International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics - Volume 46, issue 1

Authors: Otin, Ruben | Mendez, Roger | Fruitos, Oscar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this paper we present a finite element model in frequency domain which computes the Lorentz force that drives an electromagnetic forming (EMF) process. The only input data required are the electrical parameters of the capacitor bank, the coil and the work piece. The main advantage of this approach is that it provides an explicit relation between the parameters of the EMF process and the frequency of the discharge, which is a key parameter in the …design of an optimum EMF system. The method is computationally efficient because it only requires to solve time-harmonic Maxwell's equations for a few frequencies and it can be very useful for coil design and for testing modeling conditions on complex three-dimensional geometries. Show more

Keywords: Electromagnetism, electromagnetic forming, Lorentz force, numerical analysis, finite element method

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-141766

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 125-142, 2014

Authors: Leng, Jiancheng | Zhang, Hui | Wang, Lihua | Miao, Xiujie | Xing, Haiyan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A newly arisen technique named metal magnetic memory is deemed to have potentials in detecting early damage, whereas it is lack of systematic micro-mechanism research in early fatigue damage of ferromagnetic components. The microscopic fatigue experimental system including XH-500 metallograhpic microscope, DIG300 special digital camera and magnetic memory testing device, combined with the magnetic memory microscopic fatigue observation method is adopted, and the tension-tension fatigue experiment with specimens made of steel 45 …are conducted. The evolution process of fatigue short-crack initiation and growth is observed dynamically from the microscopic scale, and the variation regularity of microscopic Vickers hardness during the fatigue procedure is also given. At the same time, the variation of the magnetic memory signal on the surface of the V-shaped notch with cyclic numbers is analyzed, and the magnetic signal curve distribution regularity corresponding to different crack lengths is investigated. The results show that the magnetic memory signals exhibit an abnormal nonlinear wave when the local plastic deformation or micro-damage occurs, providing a feasible detection method for early fatigue damage of ferromagnetic materials. Show more

Keywords: Metal magnetic memory, early fatigue damage, crack initiation and propagation, signal characteristics

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-141767

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 143-154, 2014

Authors: Arungalai Vendan, S. | Thangadurai, V. | Vasudevan, A. | Senthil Kumar, A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The arc in MIAB welding process follow two paths of motion, one along the circumference and other comprising the zigzag motion when commuting between outer diameter and inner diameter. The moving arc dissipates necessary heat such that the butt ends reach solidification followed by forging. In this study, a pivotal attempt is made to investigate the temperature distribution during the movement of arc along and across the faying surfaces using finite element method.

Keywords: Arc, MIAB, temperature, magnetic, faying

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-141768

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 155-163, 2014

Authors: Jiang, Xuezheng | Wang, Jiong | Li, Yancheng | Li, Jianchun

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents the design and evaluation of a novel permanent magnet (PM) energy harvesting system for scavenging electrical energy from ambient vibrations. A two-phase tubular linear PM vibration energy harvester consisting of a mover attached with permanent magnets and a slotted stator with built-in two-phase electromagnetic coils is proposed to convert vibrational kinetic energy into electrical energy. Aiming at maximizing the efficiency of vibration-to-electrical energy conversion under designated vibration and limited …space requirement, a systematic research, including innovative device design, theoretical modelling and analysis, and finite element evaluation on the PM vibration energy harvester will be presented in this paper. In addition, the methodology of winding the two-phase coils in slotted stator is explicated in order to fully utilize the harvested electrical energy. A two-phase rectifier circuit is developed to convert the alternative voltage generated by the PM harvester into DC voltage that can be used directly by the external resistive load. Simulation results indicate that the proposed linear PM vibration energy harvesting system is able to generate about 100 watt DC electrical power under the vibration with the velocity of 0.4 m/s and the output electrical power is proportional to the levels of vibration excitations. Show more

Keywords: Energy harvesting, vibration, electromagnetic, magnetic circuit, theoretical model

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-141769

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 165-183, 2014

Authors: Li, Xi | Zheng, Xian-Bao | Yang, Lin | Wang, Shi-Wei

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A novel design of low profile circularly polarized antenna with performances of high gain and broad bandwidths is presented in this paper. Through the method of connecting the radiating patch to the ground plane by the metal wall, the peak gain of the antenna can be achieved as high as 11.8 dBi. Furthermore, In order to improve the axial ratio (AR) and impedance bandwidths, broadband 90° phase-shifter is introduced as feeding network. Annular-ring structure acts as …radiating patch instead of circular patch can further improve the AR bandwidths. The measured results show that the antenna possess an impedance (VSWR ⩽ 2) bandwidths of 23.3% ranging from 1.87 GHz to 2.36 GHz, and right-handed circular polarized (RHCP) axial ratio (AR ⩽ 3dB) bandwidths of 24.3% ranging from 1.84 GHz to 2.35 GHz relative to the center frequency of 2.1 GHz, which agree well with simulated results. Show more

Keywords: Circularly polarized antenna, high gain, wideband

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-141770

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 185-193, 2014

Authors: Pommier-Budinger, Valerie | Budinger, Marc

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article shows an efficient method with a high industrial applicability to design piezoelectric smart structures for dynamic applications. This method allows sizing structures with requirements of dynamic displacements. The first step of this method consists in extracting dynamic reduced models from Finite Element simulations which will enable us to obtain a model for any structure, whatever its complexity, as opposed to analytical modeling methods. These models are computed for a set of design parameters. …Then a meta-model, which is a simplified descriptive model of other models, is computed as a surface response model that expresses the design objectives and constraints as a function of the design variables. The combination of the results stemming from the meta-model allows working out the optimal values of the design parameters. The main advantage of the proposed method is to enable the quick design exploration of structures. As an example, the method is applied to a flexible structure whose dynamic displacements need to be controlled in bending and twisting. The theoretical results are validated in the end by experiments. Show more

Keywords: Sizing, meta-model, dynamic reduced model, finite element, piezoelectric smart structures

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-141771

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 195-206, 2014

Authors: Gong, Fei | Li, Xin | Weng, Chun-Sheng

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Three-dimensional (3-D) numerical simulations have been carried out taking into account the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) effect of the railgun plasma armature. The 3-D space-time conservation element and solution element (CE/SE) method is derived for solving the coupled Navier-Stokes equations and Maxwell equations. The results show that a steeper gradient of the magnetic field and pressure that appears along the direction of the rail can be observed. The temperature distribution is affected by the boundary conditions for the …radiative heat flux, with the maximum temperature appearing in the center near the base of the projectile. Circulation patterns of velocity that are evident in both the rail-to-rail plane and the insulator-to-insulator plane result from the convection and unbalanced force between the Lorentz force and pressure gradient. The periodical variation of the temperature and acceleration is obvious until a new steady state is achieved. This model can efficiently evaluate the dynamics of the plasma motion, and provide a basis on understanding the much more complex physical phenomena. Show more

Keywords: Railgun, plasma armature, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), CE/SE method, numerical simulation

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-141772

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 207-216, 2014

Authors: Cui, Junguo | Xiao, Wensheng | Wang, Longhua | Feng, Hao | Zhao, Jianbo | Wang, Hongyan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Efficiency and torque ripple are usually especially concerned during the working process of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The loss and cogging torque generated during the working process of PMSM are analyzed. A low-speed surface-mounted PMSM used for direct-drive pumping unit is optimized. For increasing efficiency and reducing cogging torque, Taguchi's method is employed and height of stator yoke, width of stator tooth, thickness of permanent magnet, and air-gap length are selected as the variables. The …orthogonal experiment is conducted with FEM. The mean of the results and the two-order interaction effects between the selected variables are analyzed, then the best optimization combination is determined by the analysis of variance. The results show that Taguchi's method is an efficient and effective approach, which is finally proved by the prototype test. Show more

Keywords: Low-speed surface-mounted PMSM, loss, cogging torque, Taguchi's method, interaction effect

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-141773

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 217-228, 2014

Authors: Li, Zheng | Zhang, Yue | Wang, Xinxin | Wang, Caisheng | Yan, Caihong

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents the design and analysis of electromagnetic field distribution and torque characteristics of a novel three degrees of freedom deflection type permanent magnet actuator based on 3D finite element method and comparison analysis. The spatial magnetic field model, torque calculation model and 3D finite element application are presented and developed. Based on the calculation results, some important structure parameters' effects on the electromagnetic field and torque characteristics are discussed in detail with …improved design schemes. The results provide the primary theoretical guide for the configuration design, optimization and control research of three degrees of freedom deflection type actuators. Show more

Keywords: M-DOF actuator, deflection type, modeling, electromagnetic analysis

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-141774

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 229-242, 2014

Authors: Deng, Licheng | Wen, Zhiyu | Zhao, Xingqiang

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Piezoelectric vibration energy harvester as an autonomous power source for various types of sensors, actuators and MEMS devices has been investigated over the last decade. Traditional MEMS-based PZT single beam vibration energy harvester has low voltage output (usually less than 1~V) which cause rectifier circuit to consume most of power or turn off in practical applications. In this paper, to improve the voltage output as well as ensure high power output of the MEMS-based PZT vibration …energy harvester, a PZT beam array configuration is proposed. Based on Hamilton's principle and Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, mathematical model for the proposed vibration energy harvester is established, and then the model is verified through finite element model implemented by program ANSYS. Both mathematical model and ANSYS simulation show that the voltage output of the proposed vibration energy harvester is 5 times of the traditional vibration energy harvester and the mathematical model also show that the power output of the proposed vibration energy harvester is the same as the traditional vibration energy harvester. From the mathematical model, the voltage output of the proposed vibration energy harvester increase linearly with the total number of the beams. Show more

Keywords: Vibration energy harvester, PZT, beam array, MEMS

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-141775

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 243-253, 2014

Authors: Bekinal, Siddappa Iranna | rao Anil, Tumkur Ramakrishna | Jana, Soumendu

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents a simple mathematical model to determine the three dimensional (3D) magnetic field components in Permanent Magnet (PM) bearings made of ring magnets with axial, radial and perpendicular polarizations. MATLAB codes are written to evaluate the magnetic field components using Coulombian model and simple vector approach. In addition, the effect of axial, radial and angular displacements (five degrees of freedom) of the rotor magnet ring on the magnetic field created by the ring magnets …in PM bearings is presented. Finally, the effect of movement of the outer ring magnet on the magnetic field created by two rings in the air gap is discussed. Show more

Keywords: Angular displacement, Coulombian model, magnetic field components, vector approach, permanent magnet

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-141776

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 255-269, 2014

Authors: Su, Hao | Chen, Ming

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Tension tests were conducted on 45# steel to investigate metal magnetic memory in stress concentration areas. The normal and tangential components of metal magnetic memory signals at seven test points in each specimen were simultaneously measured with probe lift-off values of 1 mm, 3 mm, and 5 mm. Axial tensile load was applied until visible necking occurred, and magnetic flux density was compared with the fracture location predicted according to Doubov's theory. Experimental results showed that …the final fracture locations were inconsistent with the locations predicted by metal magnetic memory testing theory. A theoretical analysis of the determination criterion in Doubov's theory also revealed that no perfect correlation between the two areas existed. Show more

Keywords: Metal, magnetic, memory, stress, concentration, tension, test

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-141777

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 271-280, 2014

Authors: Nouicer, Abdelmadjid

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents a new approach for incorporating the thermal effect on the magnetic hysteresis of the 3F3 material. The proposed algorithm is based on the knowledge of the magnetic flux density spectrum for some temperatures. So, a feed-forward neural network is trained to learn the relation between the rank of harmonics, the temperature and the amplitude of each harmonic. To construct the hysteresis loop for a new value of the temperature, the neural network predicts …the spectrum of the magnetic flux density B which is transformed back to the time domain. Show more

Keywords: Discrete fourier transform (DFT), ferrite 3f3 material, magnetic hysteresis, neural networks, thermal behaviour

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-141778

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 281-286, 2014

Authors: Cheng, Yuhua | Shu, Yaming

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The mutual inductance between the transmitted and received coils is an important parameter in the inductively coupled wireless power transmission system. The relative position between the linked coils may be arbitrary according to the applications. In this paper the analytical calculation of the mutual inductance between two arbitrarily positioned rectangular filaments is proposed based on a more general expression of mutual inductance calculation of two arbitrarily positioned straight filaments than Grover's. The calculation …results are validated by using the finite element simulation tools. The previous published approximation methods for square coils in the coaxial, lateral misalignment or angular misalignment situations are verified that they are accurate when the two coils' relative distances are large. Show more

Keywords: Mutual inductance, rectangular filament, arbitrary position

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-141779

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 287-298, 2014

Authors: Zhou, Rougang | Zhou, Yunfei | Liu, Guangdou | Lu, Jianyin | Cheng, Xin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Magnetically levitated planar actuators can simplify the planar motion mechanism and thus realize high-speed and high-accuracy motion. The accuracy in the shape of coil, a core part of magnetically levitated planar actuator, is crucial to the performance of actuator. Although the foil-wound coil has high forming precision, the strong eddy current generated in the motion of actuator may pose great interference to magnetic levitation and deteriorate system stability. Based on a thorough analysis of the eddy …current and eddy-current force of foil-wound coils in the magnetically levitated planar motion, the paper proposes the calculation model for disturbing eddy force. Results from the simulation show that the model has a relatively high accuracy. It is also indicated that further predictive compensation for the eddy force in the control of precise magnetically levitated actuators can increase the kinematic accuracy and stability of magnetically levitated planar motion system. Show more

Keywords: Magnetic levitated planar actuators, foil-wound coil, eddy-current, eddy current force, halbach permanent magnet array

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-141780

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 299-312, 2014

Authors: Sun, Tongsheng

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In order to improve energy conversion efficiency of asphalt mixture during microwave heating, key characteristic parameters are researched. Attenuation law of electric field intensity and dielectric loss in asphalt mixture are discussed and conversion model between thermal field and electric field is built. Results show that: (1) electric field intensity attenuates with the increase of the measuring depth of microwave, and the utilization rate of electromagnetic energy increases with attenuation constant; (2) electric field …intensity also attenuates with the increase of dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss tangent of asphalt mixture; (3) temperature of asphalt mixture can be significantly improved by enhancing intensity of internal heat source. The findings can provide the theoretical basis for selection of asphalt pavement material, establishment of microwave recycling theory and design of microwave heating equipments. Show more

Keywords: Asphalt mixture, microwave heating, dielectric loss, electric field intensity, dielectric permittivity

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-141968

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 313-323, 2014