toolkits” for workplace use in reducing the risk of injuries and disease. As a major partner within this network, the International Ergonomics Association is committed to developing a toolkit to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. This paper outlines the kind of conceptual framework required to support this work.

Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorders, causal models, physical hazards, psychosocial hazards, risk management, intervention effectiveness

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0689-3933

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3933-3936, 2012

Authors: Occhipinti, Enrico | Colombini, Daniela

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: When studying WMSDs, several determinants and their interrelationship are considered as relevant. Hence the necessity of an “holistic” approach to prevention, especially when preparing technical rules and strategic plans. There is a strong request, from OSH agencies and operators, for developing “simple” tools for risk assessment and management. In this context WHO asked IEA to develop a “Toolkit for WMSD prevention”. The paper presents one of the main contribution to this WHO project, focused on selecting tools at different level for hazard identification, risk estimation and management. Proposals are based on two essential criteria: Acting on a step-by-step approach; Taking …into account the presence of multiple influencing factors. The proposals consider: A Basic Step devoted to hazard identification by operative “key-enter” questions, that can be operated also by non-experts. A First Step, (quick assessment), for identifying 3 possible conditions: acceptable; high risk present; more detailed analysis (via tools presented at second step) necessary. This step can be operated by non-experts with only some specific training. A Second Step, where recognized (i.e. from international standards or guidelines) tools for risk estimation are used. This step can be operated only by persons with some specific training. Show more

Keywords: WMSDs, Risk assessment, Simple tools

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0690-3937

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3937-3944, 2012

Authors: Bao, Stephen | Silverstein, Barbara

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are debilitating for workers and costly for employers. Existing exposure assessment tools were modified for rapid job physical exposure and company organizational exposure assessment. These were augmented with injured worker interviews to “put the meet on the bones” in characterizing risk. These risk assessments are conducted in all industry sectors

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, exposure assessment, surveillance, work culture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0691-3945

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3945-3947, 2012

Authors: Colombini, Daniela | Occhipinti, E. | Di Leone, G.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: During the last Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA), Beijing, August 2009, an international group was founded aimed at developing a “toolkit for MSD prevention” within IEA and in collaboration with World Health Organization (WHO). Possible users of toolkits are: members of health and safety committees, health and safety representatives, line supervisors; labor inspectors; health workers implementing basic occupational health services; occupational health and safety specialists. According to ISO standard 11228 series and the new Draft CD ISO 12259–2009: Application document guides for the potential user, a computer software ( in Excel®) was create dealing with hazard “mapping” …in handicraft The proposed methodology, using specific key enters and quick assessment criteria, allows a simple ergonomics hazard identification and risk estimation. Thus it makes possible to decide for which professional hazards a more exhaustive risk assessment will be necessary and which professional consultant should be involved (occupational physician, safety engineer, industrial hygienist, etc.). Show more

Keywords: handicraft, ergonomics hazards, biomechanical overload, toolkit

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0692-3948

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3948-3955, 2012

Authors: Colombini, Daniela | Occhipinti, Enrico | Peluso, Raffaele | Montomoli, Loretta

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In August 2009, an international group was founded with the task of developing a “toolkit for MSD prevention” under the IEA and in collaboration with the World Health Organization. According to the ISO standard 11228 series and the new Draft ISO TR 12259 “Application document guides for the potential user”, our group developed a preliminary “mapping” methodology of occupational hazards in the craft industry, supported by software (Excel®, free download on: www.epmresearch.org). The possible users of toolkits are: members of health and safety committees; health and safety representatives; line supervisors; foremen; workers; government representatives; health workers providing basic …occupational health services; occupational health and safety specialists. The proposed methodology, using specific key enters and quick assessment criteria, allows a simple ergonomics hazards identification and risk estimation to be made. It is thus possible to decide for which occupational hazards a more exhaustive risk assessment will be necessary and which occupational consultant should be involved (occupational physician, safety engineer, industrial hygienist, etc.). The methodology has been applied in different situations of small and medium craftsmanship Italian enterprises: leather goods, food, technical dental work, production of artistic ceramics and stained glass, beekeeping activities. The results are synthetically reported and discussed in this paper. Show more

Keywords: biomechanical overload, ergonomic risk assessment, preliminary mapping methodology

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0693-3956

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3956-3963, 2012

Authors: Colombini, Daniela | Occhipinti, E.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The OCRA method is the reference method chosen in ISO (ISO 11228-3) and CEN (EN 1005-5) standards regarding risk assessment and management of upper limbs repetitive movements and exertions. The method consists of two specific tools (OCRA index and OCRA checklist). In this paper special attention will be devoted to the procedures for the analysis of multiple repetitive tasks. When computing the OCRA index (checklist score) considering the presence of more than one repetitive task, a “traditional” procedure has been previously proposed. This approach, whose results could be defined as “time weighted average”, seems to be appropriate when considering …rotations among tasks that are performed almost once every hour. On the contrary, when rotation among repetitive tasks is less frequent the “time weighted average” approach could result into an underestimation of the exposure level. For those scenarios an alternative approach is based on a concept that the most stressful task is the minimum starting point. A peculiar procedure allows to exactly estimate the resulting index within this range of minimum to maximum values. It is possible to apply this approach also for job rotation with weekly or monthly or annual cycle typical of agriculture, supermarket, cleaning sectors. This paper shows criteria and results in two working situation: cleaning (weekly cycle) and packaging of fruit (annual cycle). Show more

Keywords: OCRA method, repetitive multiple tasks, job rotation, cleaning, packaging of fruit

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0694-3964

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3964-3972, 2012

Authors: Alvarez-Casado, Enrique | Hernandez-Soto, Aquiles | Tello, Sandoval | Gual, Rosa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Occupational musculoskeletal disorders in the upper limbs and its consequences on the impact and prevalence in the work force are subject of many investigations in almost all the production fields. However, the exposure to this kind of risk factor on urban gardeners has not been well studied so far. The kind of plant varieties used in the parks, the tools that they use, as much as the necessary actions for the maintenance of the park, have an impact on the biomechanical overload of the upper limbs. Additionally, the analysis of the exposure to the biomechanical overload on upper limbs in …gardening work is a complex task, mainly because it is an activity highly variable and of annual cycle. For this reason an analytical model for risk exposure evaluation is necessary. During this research the work activity of 29 gardeners in 3 urban parks of Barcelona has been analyzed. Each park has a specific acting plan, in relation with the quantity and the typology of vegetal species, its classification and the season of the year. Work and observation and video recording sessions on-site were conducted. The video-graphic registration was done on workers without any prior musculoskeletal disorder and with a minimum labour experience of 5 years. Moreover, the analysis of saturation time, considered as the relation of the repetitive working hours in reference with the hours of effective work was done. Using the registered tasks on video, the biomechanical overload on upper limbs applying the OCRA Checklist method was analyzed. Results: A methodological procedure to analyze the risk exposure in annual working cycle has been proposed. The results that we got allow us to get information that can help in the assignment of the tasks and in the training of staff, as well as in the recommendations of the urban landscape’s design. All these aspects have the goal to decrease the risk to develop work-related musculoskeletal disorders Show more

Keywords: Gardening, biomechanics, risk exposure, highly variable exposure, musculoskeletal disorders, annual cycle

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0695-3973

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3973-3980, 2012

Authors: Ruddy, Facci | Eduardo, Marcatto | Edoardo, Santino

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In Brazil the sugar ethanol industry has had strong growth in the last 10 years, sometimes due to the growing sugar exportation, sometimes due to the alcohol production for automobile fuel and for exportation. Despite the growing mechanization of the raw material harvest (sugar cane), the manual work still persists. The development of this article was based in the application of the OCRA Method in the sugar cane harvesting process, to evaluate the risks to the upper limbs by repetitive movements and epidemiologically prove the ratio risk x harm to the heath of the workers, as well as the probability …of developing improvements in the working conditions. The analysis process consists of studying the work organization, the risks to the health of the worker and the distribution of the recovery periods during the working day. Show more

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0696-3981

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3981-3983, 2012

Authors: de Kraker, Heleen | Douwes, Marjolein

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this paper an introduction to and description of the risk assessment tools that are freely available for companies in The Netherlands is given. It is explained in what way the tools can and should be used and how the level I checklist for physical load and the level II instruments are related. The two instruments that -in 2011- made this ‘Dutch toolbox’ complete, are the checklist physical load and the Working Posture Risk Assessment Tool (WRAP 1.0). The content, the development process and some examples of these tools are explained. The toolbox is complete but does need additional evaluation …to improve the quality of the assessments and the usability in practice. Show more

Keywords: risk assessment, MSD, practical tools, physical load at work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0697-3984

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3984-3989, 2012

Authors: Steinberg, Ulf

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The Key Indicator Methods (KIM) assess the risk of manual handling of loads on a screening level. Their purpose is the recognition and removal of job design deficits. The risk assessment is carried out in two stages. The first stage is the ordinal scaled description of workload items. The second stage is the evaluation of the degree of probability of physical overload. The intended user population are both practitioners in enterprises such as safety engineers, industrial engineers, and inspectors. The first two KIM were developed and tested from 1996 to 2001 in connection with the implementation of the EU directives …into German national legislation. They consist of two independent, but formally adaptable methods for lifting, holding, and carrying and for pulling, and pushing. The KIM were drafted in the German Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) in close collaboration with the German Labour Inspectors. Numerous companies, scientists, statutory accident insurances, institutions, employer associations, and trade unions were involved. Since their first publication in 2000 and 2001, these methods are widely accepted among possible users with a corresponding broad application in Germany. They are recommended by the EU Labour Inspector Conference for application. In 2007 a third KIM for manual handling operating tasks KIM MHO were developed, tested, and validated in the last four years. Show more

Keywords: physical workload, risk assessment, manual handling of loads, Key Indicator Methods

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0698-3990

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3990-3996, 2012

Authors: Klußmann, André | Gebhardt, Hansjürgen | Rieger, Monika | Liebers, Falk | Steinberg, Ulf

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders are common in the working population. The economic and social impact of such disorders is considerable. Long-time, dynamic repetitive exposure of the hand-arm system during manual handling operations (MHO) alone or in combination with static and postural effort are recognised as causes of musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders. The assessment of these manual work tasks is crucial to estimate health risks of exposed employees. For these work tasks, a new method for the assessment of the working conditions was developed and a validation study was performed. The results suggest satisfying criterion validity and moderate objectivity …of the KIM-MHO draft 2007. The method was modified and evaluated again. It is planned to release a new version of KIM-MHO in spring 2012. Show more

Keywords: key indicator method, manual handling operations, risk assessment, repetitive work tasks, hand arm system, Upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders, UEMSDs

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0699-3997

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3997-4003, 2012

Authors: Douwes, Marjolein | de Kraker, Heleen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The Hand Arm Risk Assessment Method (HARM 1.0) has been developed for occupational health officers to perform risk assessments of developing arm, neck or shoulder pain during hand arm tasks. The tool can also help in finding solutions for risk reduction and estimating their effect on the risk level. In this paper the status of affairs and the practical application of HARM is described. The usage of HARM is explained and illustrated with the risk assessment of a specific hand arm task. In addition, the experiences with the application of HARM by a stone factory in The Netherlands are described.

Keywords: MSD, risk assessment, prevention officer, practical application, work place analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0700-4004

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4004-4009, 2012

Authors: Kouchi, Makiko | Mochimaru, Masaaki | Bradtmiller, Bruce | Daanen, Hein | Li, Peng | Nacher, Beatriz | Nam, Yunja

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Scan-derived landmarks locations and surface shapes are more and more used, but there is no commonly accepted protocol for evaluating the accuracy of these measurements. Therefore we propose a protocol for evaluating the accuracy of surface shape and the repeatability of scan-derived landmark locations. According to existing Japanese and German domestic standards, we propose to use an artefact (e.g. sphere with diameter of about 120 mm) calibrated very accurately for evaluating the accuracy of scanner-systems. For evaluating the repeatability of landmark locations, we propose to use an anthropomorphic dummy with landmark locations premarked. These test objects are measured by a …3D body scanner to be evaluated. Evaluation parameters such as trueness, precision, and repeatability are calculated from the measured data. A round-robin test was conducted in six different institutes using 17 body/head/foot scanners produced by eight companies. The purposes of the roundrobin test were to evaluate the availability of test objects to different body scanners, and to examine the measurement locations of test objects and quality parameters to be reported. As a result, the proposed test objects could be measured and the data exported by all scanner systems except one, which could not export the ball measurement. For a comparative purpose, a figure of measured surface might be useful. Show more

Keywords: Reliability, accuracy, 3D anthropometry, landmarks

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0064-4010

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4010-4017, 2012

Authors: Veitch, Daisy

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Where exactly is the human waist? How do definitions work for women who deviate from the conventional body shape? Does the measuring instrument matter? Waist is conventionally understood to be a measurable zone within the abdominal region of the torso, a zone of considerable importance. There needs to be a good consistent waist definition, one accurate and valid for everyone. Incorrect definition and measurement will result in technical errors, commercial wastage and customer dissatisfaction. This paper investigates the waist’s location and size from the point of view of garment construction for 90 adult women scanned and manually measured in a …breast reduction study at Flinders Medical Center, South Australia. There are differing definitions of the location of the human waist as well as different measuring instruments. This study compares: • Two definitions: • ISO 8559, 2.1.11 and • CAESAR, Waist Circumference Preferred. • Two different instruments: • the traditional tape measure, and • software-extracted computer-aided anthropometry (CAA). Substantial discrepancies between the results from these two locations-definitions were found. The choice of instrument used seriously affects the measurement obtained. This study demonstrates three things: • waist is not horizontal for a significant sub group of the population, • CAA extracted waist measurements are not accurate (same as real values) or valid (measures the characteristic) for a sub group, and • manually measured CAESAR Preferred Waist accurately and validly measured all individuals studied. There is a clear need to modify ISO waist definition for garment construction to include the full range of anatomical variation encountered amongst women. Show more

Keywords: ISO 8559, waist, body scanning, computer-aided anthropometry, garment construction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0065-4018

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4018-4024, 2012

Authors: Van Geer, Erik | Molenbroek, Johan | Schreven, Sander | de voogd-Claessen, Lenneke | Toussaint, Huib

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In competitive swimming, suits have become more important. These suits influence friction, pressure and wave drag. Friction drag is related to the surface properties whereas both pressure and wave drag are greatly influenced by body shape. To find a relationship between the body shape and the drag, the anthropometry of several world class female swimmers wearing different suits was accurately defined using a 3D scanner and traditional measuring methods. The 3D scans delivered more detailed information about the body shape. On the same day the swimmers did performance tests in the water with the tested suits. Afterwards the result of …the performance tests and the differences found in body shape was analyzed to determine the deformation caused by a swimsuit and its effect on the swimming performance. Although the amount of data is limited because of the few test subjects, there is an indication that the deformation of the body influences the swimming performance. Show more

Keywords: 3D measuring, anthropometry, swimming

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0066-4025

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4025-4030, 2012

Authors: Alemany, S | Olaso, J | Nacher, B | Gil, M | Hernández, A | Pizá, M | Solves, C

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The design and development process of helmets incorporates systematically design criteria related to safety to accomplish European and local standards for the commercialization. However, there are few studies focused on user’s comfort and adaptation. Present study tackles a multidimensional approach to gain better understanding of the interaction between helmet and user to generate design criteria for the internal helmet surface. Morphological characteristics of the target population, pressure distribution over head and subjective perception of fitting and discomfort are the factors considered to establish the criteria that assure a proper fit. Ten men corresponding to helmet size M and usual drivers …of motorbike wore two helmet models in three sizes (S, M and L). The head shape of participants was acquired using the head scanner of I-Ware laboratory and an instrumented pad was used to measure pressure in five head regions. After wearing the helmet, users filled in a perception questionnaire about fitting, comfort and usability considering the five regions. Users’ fitting perception provided the relation between pressure levels and the comfort felt in the five regions. This study constitutes a first approach to a new methodology to generate criteria to improve the design of helmets under a multidimensional approach. Show more

Keywords: Anthropometry, head scanning, fitting, pressure, helmet

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0067-4031

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4031-4037, 2012

Authors: Veitch, Daisy | Burford, Karen | Dench, Phil | Dean, Nicola | Griffin, Philip

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Assessment of breast volume is an important tool for preoperative planning in various breast surgeries and other applications, such as bra development. Accurate assessment can improve the consistency and quality of surgery outcomes. This study outlines a non-invasive method to measure breast volume using a whole body 3D laser surface anatomy scanner, the Cyberware WBX. It expands on a previous publication where this method was validated against patients undergoing mastectomy. It specifically outlines and expands the computer-aided anthropometric (CAA) method for extracting breast volumes in a non-invasive way from patients enrolled in a breast reduction study at Flinders Medical Centre, …South Australia. This step-bystep description allows others to replicate this work and provides an additional tool to assist them in their own clinical practice and development of designs. Show more

Keywords: anthropometry, breast volume, 3D scanning, computer-aided anthropometry, breast measurement

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0068-4038

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4038-4045, 2012

Authors: Okimoto, Maria LúCialeite Ribeiro | Klein, Alison Alfred

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the reliability and establish procedures for the use of digital photogrammetry in anthropometric measurements of the human hand. The methodology included the construction of a platform to allow the placement of the hand always equivalent to a distance of the camera lens and to annul the effects of parallax. We developed a software to perform the measurements from the images and built up a subject of proof in a cast from a negative mold, this object was subjected to measurements with digital photogrammetry using the data collection platform in caliper and the Coordinate Measuring Machine …(MMC). The results of the application of photogrammetry in the data collection segment hand, allow us to conclude that photogrammetry is an effective presenting precision coefficient below 0.940. Within normal and acceptable values, given the magnitude of the data used in anthropometry. It was concluded photogrammetry then be reliable, accurate and efficient for carrying out anthropometric surveys of population, and presents less difficulty to collect in-place Show more

Keywords: Anthropometry, Digital Photogrammetry, photogrammetry

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0069-4046

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4046-4052, 2012

Authors: Barros, Helda Oliveira | Soares, Marcelo Márcio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study deals with using digital photogrammetry to make an anthropometric analysis of wheelchair users. To analyse the data, Digita software was used, which was made available by means of the agreement of the Design Department of the Federal University of Pernambuco - Brazil - with the Department of Ergonomics of the Technical University of Lisbon - Portugal. Data collection involved a random sample of 18 subjects and occurred in the Biomechanics Laboratory of the Maurice of Nassau Faculty, located in Recife, Pernambuco. The methodology applied comprises the steps of Ergonomic Assessment, Configuration of the Data Base, Taking Digital Photographs, …Digitalising the Coordinates and Presentation of Results. 15 structural variables related to static anthropometry were analysed, and 4 functional range variables relating to dynamic anthropometry. The results were presented by analysing personal data, classified by gender, ethnicity and age; by functional analysis of the sample, classified by clinical diagnosis, results of assessing the joints, results of the evaluation through motion and postural evaluation; and of the analysis of the anthropometric sample, which indicated for each variable the number of people, the mean, the standard deviation, and the minimum, median and maximum values. Show more

Keywords: anthropometry, photogrammetry, disable people

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0070-4053

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4053-4060, 2012

Authors: Verriest, Jean-Pierre

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The objective of the work is to develop a method for automatic dimensioning of a digital human model (DHM) from a set of calibrated photographs of the subject under study. Fifteen subjects (10 males, 5 females, mean age 27) wearing surface retro-reflective markers at major bony landmarks and standing inside a calibrated space, were photographed by means of low cost main stream digital cameras (face, left and right views). The DHM software used is based on a skeletal structure surrounded by contours defined by cross sections along the skeletal links. Specific points corresponding to bony landmarks are defined in body …linkage local reference frames. The photograph calibration method (DLT) allows to superimpose a picture of the DHM on the subject’s photographs. A specific algorithm adjusts the length of the manikin skeletal links in function of the measured distance between markers attached to these links (e.g. knee and ankle for the lower leg). Then the contour sections dimensions were adjusted to fit subject’s silhouette extracted from the photographs. The results obtained within a few seconds of calculation consist of a personalized DHM representing the subject with an error less than 2% for stature and less than 4% for weight. Show more

Keywords: Anthropometry, digital human model, personalization, photographic

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0071-4061

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4061-4068, 2012

Authors: Barros, Bruno | Soares, Marcelo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study was carried out in a partnership with the Federal University of Pernambuco and the Faculty of Human Motricity of the Technical University in Lisbon (Portugal). The aim of the study was the measurement of human body segments throughout the digital photogramety, comparing and analysing data into Recife sample and to validate the Digital System as anthropometric survey tool. The result of the analysis has introduced: Data from the sample; Data by age; Data by Sex; Data by ethnicity; Data by region of birth; Difference of data from population individually. Besides to prove the true efficiency of the software.

Keywords: Anthropometry, Anthropometric Surveys, Digital Photogrametry, Digita System

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0072-4069

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4069-4075, 2012

Authors: Zanuncio, Sharinna Venturim | Mafra, Simone Caldas Tavares | Antônio, Carlos Emílio Barbosa | Filho, Jugurta Lisboa | Guimarães, Elza Maria Vidigal | da Silva, Vania Eugênia | de Souza, Amaury Paulo | Minette, Luciano José

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The environment where everyday activities are developed, these should be appropriate and the individual who will execute them, for greater efficiency of their work and even if you feel safe, comfortable and satisfied when interacting with that space, expending less energy to this interaction. Given this context, this study aims to structure a software with the results obtained in the field, from anthropometric measure to subsidize the furniture industry in manufacturing of furniture, definition work situations, considering the different anthropometric measurements made between 2001 and 2010, using data from this sample of adults aged 18 to 65 years old and …children between 6 and 11 years old. It was convenient to make the software with a site, only instead of staying on the Web has been recorded on CD Rom. Tests with the prototype allow navigation through the structure of the software. The data needed to implement the remaining modules were also raised. Issues related to system layout and usability of the interface also were not considered, because it is an initial prototype. Show more

Keywords: anthropometry, anthropometry software, design space and securities

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0701-4076

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4076-4082, 2012

Authors: Veitch, Daisy | Blewett, Verna | Caple, David

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper reports on the outcomes of research on the use of anthropometric data by designers of Australian workplaces and products used in Australian workplaces. Australian designers were asked how they used anthropometric data, and about the adequacy of data that were available to them for their needs as designers. In addition to a review of published and grey literature, designers were surveyed and asked for detailed information about their use of anthropometric data and about their needs. Thirty-two completed questionnaires were received. Two focus groups of designers were conducted; 13 people attended in Adelaide and 16 in Melbourne. The …data indicated that designers either did not use anthropometric data at all or had difficulty finding data that were reliable and relevant to their specific needs. In response to the findings the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society of Australia developed a Special Interest Group for anthropometry that currently has over 150 members. The Group is actively lobbying government for an Australian Sizing Survey, so this research is an important stimulus to a major policy investment for Australia. Show more

Keywords: Engineering anthropometry, human factors, workplace design, product design, sizing survey

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0073-4083

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4083-4087, 2012

Authors: Daniell, Nathan | Fraysse, François | Paul, Gunther

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Anthropometry has long been used for a range of ergonomic applications & product design. Although products are often designed for specific cohorts, anthropometric data are typically sourced from large scale surveys representative of the general population. Additionally, few data are available for emerging markets like China and India. This study measured 80 Chinese males that were representative of a specific cohort targeted for the design of a new product. Thirteen anthropometric measurements were recorded and compared to two large databases that represented a general population, a Chinese database and a Western database. Substantial differences were identified between the Chinese males …measured in this study and both databases. The subjects were substantially taller, heavier and broader than subjects in the older Chinese database. However, they were still substantially smaller, lighter and thinner than Western males. Data from current Western anthropometric surveys are unlikely to accurately represent the target population for product designers and manufacturers in emerging markets like China. Show more

Keywords: Anthropometry, Product design, Body size, Body proportions

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0074-4088

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4088-4090, 2012

Authors: Barros, Helda Oliveira | Soares, Marcelo Márcio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study identified the factors existing in the methods and techniques used in the anthropometric analysis of wheelchair users which may adversely affect inter-population comparisons. Five studies of anthropometric analysis of wheelchair users were examined: Nowak (1996), Jarosz (1996), Das and Kozey (1999), Kozey and Das (2004) and Paquet and Feathers (2004). All the selected studies presented intra- and inter-population data. After having identified the methods and techniques cited, a comparison was made between the procedures used by these authors and those adopted by Barros (2007). The results indicate that inter-population comparison is valid only when there is similarity between …the procedures and techniques used to collect data and the functional characteristics of the people evaluated. Show more

Keywords: anthropometric analysis, disable people

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0702-4091

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4091-4097, 2012

Authors: Paquet, Victor | Joseph, Caroline | D’Souza, Clive

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Anthropometric studies typically require a large number of individuals that are selected in a manner so that demographic characteristics that impact body size and function are proportionally representative of a user population. This sampling approach does not allow for an efficient characterization of the distribution of body sizes and functions of sub-groups within a population and the demographic characteristics of user populations can often change with time, limiting the application of the anthropometric data in design. The objective of this study is to demonstrate how demographically representative user populations can be developed from samples that are not proportionally representative in …order to improve the application of anthropometric data in design. An engineering anthropometry problem of door width and clear floor space width is used to illustrate the value of the approach. Show more

Keywords: anthropometry, engineering anthropometry, computer re-sampling

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0703-4098

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4098-4101, 2012

Authors: de Jesus Pereira da Silva, Terezinha | Neto, Augusto Eugenio Paashaus

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract This paper aims to demonstrate the situation of the buildings declared a historical landmark by the government spheres in the state of Pernambuco, and how they attend the norms of accessibility for those with special needs. The methodology of the research contemplated a sample of 46 heritage buildings, approximately 16% of the universe of properties, which are around 268. In turn, these were limited to Recife’s Metropolitan Region Area - RMR comprising 30% of the 153 properties of the municipalities of: Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Igarassu, Itamaracá, Ipojuca, Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Moreno, Olinda, Paulista, Recife and São Lourenço da …Mata. From the specific forms set up based on the theoretical reference, as well as graphics and photographic records were assessed the aspects of both internal and external accessibility, displacement, (visual) orientation, and the use of space and equipment. In the analysis of different types was assembled a summary table ranking the samples in accessible, partially accessible and not accessible. As general results were found that from the 46 properties examined, 2 (5%) are accessible, 16 (35%) are partially accessible and 28(60%) are not accessible. Such data, although sample, shows that the majority of heritage properties does not provide access to people physically disabled or with reduced mobility signaling for professionals, managers and society institutions on the need to reduce physical barriers in such heritage. Show more

Keywords: accessibility, ergonomics, Fundarpe, heritage, Pernambuco

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0704-4102

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4102-4110, 2012

Authors: Wiberg, Viveca

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: For the coming years SWEA is planning for communication and information actions. One of the sectors concerned is the building and construction industry. Focus of the information is to avoid accidents and injuries, and how companies by themselves can prevent risks. The objective of the information is to increase awareness among all stakeholders in order to secure that they are willing and able to reduce risks for workers. At the conference two brochures will be presented. They are designed to provide information and knowledge about specific risks of occupational accidents and occupational diseases which occur frequently during construction work and …how they can be prevented. They are directed to all those who are involved in the construction process at different stages and who are subject to SWEAs rules and regulations. New identified risk groups are e.g. students, apprentices, self-employed, and foreign workers temporarily working in Sweden. We also see that work is still being carried out in narrow installation spaces during erection stage of buildings because the people responsible for the drawings do not take notice of the need for sufficient space to do the work. SWEA experienced that it is difficult to reach all the groups concerned with the message about how to avoid injuries and unnecessary musculoskeletal disorders. Show more

Keywords: building and construction, communication, risks, training, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1038-4111

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4111-4115, 2012

Authors: Duca, Gabriella | Attaianese, Erminia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Literature shows incidence of musculoskeletal disorders in bricklaying workers as well as the relevance of good designed hand-held tools in musculoskeletal disorders prevention. In this framework, it can be supposed that providing usable hand-held tools and material in construction worksites will help to improve bricklayers’ working conditions. Here a study is presented aimed at framing a methodology for usability assessment of bricklayers handled objects, in order to provide employers with practical indicators for choosing tools and materials best fitting workers needs, under the effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction perspective. On the basis of a task analysis, usability requirements for bricklaying hand-held …tools and materials have been detailed and related, quantitative and qualitative, technical specifications have been elicited. Theoretical framework and usability assessment methodology are presented and, finally, findings from a field application are discussed. Show more

Keywords: bricklayers, ergonomic assessment, task analysis, workers, performances

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0705-4116

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4116-4120, 2012

Authors: Callado, J. | Poletto, A

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper summarizes a study of the accessibility conditions held in the Fortress of São José da Ponta Grossa (Florianópolis, SC, Brazil), in early 2010, where the goals were analyze the components of accessibility and identify possible solutions to the problems found there. Were used several methods, that complement one with others, to confirm the need for interventions in the fortress and helps the identification of barriers and to making recommendations.

Keywords: accessibility, historical heritage, Fortress of São José, da Ponta Grossa

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0706-4121

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4121-4123, 2012

Authors: Acioly, A.S.G. | Oliveira, M.D. | Freitas, V.H.F.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article presents a description of a study experience developed in the Discipline of Supervised Internship of the Industrial Design Course of the Federal University of Paraíba. The study is based on focused on ergonomics analysis and accessibility as an object of study, access into and out of buildings of classrooms and laboratories of the same institution. Among the buildings selected, which encompass where the course is established, is a contemporary building and a renovated building of historical and artistic values for current use. The study is characterized by a description of the objects of study, analysis of the reference …literature and recommendations for adjustments in the event of any inconsistency with the accessibility standards. The experience of this supervised training provided an opportunity to perform design activities to a group of students in applied ergonomics, as well as enabling contact with professional practice, adding the contact with the appropriate guidelines governing intervention in historic heritage buildings. Show more

Keywords: accessibility, supervised practice, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0707-4124

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4124-4129, 2012

Authors: Filho, J.M. Jackson | Fonseca, E.D. | Lima, F.P.A. | Duarte, F.J.C.M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to understand the influence of organizational factors on occupational accident causation. A field study was undertaken and focused on the phase of concreting the floors of a residential block in a building project in Brazil. The methodological approach was based on the analysis of carpenters’ work practices and of the workers’ accounts of minor falls. Observations were noted on work practices over this stage. Furthermore, interviews were conducted with the workers hired by the subcontractors and with professionals working for the main contractor. The results show that falls were related to the introduction of …new building technology and its use by the workforce. The production planning and organization of activities by the subcontracted firms also led to temporary demands that were additional determining factors for falls on site. The work analysis reveals the need to consider organizational factors in prevention practices. Show more

Keywords: occupational safety, ergonomic work analysis, accident analysis, organizational factors, outsourcing, fall

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0708-4130

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4130-4136, 2012

Authors: Holte, Kari Anne | Kjestveit, Kari

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Studies have found that young workers are at risk for injuries. The risk for accidents is high within construction, indicating that young workers may be especially vulnerable in this industry. In Norway, it is possible to enter the construction industry as a full time worker at the age of 18. The aim of this paper was to explore how young construction workers are received at their workplace with regards to OHS-training. The study was designed as a qualitative case study. Each case consisted of a young worker or apprentice (< 25 years), a colleague, the immediate superior, the OHS manager, …and a safety representative in the company. The interviews were recorded and analyzed through content analysis. The results showed that there were differences between large and small companies, where large companies had more formalized routines and systems for receiving and training young workers. These routines were however more dependent on requirements set by legislators and contractors more than by company size, since the legislation has different requirements with impact on OHS. Show more

Keywords: young workers, occupational health and safety, construction industry, safety training, apprentices

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0709-4137

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4137-4141, 2012

Authors: Costa, Ana Paula Lima | Campos, Fábio | Villarouco, Vilma

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article provides an overview of academic research in the scientific discipline of ergonomics in the context of the built environment, from data collected from journals, conferences and research groups whose focus is the theme of the Ergonomics of Built Environment. Starting from the context of the Ergonomics of Built Environment, it identifies the broadcast media who publish work in this area and its scientific production, seeking to recover from the first published papers to the production of the most recent scientific journals and conferences to be launched 2010. From this mapping, we identified the major outstanding and open issues …in these studies, outlining the state of the art Ergonomics Built Environment, in order to inform those interested and intend to develop scientific research in this field. Show more

Keywords: architecture, environmental comfort, human factors

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0710-4142

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4142-4148, 2012

Authors: Ribeiro, Gabriela Sousa | Martins, Laura Bezerra | Monteiro, Circe Maria Gama

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Historic urban sites are set by cultural and social diversities, generating multiple activities and use and access to these sites should be available to all people including those with disabilities. Taking into consideration that using the same methodology that was used in different historic sites researches with positive results facilitates replication, we aimed to develop methodological procedures that identify conditions of physical accessibility in open public spaces and access to public buildings in historic urban sites to support proposals about design requirements for improvements to the problems diagnosed and control inadequacies of the physical environment. The study methods and techniques …from different areas of knowledge culminated in a proposal built with an emphasis on user participation that could be applied with low cost and in relatively short period of time. Show more

Keywords: urban historic sites, physical accessibility, methodological procedures, ergonomics of the built environment, public space

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0711-4149

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4149-4156, 2012

Authors: Rose, Linda

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper describes a project with the aim of reducing the risk of injury when using precast concrete shells in the Swedish construction industry by identifying injury risks, developing and implementing solutions. An interactive research approach was used. Three major injury risks were identified and a system consisting of three tools and a handbook was developed, evaluated, and implemented at one company and made available to the construction industry.

Keywords: construction industry, development, tool, handbook, methods

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0712-4157

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4157-4162, 2012

Authors: Bittencourt, Maria Cristina | do Valle Pereira, Vera Lúcia Duarte | Pacheco Jr., Waldemar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article aims to study the importance of the attributes of usability and attractiveness for the semi-public spaces of Shopping Centers considering the elderly users, the psycho-cognitive and bio-physiological changes resulting from the aging process, as well as their expectations of the built space. Through a qualitative study of theoretical review with a multidisciplinary focus in architecture, ergonomics, gerontology, environmental psychology and management, the conditions of the elderly users were identified, and also the attributes related to usability and attractiveness, collected in order to understand and organize their interrelationships, to suggest recommendations about the drafting of Shopping Centers, aiming to …generate projects and environments that should promote the efficient and satisfactory use for elderly and may also create a competitive advantage for these enterprises. Show more

Keywords: elderly, usability, attractiveness, semipublic spaces, shopping centers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0713-4163

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4163-4170, 2012

Authors: Faber, Gert | Visser, Steven | Van der Molen, Henk F. | Kuijer, P.Paul F.M. | Hoozemans, Marco J.M. | Van Dieën, Jaap H. | Frings-Dresen, Monique H.W.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Ironworkers frequently perform heavy lifting tasks in teams of two or four workers. Team lifting could potentially lead to a higher variation in peak lumbar compression forces than lifts performed by one worker, resulting in higher maximal peak lumbar compression forces. This study compared single-worker lifts (25-kg, iron bar) to two-worker lifts (50-kg, two iron bars) and to four-worker lifts (100-kg, iron lattice). Inverse dynamics was used to calculate peak lumbar compression forces. To assess the variability in peak lumbar loading, all three lifting tasks were performed six times. Results showed that the variability in peak lumbar loading was somewhat …higher in the team lifts compared to the single-worker lifts. However, despite this increased variability, team lifts did not result in larger maximum peak lumbar compression forces. Therefore, it was concluded that, from a biomechanical point of view, team lifting does not result in an additional risk for low back complaints in ironworkers. Show more

Keywords: team lifting, spinal loading, occupational biomechanics, low back pain/injury, construction work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0714-4171

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4171-4173, 2012

Authors: Paiva, Marie Monique Bruère | Villarouco, Vilma

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Physical spaces need to be adjusted to suit the changes of a physical, cognitive and emotional order occasioned by the natural aging of people. Ergonomics of the built environment contributes to improving the interaction of the user and physical environment, with a view to their comfort and safety. By thinking through the influence that environments have on the quality of life of the elderly, this article presents an assessment of accessibility in private units - bedrooms and bathrooms – of a Long-Stay Institution for the Elderly (ILPI in Portuguese) in Portugal. The analysis of the physical and spatial conditioning factors …by means of the Ergonomics Methodology for the Built Environment (EMBE), proposed by VILLAROUCO (2008), gave evidence of the need for interventions to suitably adapt physical infrastructure, with the objective of promoting the physical well-being of the elderly, and thus, enhancing the autonomy and independence of a wider range of users. Show more

Keywords: accessibility, built environment, elderly

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0716-4174

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4174-4179, 2012

Authors: Campbell-Kyureghyan, Naira | Singh, Gurjeet | Otieno, Wilkistar | Cooper, Karen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Jackhammer manufacturers have recently developed lightweight (45–60 lbs) jackhammers intended to reduce the required lifting and pushing forces during operation. However, the vibration characteristics of the lightweight jackhammers and their effect on muscle activity are currently unknown. The objective of this study was to compare the measured vibration and muscle activity between: (i) conventional (90lb) and light weight (60lb) jackhammers, (ii) different pavement type/thickness combinations, and (iii) pneumatic and hydraulic jackhammers. Five jackhammers were tested on 4 and 6 inch thick asphalt and concrete pavements by four experienced operators. Analysis of the results revealed that both weight classes averaged 9.7 …m/s2 at the 20 Hz weighted 1/3 octave band frequency, and the TLV of daily exposure for either weight class of jackhammer was less than 1.5 hours/per day. There was an approximately 33% difference in vibration measured on the hand of the operators due to pavement thickness, 30% due pavement type, and no difference due to power source. Conventional jackhammers overall produced higher muscle activity than lightweight jackhammers. Although selection of the correct jackhammer for the job involves many factors including pavement type and thickness, the results of this research can be used to assist in selecting the appropriate jackhammer. Show more

Keywords: hand transmitted vibration, muscle activity, jackhammer, dynamic response, frequency weighting

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0717-4180

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4180-4184, 2012

Authors: Portouli, Evangelia | Nathanael, Dimitris | Marmaras, Nicolas | Papakostopoulos, Vassilis

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Current models of driving behavior and designs of driver support systems are not taking adequately into account the interactions between drivers. Although a driver’s intended maneuver may not be physically possible at a specific time point, it may still be safely executed if the driver’s intention is successfully communicated to and interpreted by another driver, who alters the own future trajectory so as to enable the maneuver execution. This paper presents some empirical findings relevant to communicative and cooperative interactions between drivers along naturalistic overtaking maneuvers on an undivided road. The cues used by drivers to interpret other drivers’ intention …and the drivers’ interactions were extracted through video observations of the maneuvers together with the frequency of such interactions per level of traffic risk. The findings show that drivers use formal and informal cues to anticipate other drivers’ intention. A significant percentage of maneuvers were performed after facilitation by other drivers. Future studies should focus on this phenomenon while future models of driving behavior should incorporate communicative and cooperative interactions among drivers, so as to design adequate cooperative support systems to enhance road safety. Show more

Keywords: Communication, communication signal, cooperation, driver model, design of support systems

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0120-4185

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4185-4191, 2012

Authors: Franz, Benjamin | Kauer, Michaela | Blanke, Anton | Schreiber, Michael | Bruder, Ralph | Geyer, Sebastian

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In the project “Conduct-by-Wire” which is founded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) cooperative maneuver based driving is examined. In this paper two different input devices (gesture recognition and tactile touch display) are compared in a simulator study with 29 participants. It shows that the major advantage of the gesture recognition is that there is no need for the driver to take his gaze off the road. In contrast, the number of gazes at the tactile touch display is significantly higher. The major advantage of the tactile touch display is that no input errors occurred during the test drives. Conversely, …the gesture recognition was significantly worse. Nevertheless, further work is needed to decide which input device is the best. Show more

Keywords: Conduct-by-Wire, maneuver-based vehicle guidance, advanced driver assistance system, interface design, gesture recognition

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0121-4192

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4192-4199, 2012

Authors: Perez, Miguel A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The use of a radio while driving has long been considered a “threshold” of distraction that is socially acceptable although it may be a factor in some crashes and near crashes. This “social acceptance” has prompted the use of radio tasks, specifically radio tuning, as “references” that should not be exceeded by other secondary and tertiary tasks that make their way into the vehicle. As new functions make their way into vehicle radios (or more advanced infotainment systems), however, it is possible that radio tasks may become distracting to a level that surpasses current driver expectations. This investigation examines the …naturalistic usage of several advanced infotainment systems and examines whether usage is associated first with changes in near crash occurrence and second with changes in driving behavior. Little association was found with near crashes: 5 of 46 near crash events observed in the dataset exhibited infotainment system use. Drivers involved in infotainment system use during near crashes, however, did exhibit distinct glance behaviors, generally suggesting lower levels of awareness about their driving environment. Initial analyses of a larger dataset appear to confirm these findings. Show more

Keywords: Radio, Infotainment System, Driver Distraction, Eye Glance, Event Detection

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0122-4200

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4200-4204, 2012

Authors: Wang, Minjuan | Sun, Dong | Chen, Fang

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In recent years, there are many naturalistic driving projects have been conducted, such as the 100-Car Project (Naturalistic Driving study in United State), EuroFOT(European Large-Scale Field Operational Tests on Vehicle Systems), SeMi- FOT(Sweden Michigan Naturalistic Field Operational Test and etc. However, those valuable naturalistic driving data hasn’t been applied into Human-machine Interaction (HMI) design for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), a good HMI design for ADAS requires a deep understanding of drive environment and the interactions between the driving car and other road users in different situations. The results demonstrated the benefits of using naturalistic driving films as a mean …for enhancing focus group discussion for better understanding driver’s needs and traffic environment constraints. It provided an efficient tool for designers to have inside knowledge about drive and the needs for information presentation; The recommendations for how to apply this method is discussed in the paper. Show more

Keywords: Focus group, real traffic scenarios, expert evaluation, 3D sound information system

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0718-4205

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4205-4212, 2012

Authors: Piccinini, Giulio Francesco | Simões, Anabela | Rodrigues, Carlos Manuel | Leitão, Miguel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Lately, with the goal of improving road safety, car makers developed and commercialised some Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) which, through the detection of blind spot areas on the vehicle’s sides, could help the drivers during the overtaking and the change lane task. Despite the possible benefits to reduce lateral crashes, the overall impact on road safety of such systems have not been deeply studied yet; notably, despite some researches have been carried out, there is a lack of studies regarding the long-term usage and drivers’ acceptance of those systems. In order to fill the research gap, a methodology, based …on the combination of focus groups interviews, questionnaires and a small-scale field operational test (FOT), has been designed in this study; such a methodology aims at evaluating drivers’ acceptance of Blind Spot Information System® and at proposing some ideas to improve the usability and user-friendliness of this (or similar) device in their future development. Show more

Keywords: ADAS, BLIS, acceptance, lane change, road safety

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0123-4213

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4213-4217, 2012

Authors: Al-Dirini, R.M.A. | Thewlis, D. | Paul, G.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Finite Element Modeling (FEM) has become a vital tool in the automotive design and development processes. FEM of the human body is a technique capable of estimating parameters that are difficult to measure in experimental studies with the human body segments being modeled as complex and dynamic entities. Several studies have been dedicated to attain close-to-real FEMs of the human body (Pankoke and Siefert 2007; Amann, Huschenbeth et al. 2009; ESI 2010). The aim of this paper is to identify and appraise the state-of-the art models of the human body which incorporate detailed pelvis and/or lower extremity models. Six databases …and search engines were used to obtain literature, and the search was limited to studies published in English since 2000. The initial search results identified 636 pelvis-related papers, 834 buttocks-related papers, 505 thigh-related papers, 927 femur-related papers, 2039 knee-related papers, 655 shank-related papers, 292 tibia-related papers, 110 fibula-related papers, 644 ankle-related papers, and 5660 foot-related papers. A refined search returned 100 pelvis-related papers, 45 buttocks-related papers, 65 thigh-related papers, 162 femur-related papers, 195 kneerelated papers, 37 shank-related papers, 80 tibia-related papers, 30 fibula-related papers and 102 ankle-related papers and 246 foot-related papers. The refined literature list was further restricted by appraisal against a modified LOW appraisal criteria. Studies with unclear methodologies, with a focus on populations with pathology or with sport related dynamic motion modeling were excluded. The final literature list included fifteen models and each was assessed against the percentile the model represents, the gender the model was based on, the human body segment/segments included in the model, the sample size used to develop the model, the source of geometric/anthropometric values used to develop the model, the posture the model represents and the finite element solver used for the model. The results of this literature review provide indication of bias in the available models towards 50th percentile male modeling with a notable concentration on the pelvis, femur and buttocks segments. Show more

Keywords: Advanced biomechanical models, Comfort/discomfort, Biomechanics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1039-4218

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4218-4229, 2012

Authors: Blewett, Verna | Rainbird, Sophia | Dorrian, Jill | Paterson, Jessica | Cattani, Marcus

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: ‘Safety culture’ is identified in the literature as a critical element of healthy and safe workplaces. How can rail organizations ensure that consistently effective work health and safety cultures are maintained across the diversity of their operations? This paper reports on research that is currently underway in the Australian rail industry aimed at producing a Model of Best Practice in Safety Culture for the industry. Located in rail organizations dedicated to the mining industry as well as urban rail and national freight operations, the research examines the constructs of organizational culture that impact on the development and maintenance of healthy …and safe workplaces. The research uses a multi-method approach incorporating quantitative (survey) and qualitative (focus groups, interviews and document analysis) methods along with a participative process to identify interventions to improve the organization and develop plans for their implementation. The research uses as its analytical framework the 10 Platinum Rules, from the findings of earlier research in the New South Wales (Australia) mining industry, Digging Deeper. Data collection is underway at the time of writing and preliminary findings are presented at this stage. The research method may be adapted for use as a form of organizational review of safety and health in organizational culture. Show more

Keywords: rail safety, multi-method research, organizational culture, safety culture, keyword five

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0124-4230

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4230-4236, 2012

Authors: Ryan, Brendan | Wilsona, John R. | Schock, Alex

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The paper reports on the review and re-analysis of information that has been collected in earlier field studies on the functions and associated risks in rail engineering and maintenance. Two methods of Cognitive Work Analysis have been adapted and used to identify and represent important components of the rail engineering system and the situations in which activities occur. Additional classification exercises have been used to determine issues of strategic importance to the organisation, related to the functions and human factors risks in performing these functions. The effectiveness of the methods in this industrial context has been evaluated. Conclusions are drawn …on how this type of approach can be used to produce relevant findings on the following: What the organisation knows about roles, functions and descriptions of tasks that are relevant for engineering and maintenance work; (2) the HF risks for today’s (and unless things change), tomorrow’s railway; (3) how this knowledge can help in determining organisational priorities for future work. Show more

Keywords: Rail engineering and maintenance, Function and Activity Analysis, Qualitative Analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0125-4237

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4237-4245, 2012

Authors: Iridiastadi, Hardianto | Ikatrinasari, Zulfa Fitri

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The prevalence of Indonesian railway accidents has not been declining, with hundreds of fatalities reported in the past decade. As an effort to help the National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC), this study was conducted that aimed at understanding factors that might have contributed to the accidents. Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) was utilized for this purpose. A total of nine accident reports (provided by the Indonesian NTSC) involving fatalities were studied using the technique. Results of this study indicated 72 factors that were closely related to the accidents. Of these, roughly 22% were considered as operator acts while …about 39% were related to preconditions for operator acts. Supervisory represented 14% of the factors, and the remaining (about 25%) were associated with organizational factors. It was concluded that, while train drivers indeed played an important role in the accidents, interventions solely directed toward train drivers may not be adequate. A more comprehensive approach in minimizing the accidents should be conducted that addresses all the four aspects of HFACS. Show more

Keywords: Indonesia, railway accidents, safety, HFACS, human error

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0126-4246

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4246-4249, 2012

Authors: Lüdtke, A. | Javaux, D. | Tango, F. | Heers, R. | Bengler, K. | Ronfle-Nadaud, C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The paper presents a new approach to the development of cooperative human-machine systems in the Transportation domain which is currently researched in the European project D3CoS. A necessary precondition for the acceptance of cooperative human-machine systems with shared control is the confidence and trust of the user into the system. D3CoS tackles this important issue by addressing the cooperative system as the object and the target of the system development process. This new perspective, along with corresponding innovative methods, techniques and tools, shall allow the identification of optimal task and authority sharing approaches supported by intuitive human-machine interaction and user …interfaces at an early stage of system development. This will support powerful teamwork between humans and machines or between machines and machines that is transparent, intuitive and easy to understand. The paper describes the research dimensions for the development of the methods, techniques and tools as well as first results. Show more

Keywords: cooperative system development and evaluation, reusable concepts for advanced human machine interaction, design patterns for adaptive task and resource allocation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0719-4250

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4250-4257, 2012

Authors: Kauer, Michaela | Franz, Benjamin | Schreiber, Michael | Bruder, Ralph | Geyer, Sebastian

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Modern cars offer drivers support with the help of a number of driver assistance systems. Those systems aim to relieve drivers through assumption of sub parts of the driving task (e.g. in case of an Adaptive Cruise Control by regulation of vehicle speed and time gap to preceding vehicle). Today, systems are controlled and monitored separately which leads to efforts to combine the functionality of all systems in an overlying assistance for drivers. The approach of the University of Technology Darmstadt is called Conduct-by-Wire and can be seen as a cooperative maneuver-based driving paradigm, where the driver gives maneuver command …to the systems which are automatically executed. This paper summarizes the results of three studies which investigated the user acceptance of this driving paradigm. Overall, it can be said that the acceptance of the system depends on personal traits of the driver and on the driving situation. Almost all participants are willing to use Conduct-by- Wire for routine tasks such as commuting, which makes the systems interesting for company cars. Still, there remain a number of drivers who are not willing to use such a highly automated system at all. Show more

Keywords: Conduct-by-Wire, maneuver based vehicle guidance, advanced driver assistance system, acceptance

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0720-4258

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4258-4264, 2012

Authors: Chen, Fang | Wang, MinJuan | Zhu, Xi Chan | Li, Jiaqi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Surface transportation system is developing very fast in China and the number of vehicles is increasing quickly as well. This development creates a lot of problems on traffic safety and the number of accident is also increasing. In this paper, we made deep analysis of different possible causes of safety problems through three aspects: the traffic environment and infrastructure, in-vehicle information system design and the characteristics of drivers. There are many factors in each aspects may contribute to the transportation safety problems. Problems with infrastructure design and traffic design contribute over 50% of the traffic accident. Another important factor is …that people has very little traffic safety concept and very weak on understanding the important of right behavior on the road. This paper has pointed the urgent needs to study the human factors in road and transportation system and vehicle HMI design, as there are very few such studies available in literature based on Chinese situation. The paper also proposed the needs to develop proactive educational system that can promote driver’s understanding of traffic safety and to take the right action during drive. Show more

Keywords: Active safety, culture, Chinese market, Chinese driver, HMI, vehicle, traffic

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0721-4265

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4265-4272, 2012

Authors: Sawyer, Ben | Teo, Grace | Mouloua, Mustapha

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The driving task is highly complex and places considerable perceptual, physical and cognitive demands on the driver. As driving is fundamentally an information processing activity, distracted or impaired drivers have diminished safety margins compared with non- distracted drivers (Hancock and Parasuraman, 1992; TRB 1998 a & b). This competition for sensory and decision making capacities can lead to failures that cost lives. Some groups, teens and elderly drivers for example, have patterns of systematically poor perceptual, physical and cognitive performance while driving. Although there are technologies developed to aid these different drivers, these systems are often misused and underutilized. The …DriveID project aims to design and develop a passive, automated face identification system capable of robustly identifying the driver of the vehicle, retrieve a stored profile, and intelligently prescribing specific accident prevention systems and driving environment customizations. Show more

Keywords: active safety, facial recognition, vehicle automation, teen fatalities, elderly drivers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0722-4273

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4273-4278, 2012

Authors: Sawyer, Benjamin D. | Hancock, Peter A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Previous research using cell phones indicates that manual manipulation is not a principal component of text messaging relating driving detriment. This paper suggests that manipulation of a phone in conjunction with the cognitive need to compose the message itself co-act to contribute to driving degradation. This being so, drivers sending text messages might experience reduced interference to the driving task if the text messaging itself were assisted through the predictive T9 system. We evaluated undergraduate drivers in a simulator who drove and texted using either Assisted Text entry, via Nokia’s T9 system, or unassisted entry via the multitap interface. Results …supported the superiority of the T9 system over the multitap system implying that specific assistive technologies can modulate the degradation of capacity which texting tragically induces. Show more

Keywords: Driving, Text Messaging, SMS, Driver Distraction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0723-4279

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4279-4282, 2012

Authors: Estryn-Béhar, Madeleine | Van der Heijden, Beatrice I.J.M. | The NEXT Study Group

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: 12-hour shifts are quickly spreading in Europe. From our multivariate analysis concerning 25,924 European nurses, including twenty explanatory variables simultaneously, we found that work schedule itself is not a major determinant factor. Nurses aim to choose or accept night shifts or 12-hour shift in order to reduce their work/home conflicts, however, at the expense of the patient’s safety, as well as their own health and safety. Therefore, it is important to develop measures, such as extended child care, association of nurses to the elaboration of their rota, 9- or 10-hour shifts in the afternoon, allowing naps during night shifts, and …reduction of changing shifts with short notice. Work schedules must be organized in order to allow time for shift handover, social support and team building. Show more

Keywords: Nurses, 12-hour shifts, Work/family balance, Burnout, Gender

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0724-4283

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4283-4290, 2012

Authors: Vasconcelos, Ricardo | Teixeira, Sandra | Castelhano, Joana | Lacomblez, Marianne

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Health, safety and environmental issues are at present a social concern and an increasingly referred topic in the so called gender studies. This paper focuses on the relations between training, gender and risk perception in an industrial chemicals company, in Portugal, characterized by a mainly male population and by the presence of high occupational and environmental hazards. After characterizing the company and the training project that started up this reflection, the paper presents the reasons for its focus on gender followed by the essential methodological explanations: 14 interviews were made with male and female workers from the company; their content …was transcribed from the audio recordings and it was systematically analyzed. A gender-attentive socio demographic analysis was also undertaken. Although at the beginning the company did not consider the gender issues as a problem nor was it the central topic of the training, which focused on the prevention of occupational and environmental hazards, the results reveal that the gender factor brought to light some working conditions, which so far have not been properly discussed within the group meetings. As a consequence, there is now room for the transformation of the representations on those working conditions. Show more

Keywords: health and safety, prevention, training, women and work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0098-4291

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4291-4296, 2012

Authors: Cunha, Liliana | Nogueira, Sónia | Lacomblez, Marianne

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The work activity of urban bus drivers is held in the public space and characterized by a constant vigilance, but the moments of observation the colleagues’ work are scarce. This fact results in a paradox – it is a work activity that is more visible to "outsiders" than to "insiders" - which has an important impact on the debate of the work activity from a perspective of gender and the women’s work in a predominantly male context. Ergonomic analysis of work and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 urban public transport drivers, 16 women and 16 men. The results reveal …the lack of conditions for the drivers’ knowledge of the activity of another, especially when that other is a woman - while men attribute characteristics to women based on gender stereotypes and an extension of their role in the private sphere, women relate them with the need to prove their competence and be recognized. It is proposed the development, in the context of training, of a space for debate and knowledge of the activity of the other and for the creation of conditions for another integration of women in the profession and for another visibility of their work. Show more

Keywords: solitary activity, female drivers, visibility, training

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0106-4297

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4297-4301, 2012

Authors: Rathore, H. | Shukla, K. | Singh, S. | Tiwari, G.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract : There is good evidence that shift work has negative effects on workers health, safety and performance. It is quite appropriate that attention is paid to this very important feature of socio-technical systems, which may adversely affect mental and physical health, social life and safety of shift workers. Research into the impact of shift work on professionals has consistently identified a range of negative outcomes in physical, psychological, and social domains (Akerstedt, 1988; Costa, Lievore, Casaletti, Gaffuri, & Folkard, 1989; Kogi, 2005; Paley & Tepas, 1994). Hospitals, the biggest employer in the health care field, employ more night shift …workers than any other industry. It can therefore be inferred that in medical domain high percentage of workforce may be affected by problems related to shift work. Thus the present study will provide knowledge base for the problems faced by the female nurses. The present study was undertaken with an objective of getting an insight into the problems faced by female nurses in shift work. . It was found that the female nurses in India worked on roaster pattern of change in shift every seven days. They did not have a say in the change of duties, it could only be done on mutual grounds. Partners of younger group did not much adjust to their shift pattern this created stress among the nurses.The results showed that the female nurses in both the age groups i.e. 30-45 years and 45-60 years faced many problems related to health and well being, fatigue, social and domestic situations. They could not give much time to their children in particular. Travelling in nights was risky for them. Common problem was the insufficient sleep during night shifts. The nurses had to cater to the needs of the family, children in particular along with the adjustments to be made due to shift work. They had to sometimes do the night duties and attend social functions as a part of their duty. Children and husband in some cases did not cooperate this lead to frustration. When asked as to whether they would could shift job if they get regular one more than 50 % said yes this means that there need to be come training and intervention for the shift workers and their family so that the problems faced and their impact on personal health of the female nurses could be reduced. Show more

Keywords: Sleep, Fatigue, Social, Domestic

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0725-4302

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4302-4314, 2012

Authors: Salerno, Silvana | Kolman, Valentina | Livigni, Lucilla | Magrini, Andrea | Bosco, Maria Giuseppina | Talamanca, Irene Figà

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Hospital cleaning work, as health care work, is mainly performed by women all over Europe. Hospital cleaning activities represent a poorly studied sector although very important also for patient’s health. We applied the Method of Organizational Congruencies to study cleaning work in three typical hospital units (Emergency Room, Haematology, General Medicine) of a roman University hospital where 198 women cleaners work. We analyzed the 731 technical actions performed in the three shifts and the related Organizational Constraints (OC). Working outsourcing, no occupational risks training, washing personal equipment at home, standing, long walking, early morning and night shift in emergency room, …high monotony (>10 actions per hour) contact with biological and chemicals materials, risk conditions of accidents, artificial lights, hot microclimate and working in a cure setting represent the main Organizational Constraints. Differences among the three Units are discussed together with the importance of considering cleaning hospital as a preventive action towards hospital clinical risk. Show more

Keywords: hospital, cleaning, women, organizational constraints, method of organizational congruencies

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0726-4315

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4315-4319, 2012

Authors: Yu, Na | Shen, Li Ming | Lewark, Siegfried

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This research gave an effort to study on gender differences in the job satisfaction for technological innovation at Chinese manufacturing firm. The exploratory study was conducted in four Chinese furniture manufacturing firms, which are all in the phases of introducing advanced manufacturing system. The results of statistical analysis show that general satisfaction of female employees to their jobs is significantly higher than male employees. In addition, supervisory satisfaction of female employees is significantly higher than male employees. The findings of the study reveal that activities are suggested to be carried out to increase the job satisfaction of male employees, especially …improve communication and relationship between the managerial and the non-managerial levels in the innovation process. In addition, the higher job satisfaction of female employees could be considered a positive factor for the successful implementation of AMT in the technological innovation, although male employees are still dominated work force in the case study firms. Show more

Keywords: female employee, Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS), socio-technical system, technological innovation, advanced manufacturing technology (AMT)

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0099-4320

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4320-4322, 2012

Authors: Reis, P. | Moro, A. | Merino, Eugenio | Vilagra, J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This research aimed to determine the handgrip strength difference between (♂) and (♀) and its influence on the incidence of RSI / WRULD in meat-packing plants. The study had the participation of 201 workers from the bone sector of a pig slaughterhouse located in the municipality of Sao Miguel do Iguacu, state of Parana, Brazil, being 98 men and 103 women with mean age of 34.3 ( ± 4.7 years) and weight of 66.3 (± 6.5 kg) for (♀) and 36.5 (± 6.4 years) and weight of 77.6 (± 5.8 kg) for (♂). Handgrip strength was used in the evaluation. …Descriptive statistics and "t" test were applied, with significance level of 0.05% for strength test and percentage of pain levels. The results were presented according to gender (♂) 44.94 kgf (± 4.51) for the dominant hand (DH) and 41.09 kgf (± 4.09) for the non-dominant hand (NDH), and for males (♀), the average was 29.20 kgf (± 2.20) for DH and 28.40 kgf (± 2.39) for NDH. Statistical analysis indicated a "t" greater than 0.05 with 3.49% for DH and 2.95 for NDH, showing that (♂) and (♀) have strength levels significantly different in both hands and this study indicated that females have 35% less strength in the DH and 30.8% in the NDH. With regard to pain symptoms, pain for (♀) was higher than for (♂), with 21.5% in the shoulder region, 25% in neck, 48% in the column, 48.7% and in the arms and 48.8% in wrists and hands. It could be concluded that (♀) have less strength and higher percentage of pain in relation to (♂) when exposed to repetitive work and with identical tasks. Thus, it becomes clear that to avoid RSI / WRULD in meat-packing plants, companies should use knowledge on ergonomics in order to provide a work environment that respects the physiological differences between males and females. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomic hazards, women, handgrip strength

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0100-4323

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4323-4329, 2012

Authors: Padula, Rosimeire Simprini | da Silva Valente, Luciana do socorro | de Moraes, Mônica Vasconcelos | Chiavegato, Luciana Dias | Cabral, Cristina Maria Nunes

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Work capacity is related to physical, environmental and psychosocial factors and is influenced by individual characteristics and occupations. The aim of this study was to evaluated the relationship between work capacity, gender and age. 360 people employed at an institution of higher education of both genders and similar age were asked to participate in this study. The ability to work was analyzed using Work Ability Index (WAI). Descriptive statistical, Pearson correlations and ANOVA test was applied. Of these, 197 workers who participated in the study completed and returned the questionnaire. The results show there weren’t any significant differences between work …ability in relation to gender and age, but we observed an increase variability of responses for WAI score in older workers. No significant differences in the perception of the ability of work between men and women.. Show more

Keywords: Aging, Work ability, Occupational Health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0727-4330

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4330-4332, 2012

Authors: Singh, Suman | Sinwal, Neelima | Rathore, Hemu

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The lifting and carrying of loads in agriculture on small landholdings are unavoidable. Rural communities often lack access to appropriate technologies which may result in various health hazards. The objective was to study gender participation in agricultural activities involving manual material handling tasks, to assess MSDs experienced in various MMH tasks and to evaluate traditional method and designed technology. The study was conducted on 100 agricultural workers. Data on gender participation in MMH tasks in household, animal husbandry and agriculture and resulting MSDs was gathered. Pre and post assessment of technology intervention was done for NIOSH Lifting Index, QEC, and …RPE. The results revealed greater susceptibility of females to musculoskeletal problems in most of the household and animal husbandry tasks. The hand trucks designed were pushing type with power grasp handle. The respondents were advised to carry 5 kg of weight per lift instead of lifting more weight in one lift/minute while filling the hand truck. By decreasing the weight and increasing the number of lifts per minute the respondents were seen falling in green zone indicating significant reduction in NIOSH lifting index. QEC scores concluded that for filling the hand truck 5 kg of weight should be carried to keep the exposure level low. Show more

Keywords: Hand trucks, lifting index, rating on work demand, animal husbandry, water fetching

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0728-4333

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4333-4341, 2012

Authors: Kishtwaria, Jatinder | Rana, Aruna

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Inventory of all agricultural tasks depicted land preparation by women farmers as one of the most drudgery prone task with high energy cost, thereby, making it amenable to ergonomic interventions in terms of improved technologies (clod breaker, improved plough/’danella’) to relieve women from high energy demands, time spent and associated drudgery. The study was conducted in two hill states of India viz. Himachal Pradesh (35 villages and 900 representative samples) and Uttrakhand (10 villages and 900 representative samples). Experimental data were conducted on representative sub sample of 60 hill farm women of both the states to assess physiological workload and …musculo-skeletal problems both while working with traditional tools along with improved tools by employing selected parameters viz. physical fitness level, physiological parameters etc. The results showed that heart rate values were more than acceptable limits for task performed with the traditional tools as compared with improved tools. Significant reduction in the heart rate was observed while working with improved tools. Analysis of MSDs showed that the postural stress and severity of pain in various body parts was reduced by adopting new technology. Hence, the use of improved land preparation tools is recommended over the existing ones for drudgery reduction. Show more

Keywords: gender, agriculture, musculoskeletal disorders

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0729-4342

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4342-4348, 2012