Work - Volume 41, issue Supplement 1

Authors: Zamberlan, M | Santos, V | Streit, P | Oliveira, J | Cury, R | Negri, T | Pastura, F | Guimarães, C | Cid, G

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper will present the workflow developed for the application of serious games in the design of complex cooperative work settings. The project was based on ergonomic studies and development of a control room among participative design process. Our main concerns were the 3D human virtual representation acquired from 3D scanning, human interaction, workspace layout and equipment designed considering ergonomics standards. Using Unity3D platform to design the virtual environment, the virtual human model can be controlled by users on dynamic scenario in order to evaluate the new work settings and simulate work activities. The results obtained showed that this virtual …technology can drastically change the design process by improving the level of interaction between final users and, managers and human factors team. Show more

Keywords: digital human model, simulation, virtual environment, motion capture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0446-2243

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2243-2247, 2012

Authors: Hanson, L. | Högberg, D. | Söderholm, M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Several digital human modelling (DHM) tools have been developed for simulation and visualisation of human postures and motions. In 2010 the DHM tool IMMA (Intelligently Moving Manikins) was introduced as a DHM tool that uses advanced path planning techniques to generate collision free and biomechanically acceptable motions for digital human models (as well as parts) in complex assembly situations. The aim of the paper is to illustrate how the IPS/IMMA tool is used at Scania CV AB in a digital test assembly process, and to compare the tool with other DHM tools on the market. The illustrated case of using …the IMMA tool, here combined with the path planner tool IPS, indicates that the tool is promising. The major strengths of the tool are its user friendly interface, the motion generation algorithms, the batch simulation of manikins and the ergonomics assessment methods that consider time. Show more

Keywords: digital human modelling, anthropometrics, ergonomics assessment, vehicle manufacturing

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0447-2248

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2248-2252, 2012

Authors: Zülch, Gert

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In 2008 the Association of German Engineers (VDI) published the first part of the VDI 4499 guideline for methods and tools for the digital factory. Part 1 of this guideline deals with the fundamentals of the system and will be expanded by the addition of further parts on specific topics within the digital factory. Soon to be published is Part 4 which covers human models as tools of the digital factory. It describes the state of the art of current digital human models with regards to the methods and procedures implemented in German speaking countries. The structure of this part …of the guideline is based on the different sections of engineering mechanics and outlines the opportunities for ergonomic assessments and the evaluation of work systems. During the writing of the guideline, the restrictions of the existing procedures also became evident thus showing the requirement for further development of such procedures. This is illustrated in this paper using examples from commercial software systems. Show more

Keywords: human modelling, digital factory, ergonomic evaluation, anthropometry, prospective work design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0448-2253

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2253-2259, 2012

Authors: Guenzkofer, Fabian | Bubb, Heiner | Bengler, Klaus

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Most strength tests are restricted to measuring joint torques only in main directions like flexion or pronation. However, for an advanced strength prediction model, information about maximum possible joint torques in intermediate directions also has to be known. This paper concentrates on obtaining functions for maximum joint torques in arbitrary directions in the elbow. Therefore, isometric joint torque measurements have been conducted with 20 young males applying joint torques in eight different directions in one posture (90 degrees elbow flexion, 0 degrees shoulder flexion, neutral forearm rotation). It turns out that the appearance of the resulting shape can be best …predicted using ellipse segments. Furthermore, a standardized ellipse could be obtained for the measurement posture. This helps to predict maximum joint torques in any other direction by knowing only one of the main joint torques. Show more

Keywords: digital human model, joint torque, biomechanics, elbow, strength

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0449-2260

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2260-2267, 2012

Authors: Verhaert, Vincent | Druyts, Hans | Van Deun, Dorien | De Wilde, Tom | Van Brussel, Karel | Haex, Bart | Sloten, Jos Vander

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The sleep system (i.e. the combination of mattress and bed base) is an important factor of the sleep environment since it allows physical recuperation during sleep by providing proper body support. However, various factors influence the interaction between the human body and the sleep system. Contributing factors include body dimensions, distribution of body weight and stiffness of the sleep system across the mattress surface. During the past decade, the rise of several new bedding technologies has made it increasingly difficult for the consumer to select a proper sleep system. Therefore, this study presents a method to model human-bed interaction in …order to objectively predict the ideal sleep system for a particular individual. The proposed method combines a personalized anthropometric model with standardized load-deflection characteristics of mattress and bed base. Results for lateral sleep positions show a root mean square deviation of 11.9 ± 6.1 mm between modeled spine shapes and validation shapes, derived from 3D surface scans of the back surface. The method showed to be a reliable tool to individually identify the sleep system providing superior support from a variety of possible mattress–bed base combinations. Show more

Keywords: ergonomic design criteria, sleep system optimization, personalized body support, mechanical bed characteristics, bed support

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0450-2268

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2268-2273, 2012

Authors: Jiang, Hong | Karwowski, Waldemar | Ahram, Tareq Z.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) has gained wide attention over the past few years. ABMS is a powerful simulation modeling technique that has a number of applications, including applications to real-world business problems [1]. This modeling technique has been used by scientists to analyze complex system-level behavior by simulating the system from the bottom up. The major application of ABMS includes social, political, biology, and economic sciences. This paper provides an overview of ABMS applications with the emphasis on modeling human socio-cultural behavior (HSCB).

Keywords: Agent-based modeling, Human Socio-cultural Behavior, simulation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0650-2274

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2274-2278, 2012

Authors: Santos, V | Zamberlan, M | Streit, P | Oliveira, J | Guimarães, C | Pastura, F | Cid, G

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim in this paper is to present a research on the application of serious games for the design of laboratories in the oil and gas industries. The focus is in human virtual representation acquired from 3D scanning, human interaction, workspace layout and equipment designed considering ergonomics standards. The laboratory studies were simulated in Unity3D platform, which allows the users to control the DHM1 on the dynamic virtual scenario, in order to simulate work activities. This methodology can change the design process by improving the level of interaction between final users, managers and human factor teams. That helps to …better visualize future work settings and improve the level of participation between all stakeholders. Show more

Keywords: digital human model, simulation, virtual environment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0451-2279

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2279-2283, 2012

Authors: Gopher, Daniel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Multimodal, immersive, virtual reality (VR) techniques open new perspectives for perceptual-motor skill trainers. They also introduce new risks and dangers. This paper describes the benefits and pitfalls of multimodal training and the cognitive building blocks of a multimodal, VR training simulators.

Keywords: Virtual reality, multimodal training, skill acquisition, perceptual motor skills, virtual reality training

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0452-2284

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2284-2287, 2012

Authors: Zhang, L. | Grosdemouge, C. | Arikatla, V. S. | Ahn, W. | Sankaranarayanan, G. | De, S. | Jones, D. | Schwaitzberg, S. | Cao, C.G.L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Laparoscopic surgery requires more specialized training of the surgeons than traditional open surgery. The Virtual Basic Laparoscopic Surgical Trainer (VBLaST) is being developed as a virtual version of the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Skills (FLS) trainer. This study assessed the current haptic and virtual reality (VR) technology of a virtual peg transfer task of the VBLaST, based on the subjective preference of surgeons and their objective task performance measures. Twenty-one surgical residents, fellows and attendings performed a peg-transfer task in the FLS and the VBLaST. Each subject performed 10 trials on each simulator. Results showed that subjects performed significantly better on …the FLS than on the VBLaST. Subjects showed a significant learning effect on both simulators, but with an accelerated improvement on the VBLaST. Even so, 81% of the subjects preferred the FLS over the VBLaST for surgical training which could be attributed to the novelty of the VR technology and existing deficiencies of the haptic interface. Despite the subjective preference for the physical simulator, the performance results indicate an added value of VR and haptics in surgical training, which is expected to be demonstrated in more surgically relevant tasks such as suturing and knot-tying. Show more

Keywords: surgical training, virtual reality (VR), virtual basic laparoscopic surgical trainer (VBLaST), fundamentals of laparoscopic skills (FLS), force feedback

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0453-2288

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2288-2292, 2012

Authors: Vanwonterghem, Kamiel | Yoopat, Pongjan | Maes, Christophe

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Musculoskeletal disorders are still a major problem in daily occupational life. Despite the high incidence rates and important consequences for employees, employers and society, efficient preventive strategies seem to fail in efficiency. The reason may be found in approaching the issue via the classic post-factum analysis. The preventive measures are almost not implemented because of the low predictability to be injured which affects the awareness of the problem and the low identification with the improvement proposals. MSD belong to the cumulative diseases which require and anticipating strategy based on early detection of pre-indicating symptoms.

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, cumulative trauma disorders, anticipative prevention

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0454-2293

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2293-2298, 2012

Authors: Verbeek, Jos H. | Martimo, Kari-Pekka | Kuijer, P. Paul F.M. | Karppinen, Jaro | Viikari-Juntura, Eira | Takala, Esa-Pekka

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Training and provision of assistive devices are considered major interventions to prevent and treat low back pain (LBP) among workers exposed to manual material handling (MMH). To establish the effectiveness of training and provision of assistive devices in preventing and treating LBP an update of a Cochrane literature review was performed to November 2010. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies with a concurrent control group (CCTs) were included. Nine RCTs (20.101 employees) and nine CCTs (1280 employees) were included for prevention: six more than in the previous version. No study on treatment was found. None of the included RCTs …and CCTs provided evidence that training and provision of assistive devices prevented LBP when compared to no intervention or another intervention. Show more

Keywords: prevention, musculoskeletal, lifting, carrying, training

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0455-2299

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2299-2301, 2012

Authors: Mathiassen, Svend Erik | Liv, Per | Wahlström, Jens

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In ergonomics, assessing the working postures of an individual by observation is a very common practice. The present study investigated whether monetary resources devoted to an observational study should preferably be invested in collecting many video recordings of the work, or in having several observers estimate postures from available videos multiple times. On the basis of a data set of observed working postures among hairdressers, necessary information in terms of posture variability, observer variability, and costs for recording and observing videos was entered into equations providing the total cost of data collection and the precision (informative value) of the resulting …estimates of two variables: percentages time with the arm elevated <15 degrees and >90 degrees. In all 160 data collection strategies, differing with respect to the number of video recordings and the number of repeated observations of each recording, were simulated and compared for cost and precision. For both posture variables, the most cost-efficient strategy for a given budget was to engage 4 observers to look at available video recordings, rather than to have one observer look at more recordings. Since the latter strategy is the more common in ergonomics practice, we recommend reconsidering standard practice in observational posture assessment. Show more

Keywords: resource consumption, mean exposure, risk assessment, posture observation, efficiency

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0456-2302

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2302-2306, 2012

Authors: Jackson, Jennie | Mathiassen, Svend Erik

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Normalization of surface electromyography (EMG) is a common and recommended practice, however this methodological step itself introduces variability to a data set. Quantification of this variance is necessary to correctly interpret overall EMG variability. This information is also paramount to identifying experimentally and clinically relevant normalization task(s) which minimize induced variance yet are time-efficient. Purpose: The goal of this study was to quantify the within-day variance of two commonly reported, sub-maximal tasks utilised for low back EMG normalization: one collected with a high degree of meticulousness, and the other collected in a more rapid manner. Results: Only minimal differences …were seen between tasks in the magnitude of within-day variance for EMG amplitude at all recording sites, save the right-side L5 location, which showed a significant difference (p=0.020). For trunk posture, within-day variance for the highly meticulous tasks was significantly higher than for the less-meticulous task (p=0.011). Conclusion: A less meticulous sub-maximal normalization task performed in a standing position was equal or superior to a more meticulously collected task in terms of kinematic task repeatability and within-day EMG variance. These findings are encouraging for field study applications where meticulous methods are not feasible, and provide a time saving strategy for lab studies. Show more

Keywords: variance components, electromyography, work related musculoskeletal disorders, exposure assessment, submaximal

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0457-2307

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2307-2314, 2012

Authors: Driessen, Maurice | Bosmans, Judith | Proper, Karin | Anema, Johannes | Bongers, Paulien | Van der Beek, Allard

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study was an economic evaluation conducted alongside a cluster randomised controlled trial with a follow-up of 12 months. The aim was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of the Stay@Work Participatory Ergonomics programme (PE) compared to a control group (no PE). In total, 37 departments (n=3047 workers) were randomised into either the intervention (PE) or control group (no PE). During a meeting, working groups followed the steps of PE, and composed and prioritised ergonomic measures aimed to prevent low back pain (LBP) and neck pain (NP). Working groups had to implement the ergonomic measures within three months in their …department. Cost data included those directly related to LBP and NP. Cost-effectiveness analyses (CEA) and cost-benefit analyses (CBA) were performed. After 12 months, health care costs and costs of productivity losses were higher in the intervention group than in the control group (the mean total cost difference was $/euro$127; 95% CI $/euro$-164 – $/euro$418). From a societal perspective, the CEA showed that PE was not cost-effective compared to control for LBP and NP prevalence, work performance, and sick leave. The CBA from a company perspective showed a monetary loss of $/euro$78 per worker. The PE programme was neither cost-effective nor cost-beneficial on any of the effect measures. Show more

Keywords: economic evaluation, cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit, musculoskeletal pain, participatory ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0458-2315

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2315-2320, 2012

Authors: BräNnmark, Mikael | Håkansson, Malin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper aimed at summarizing the knowledge of the relationship between Lean and work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD), and WMSD risk factors, in manufacturing companies. Literature search processes identified 23 publications studying this, in scientific journals. Eight included measurements of WMSD; three were mostly negative, two showed mixed results, one showed no results and two were mostly positive. Eighteen publications included measurements of WMSD risk factors; seven showed mostly negative results, eight snowed mixed results, two showed mostly positive results and one was inconclusive. Three literature reviews were identified, which studied this question; two were mostly negative, while the third …was inconclusive. Also, 12 publications of grey literature studying Lean and WMSD risk factors in Swedish organizations were identified; nine showed mixed results, two showed mostly positive results and one showed mostly negative results. Due to the varying quality and study design of the publications, together with the few identified studies, it is difficult to compare them. The context and the implementation also likely affect the results. The general conclusion was that a Lean implementation may increase the risk of WMSD and risk factors for WMSD, if it is not accompanied with an ergonomic intervention. Show more

Keywords: WMSD, working conditions, manufacturing

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0459-2321

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2321-2328, 2012

Authors: Di Benedetto, Raffaele | Fanti, Michele

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper wants to present an integrated approach to Line Balancing and Risk Assessment and a Software Tool named ErgoAnalysis that makes it easy to control the whole production process and produces a Risk Index for the actual work tasks in an Assembly Line. Assembly Line Balancing, or simply Line Balancing, is the problem of assigning operations to workstations along an assembly line, in such a way that the assignment be optimal in some sense. Assembly lines are characterized by production constraints and restrictions due to several aspects such as the nature of the product and the flow of orders. …To be able to respond effectively to the needs of production, companies need to frequently change the workload and production models. Each manufacturing process might be quite different from another. To optimize very specific operations, assembly line balancing might utilize a number of methods and the Engineer must consider ergonomic constraints, in order to reduce the risk of WMDSs. Risk Assessment may result very expensive because the Engineer must evaluate it at every change. ErgoAnalysis can reduce cost and improve effectiveness in Risk Assessment during the Line Balancing. Show more

Keywords: assembly lines, line balancing, ergonomics, OCRA index, risk assessment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0460-2329

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2329-2333, 2012

Authors: Aghazadeh, Fereydoun | Qaisi, Saif Al | Hutchinson, Francis | Ikuma, Laura

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Injuries due to manual valve handwheel operations are a major concern in the chemical process industry. Manual valves are used to start, stop, and control flow in process lines. The torque required to operate handwheels after the initial “breaking” can vary due to the size, design, and condition of the valve. This study tested four methods of turning the handwheel on a medium-sized gate valve at two different torque requirements (25 Nm and 50 Nm). The methods were compared to each other, in terms of efficiency, subjective ratings of perceived exertion, and electromyography activity of the upper extremity and trunk …muscles. The results indicate that different methods and torque requirements are compensated for by the use of different muscles. Also, this use of different muscles, along with the increased mechanical advantage of the wrench, can affect the operator’s actual and perceived comfort and efficiency while operating a valve handwheel. Show more

Keywords: valve operation, handwheels, EMG, torque, MSDs

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0461-2334

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2334-2340, 2012

Authors: Barros Oliveira, Paulo Antonio | Scopel, Juliana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate muscular strain in the upper limbs of workers in a freeze-processing plant for poultry by developing a tool for quantitative analysis, yielding a final score, which can provide diagnostic support in legal proceedings. Methods: The Strain index proposed by Moore & Garg was used to quantify biomechanical aspects of muscular strain, evaluating the intensity and duration of effort, frequency of movement, position of wrist and hand, speed of activity and duration of the task per shift. The index was applied in three critical work-areas in a freezeprocessing plant for poultry where the activities of nine workers were …analyzed. Results: Absenteeism caused by osteomuscular lesions and mental-health problems reaches 20%. The three work-areas studied are those where the birds’ throats are cut, where they are suspended on a conveyor-belt and, where they are wrapped. These areas were chosen because they have the highest rates of absenteeism and rotation of workers. The findings identified final scores between 12 and 27, when 7 or more means the maximum risk. Conclusion: Defensive strategies developed by workers can reduce biomechanical problems arising from high throughput rates, but are not enough by themselves to allow production to proceed without the occurrence of osteomuscular problems. Show more

Keywords: biomechanics, cumulative trauma disorders, ergonomics, work in freeze-processing plants

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0462-2341

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2341-2348, 2012

Authors: de cassia Clark Teodoroski, Rita | Koppe, Vanessa Mazzocchi | Merino, Eugênio Andrés Díaz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: To cut a fabric, the professional performs different jobs and among them stands out the cut. The scissors has been the instrument most used for this activity. Over the years, technology has been conquering its space in the textile industry. However, despite the industrial automation able to offer subsidies to answer employment market demands, without appropriate orientation, the worker is exposed to the risks inherent at the job. Ergonomics is a science that search to promote the comfort and well being in consonance with efficacy. Its goals are properly well defined and clearly guide the actions aimed at transforming the …working conditions. This study aimed to analyze the activity of cut tissues with a machine by a seamstress and the implications on their body posture. The methodology used was the observation technique and application of the Protocol RULA, where the result obtained was the level 3 and score 5, confirming that "investigations and changes are required soon". Conclude that using the machine to tissue cut should be encouraged, but in conjunction with orientations for improving posture while handling it. It seeks to prevent dysfunction of the musculoskeletal system that prevents employees from performing their work tasks efficiently and productively. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, technology, RULA protocol, musculoskeletal disorders

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0463-2349

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2349-2354, 2012

Authors: Ellegast, Rolf | Weber, Britta | Mahlberg, Rena

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Physical inactivity and prolonged static work tasks may seriously affect health. There are numerous indications that promoting physical activity (PA) at sedentary workplaces can reduce these health risks. However, PA interventions have so far been documented rarely on the basis of medical parameters. Effects on the PA behavior are often studied only through the methods of subjective self-assessment. For this reason an extensive method inventory was developed consisting of objective PA assessment methods and various methods for documenting PA related health outcomes. The developed method inventory has been tested in a pilot intervention study at office workplaces. The current paper …presents and discusses a part of the applied inventory. The methods considered here demonstrated several positive intervention effects: intervention subjects were more active, felt better, increased muscle strength and showed improvements in resting heart rate and BMI. Not all data has been analyzed to date, but the preliminary results suggest that most of the investigated methods turned out to be suitable for the documentation of intervention effects. Among the methods for which no effects were found, the question remains whether this is due to a lack of sensitivity of the method or due to aspects related to the study design. Show more

Keywords: VDU workplaces, intervention study, measurement, physical activity, health outcomes

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0464-2355

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2355-2359, 2012

Authors: Chang, Chien-Chi | Xu, Xu | Faber, Gert S. | Kingma, Idsart | Dennerlein, Jack

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study investigates the effects of the number of interpolation points on the prediction accuracy of segment angle trajectory during lifting. Ten participants performed various lifting tasks while a motion tracking system recorded their movements. Two-point through ten-point equal time-spaced segment angles extracted from major segment trajectory data captured by the motion tracking system were used to re-generate the whole body lifting motion by using polynomial and cubic spline interpolation methods. The root mean square error (RMSE) between the reference (motion tracking system) and the estimated (interpolation method) segment angle trajectories were calculated to quantify the prediction accuracy. The results …showed that the cubic spline interpolation will yield a smaller RMSE value than one based on the polynomial interpolation. While increasing the number of interpolation points can reduce the RMSE of the estimated segment angle trajectories, there was a diminishing advantage in continuing to add interpolation points. A sensitivity analysis suggests that if the estimation of the segment angles at each interpolation point deviates considerably from the real value, and cannot be controlled at a low level (<10 (), the use of higher number of interpolation points will not improve the estimation accuracy. Show more

Keywords: simulation, joint trajectory, posture coding

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0465-2360

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2360-2363, 2012

Authors: Gutiérrez, Manuel | Monzó, Jorge

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the association between prevalence of low back disorders in female workers and biomechanical demands of compressive and shear forces at the lumbar spine. A descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational study was carried out in 11 groups of female workers in the Province of Concepción. An interview was performed to investigate the prevalence of low back pain. To estimate biomechanical demands on the lumbar spine, it was used the 3DSSPP software. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the prevalence of low back disorders and peak compression force at the lumbar spine was r = (p<0.005). …The Spearman correlation coefficient between the prevalence of low back disorders and peak shear force was r = 0.9 (p <0.005). To protect 90% of female workers studied, the limits of compression and shear forces should be at 2.8 kN and 0.3 kN, respectively. These values differ from the recommendations currently used, 3.4 kN for peak compression force and 0.5 kN for peak shear force. Show more

Keywords: low back pain, women, handling load, compression force, shear force

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0466-2364

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2364-2369, 2012

Authors: Ganga, G.M.D. | Esposto, K.F. | Braatz, D.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The occupational exposure limits of different risk factors for development of low back disorders (LBDs) have not yet been established. One of the main problems in setting such guidelines is the limited understanding of how different risk factors for LBDs interact in causing injury, since the nature and mechanism of these disorders are relatively unknown phenomena. Industrial ergonomists’ role becomes further complicated because the potential risk factors that may contribute towards the onset of LBDs interact in a complex manner, which makes it difficult to discriminate in detail among the jobs that place workers at high or low risk of …LBDs. The purpose of this paper was to develop a comparative study between predictions based on the neural network-based model proposed by Zurada, Karwowski & Marras (1997) and a linear discriminant analysis model, for making predictions about industrial jobs according to their potential risk of low back disorders due to workplace design. The results obtained through applying the discriminant analysis-based model proved that it is as effective as the neural network-based model. Moreover, the discriminant analysis-based model proved to be more advantageous regarding cost and time savings for future data gathering. Show more

Keywords: lifting task assessment, statistical analysis, musculoskeletal injuries

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0467-2370

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2370-2376, 2012

Authors: Bruno Garza, J.L. | Eijckelhof, B.H.W. | Johnson, P.W. | Raina, S.M. | Rynell, P. | Huysmans, M.A. | van Dieën, J.H. | van der Beek, A.J. | Blatter, B.M. | Dennerlein, J.T.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The present study, a part of the PROOF (PRedicting Occupational biomechanics in OFfice workers) study, aimed to determine whether trapezius muscle effort was different across computer activities in a field study of computer workers, and also investigated whether head and shoulder postures were different across computer activities. One hundred twenty participants were measured continuously for two hours each while performing their own computer work. Keyboard activities were associated with the highest intensity of left and right trapezius muscle efforts, and mouse activities were associated with the smallest variability in left and right trapezius muscle efforts. Corresponding trends in head and …shoulder postures included that the greatest head flexion and left and right shoulder internal rotation was observed during keyboard activities, and that the smallest variability in head flexion, head lateral tilt, and right shoulder internal rotation was observed during mouse activities. Identifying which muscle efforts and postures are different across computer activities is the first essential step for developing prediction rules for muscle efforts and postures, which can be used to link muscle efforts and postures to musculoskeletal symptoms in epidemiological studies. Show more

Keywords: office work, exposure assessment, upper extremity, task, trapezius

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0468-2377

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2377-2380, 2012

Authors: Ulrey, Brent L. | Fathallah, Fadi A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Adoption of the stooped posture in the workplace is widespread throughout the world in agriculture, construction, and mining. This type of posture has been established as a risk factor for developing low back disorders (LBDs). The purpose of this study is to evaluate a personal weight transfer device as a possible intervention to reduce the load on the lumbar spine, thereby reducing the risk of developing LBDs. Eighteen healthy subjects performed stooped posture tasks in a laboratory study designed to simulate harvesting of low-growing crops. Results showed that when wearing the device in the static stooped posture, biceps femoris activity …was reduced by 17%, lumbar flexion was reduced by 12%, ankle plantar-flexion increased by 5%, and the lumbar erector spinae of those subjects who did not experience flexion-relaxation of the erector spinae was reduced by 26%. Hip and knee flexion were not significantly altered. Therefore, the device may be beneficial for those with existing LBDs, and who use the stooped posture routinely. Show more

Keywords: weight transfer device, ergonomic intervention, electromyography

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0469-2381

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2381-2383, 2012

Authors: Johannaber, Kenneth | Fathallah, Fadi A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Stooped work has been shown to be associated with the development of low back disorders, particularly those that affect the spinal intervertebral discs. Although several studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of physical factors on disc health, little research has focused on the effect of prolonged stooped work on disc hydration- a critical component of disc health. The purpose of this study is to explore the connection between stooped work and low back pain through controlled mechanical loading and quantitative analysis of disc hydration during in vitro simulated stooped and erect loading conditions of porcine discs. The results …showed that stooped postures exhibit significantly decreased overall water content relative to erect postures. Since as disc hydration forms the foundation for overall disc health and proper function, these results have implications for the injury mechanisms associated with stooped work. Show more

Keywords: Low back disorders, biomechanics, back pain

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0470-2384

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2384-2386, 2012

Authors: Samani, A. | Kawczyński, A. | Chmura, J. | Madeleine, P.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Eleven healthy volunteers took part in three sessions where computer work was performed for 10 min in each session. The recordings were made on two consecutive days. After the first session, the subjects underwent a series of high intensity eccentric exercises of shoulder elevation to induce muscle soreness. The second session was performed immediately after the exercises and third session 24 hours after the exercise. Surface electromyography (EMG) of descending and ascending trapezius, deltoideus anterior and serratus anterior was recorded. Exposure variation analysis (EVA) centroid and marginal distribution was computed. Principle component analysis (PCA) was performed on both cases. Describing …more than 80% of variance, first eight components for EVA marginal distributions and first four ones for EVA centroid were picked to be investigated. The sole EVA amplitude levels played a practically significant role to describe the variation in EVA marginal distribution. However, a significant pattern of load redistribution to superficial muscles was not found. This may suggest investigating the role of deep muscles in redistribution of load during computer work in response to high level eccentric contractions. Show more

Keywords: eccentric exercises, spatial reorganization, fatigue

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0471-2387

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2387-2391, 2012

Authors: Riley, Michael W. | Hung, Yu-Ting | Wang, Mao-Jiun | Lin, Yueh-Ling | Blunk, Jessica C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Psychosocial factors, individual factors, workplace requirements, and workplace organizational factors have all been reported as being associated with the risk of musculoskeletal disorders [11]. Huang, Feuerstein, and Sauter [5] described the various concepts and models proposed to link occupational stress and work-related upper extremity disorders, as well as the difficulty in verifying the suggested linkages. Huang et al. [5] suggested that decomposing a complex model would be an appropriate method to begin the investigations of the proposed models. Task repetition is a workplace requirement that is considered a potential risk factor for cumulative trauma and its relationship to psychosocial factors …was investigated. The study found only weak to no statistically significant relationship between task repetition and reported psychosocial factors of job stress in workers in Taiwan. Show more

Keywords: repetition, psychosocial, musculoskeletal

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0472-2392

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2392-2397, 2012

Authors: Vyas, Rekha

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Farming is a physically arduous occupation that places farm workers' at potential risk of musculoskeletal disorders, which has been observed to impose a greater impact on their health. Each activity in agriculture brings about certain stress and strain on bones and muscles leading to work-related musculoskeletal disorders which can lead to several permanent diseases and disabilities. The purpose of analyzing musculoskeletal problems among male and female workers engaged in agriculture was to know about the risk factors dangerous to health so that interventions can be planned for mitigating them thereby increasing the efficiency of work. Educational intervention included audio-visual aids …as well as printed literature. It was hoped that awareness of these factors through dissemination of information would contribute at preventing hazards amongst farmers and their families. The results revealed that the workers reported very severe to severe pain in low back while performing agricultural activities. Weeding was the most strenuous activity for females and threshing crop for males. Training and education on MSDs through educational intervention proved that the knowledge of the farm workers could be enhanced and can help reduce risk of many musculoskeletal problems. It can be help in empowering the community and mitigate MSDs in agriculture. Show more

Keywords: musculoskeletal problems, body discomfort, educational intervention

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0473-2398

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2398-2404, 2012

Authors: Mertens, Alexander | Hurtmanns, Jan | Wacharamanotham, Chatchavan | Kronenbürger, Martin | Borchers, Jan | Schlick, Christopher M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Interacting with touchscreen computer systems is a challenging task for elderly tremor patients, because of a lower input accuracy caused by their tremor symptoms. Previous observations by Mertens et al. suggested that continuous movements are able to lower these symptoms. In this paper Swabbing, a input method for touchscreen systems based on such motions, is presented. A user study will show that Swabbing is able to reduce the error rate while proving equal user satisfaction compared to standard input techniques. Furthermore reasons for these benefits will be argued and explained with the use of accuracy measures by MacKenzie et al. …In the end possible future enhancements of Swabbing will be discussed. Show more

Keywords: HCI, touchscreen, older adults, Swabbing, tremor

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0474-2405

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2405-2411, 2012

Authors: Ribeiro, Sânzia Bezerra | Wagmacker, Djeynefer Silveira | de Oliveira, Lilian Becerra

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the benefits of an exercise program associated to the educational phase of the “Back School Program” in the quality of life of workers from a cigar factory. This is a case study conducted over four months with three activities a week, two times a day, with the third day devoted to educational activities, focusing on healthy lifestyle, correct posture, postural orientations, daily living and work activities, work motivation, and other issues.

Keywords: RSI, Life Quality, Work Physical Therapy, Labor Gymnastic and Back school

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0475-2412

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2412-2416, 2012

Authors: Padula, Rosimeire Simprini | Carregaro, Rodrigo Luiz | Melo, Bruna | da Silva, Cláudia Regina | Oliveira, Ana Beatriz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The incidence of occupational diseases in the population is high and factors such as long working hours, poor posture, psychological and physical stress can contribute to its development. Among work-related musculoskeletal disorders, back pain has a high prevalence. The aim of the present study was to quantify and characterize pain complaints and to identifyindividuals with low back pain, in order to assess the degree of disability. Participated 226 employees of an institution of higher education. They answered a general questionnaire about location and quantification of pain complaints visual analog scale for pain and the Quebec Disability Questionnaire. Of all the …workers, 69.60% had some type of musculoskeletal complaint; of those, 15.41% had low back pain. Considering workers who had back pain, 54.9% were female, 52.94% are under 30 years old and 43.14% between 1 and 5 years of work. As for the final score for the degree of disability, 41.17% had minimal disability and 37.25% moderate disability. The present study found large number of pain complaints and high prevalence of low back pain, resulting in individual’s inability and difficulties in performing work activities. Show more

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, ergonomic risk factors, occupational health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0476-2417

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2417-2419, 2012

Authors: Tirloni, Adriana Seára | dos Reis, Diogo Cunha | dos Santos, Josenei Braga | Reis, Pedro Ferreira | Barbosa, Ailton | Moro, Antônio Renato Pereira

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Brazil has the main producers and exporters of chicken meat, which is classified as the third largest world chicken meat producer and lead exporter. This study aimed at analyzing the body discomfort perception in poultry slaughterhouse workers and its associations with the task characteristics. The study included 290 workers, 200 women (34.7±7.7 years) and 90 men (36.8±8.2 years). A body map for evaluating discomfort and an interview regarding organizational issues and criteria of the OCRA method were used. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test (p ≤ 0.05) were used. It was found that 87.6% of respondents performed repetitive tasks, 86.2% performed …rest breaks, 82.8% performed job rotation (2–7 tasks) and 61% used tools. It was also found that 67.2% felt discomfort in at least one body region, and the symptoms most often reported were pain, fatigue and tingling. The body regions most frequently cited were: shoulders (62.6%), neck (46.2%), spine (36.4%), forearms (31.3%), arms (29.2%), wrists (25.6%) and hands (25.6%). In sectors artificially cold (n = 204), 54.1% felt cold. There was no association between body discomfort and gender, task characteristics, performance of rest breaks and job rotation, use of tools and time working in the company; however, there was association with cold perception (p = 0.035). Show more

Keywords: Pain, ergonomics, repetitive task

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0651-2420

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2420-2425, 2012

Authors: Gangopadhyay, Somnath | Dev, Samrat

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract Occupational driving has often been associated with a high prevalence of back pain. Buses constitute the backbone of the local transportation; so many people are engaged in the profession. The present study was to investigate the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) and due to that problem whether their social and professional life hampers or not. The present study was undertaken among 160 government undertaking male bus drivers. Modified Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire was performed with physical assessment. Then Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (QLBPDQ) was performed to evaluate the extent to which social and professional life is restricted …by back pain. Afterwards, the sit-and-reach test and investigation of sitting postures was done. From the analysis of questionnaire it was revealed that drivers had to spend 8-10 hours daily for 6 days in a shift. It was further observed that all of them mainly suffering from LBP. From the QLBPDQ analysis it was found that LBP restricted their social and professional life. Sit and reach test and posture analysis also support this finding. This result is an absolute reflection of the alarming situations of the Kolkata bus drivers. It can be concluded that the bus drivers are highly stressed due to the hazardous working conditions, which in turn may additionally affects their health and overall work performance in the long run. Show more

Keywords: bus drivers, low back pain, social life, professional life, stressed

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0652-2426

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2426-2433, 2012

Authors: Andersen, J.H. | Frost, P. | Fuglsang-Frederiksen, A. | Johnson, B. | Wulff Svendsen, S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: We aimed to evaluate associations between vocational computer use and 1) ulnar neuropathy, and 2) ulnar neuropathy- like symptoms as distinguished by electroneurography. We identified all patients aged 18–65 years, examined at the Department of Neurophysiology on suspicion of ulnar neuropathy, 2001–2007. We mailed a questionnaire to 546 patients with ulnar neuropathy, 633 patients with ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms, and three community referents per case, matched on sex, age, and primary care centre. From a Job Exposure Matrix we extracted estimates of daily hours of computer use. The analysis was performed by conditional logistic regression. There were a negative association …between daily hours of computer use and the two outcomes of interest. Participants who reported their elbow to be in contact with their working table for 2 hours or more during the workday had an elevated risk for ulnar neuropathy (OR=2.16, 95 % CI; 1.06–4.44). The two outcomes were not associated with daily hours of computer use. Findings suggested specific effects of pressure on the elbow, and might be an explanation for the overweight of left-sided outcomes in this primarily right-handed group. Preventive efforts would then be straightforward by providing appropriate arm support for the left arm and elbow. Show more

Keywords: Entrapment, VDU-use, electroneurography, elbow, job exposure matrix

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0653-2434

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2434-2437, 2012

Authors: Mehta, Ranjana K. | Parijat, Prakriti

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The exponential growth of the information technology (IT) industry in India has been accompanied with a substantial increase in the reporting of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The purpose of the current study was to identify and assess the contributions of prevalent psychosocial factors on perceived WMSD outcomes among IT professionals from India. About 77 IT professionals from India completed a survey set consisting of 26 question items from the Job Content Questionnaire and 3 separate question items pertaining to WMSD outcomes (pain/discomfort and psychological stress scores). The findings suggest prevalence of existing pain (shoulder/neck and low back) in more than …one-fourth of the respondents. Additionally two-thirds of the respondents had never had any ergonomics awareness training. Co-worker support and psychological work demands were found to be the strongest contributors of psychosocial risk factors towards pain/discomfort and psychological stress outcomes. Findings from this study highlight the influence of certain psychosocial traits of the Indian IT workplace on perceived WMSD outcomes. There is a need to develop and implement intervention strategies to address these factors that may help lower the risk of work-related musculoskeletal pain. Show more

Keywords: psychosocial risk factors, musculoskeletal pain, information technology, social support

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0477-2438

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2438-2444, 2012

Authors: Comper, Maria Luiza C. | Macedo, Felipe | Padula, Rosimeire S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD) include a list of inflammatory and degenerative diseases characterized by the presence of musculoskeletal symptoms, compensatory posture changes and functional disabilities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the kinetic/functional characteristics of textile plant workers, their level of exposure to risk factors and the contribution these make to musculoskeletal symptoms. The sample of 42 workers answered the Nordic Questionnaire and the Job Factors Questionnaire. The kinetic/functional characteristics of each worker were verified by a blinded evaluator. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation. Musculoskeletal symptoms were more prevalent in the spinal region and …upper limbs. The exposure levels to risk factors were identified as a serious problem. Postural disorders, musculoskeletal symptoms and risk factors were correlated (P ≤ 0.05). Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal Disorders, Ergonomic risk factors, Occupational Health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0478-2445

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2445-2448, 2012

Authors: Serranheira, Florentino | Cotrim, Teresa | Rodrigues, Victor | Nunes, Carla | Sousa-Uva, António

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Healthcare workers, namely registered nurses (RN), are frequently exposed to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) risk factors. Identifying the symptoms of these disorders is one of the first epidemiological steps to managing them. This study aims to identify WRMSDs prevalence symptoms in Portuguese RN. During 8 months (2010–2011) the National Public Health School and the Portuguese Registered Nurses Board made a call to all RN to answer an online WRMSDs questionnaire. Respondents (n=2140) are mostly females (77.4%) and work mainly in hospitals (n=1396) and in primary healthcare centers (n=421). Results show high symptoms prevalence (last 12 months) in the lower back …(60.6%), the upper back (44.5%), and the neck (48.6%). Nurses’ activity, especially patient hygiene in bed, is a strong contributor (p>0.05) to pain in the upper back (OR=1.39 [1.09–1.80]) and lower back (OR=1.4 [1.08–1.84]). Patient holdup without mechanical support has the highest relationship (p>0.05) between work tasks and symptoms in the last 12 months in the upper back (OR=1.50 [1.19–1.90]). Prevalence rates of WRMSDs symptoms in Portuguese nurses are no different from other studies with Swedish, Italian and Greek nurses. Maybe changes in healthcare systems didn’t change the way care is delivered and we must rethink how to prevent nurses WRMSDs. Show more

Keywords: nurses, WRMSDs symptoms, epidemiology, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0479-2449

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2449-2451, 2012

Authors: Ibrahim, Nurul Ikhmar | Mohanadas, Devinthiran

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate pervasiveness of the musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) among staffs in a specialized healthcare centre. Sixty-eight staffs from three departments namely Cardiovascular Lab (CVL), Nuclear Radiology, and General Radiography were recruited in this study. A modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was distributed among study population. The result shows that the prevalence of MSD was highest in lower back (88.2%), neck (76.5%) and shoulder (60.3%) for the past 12 months followed by lower back and elbow (44.1%), and wrist (39.1%) correspondingly, for the past 7 days. Present results suggest that healthcare professionals – radiographers, patient assistants and …nurses incurs MSD risks through work tasks as well as psychosocial factors. These include awkward posture during patient handling, workload, work stress and time pressure. Therefore, an ergonomics improvement on the job design and workspace are needed in order to reduce the MSD risks. Show more

Keywords: prevalence, MSD, healthcare professionals, psychosocial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0480-2452

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2452-2460, 2012

Authors: Barbieri, Dechristian França | Nogueira, Helen Cristina | Bergamin, Letícia Januário | Oliveira, Ana Beatriz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMD) are the result of the combination of different risk factors. They are very common among computer workers, mainly when neck and upper limbs are considered. Forty-two office workers from a public university participated in this study. They were divided into two groups: Symptomatic Subjects (SS, n=20) and Asymptomatic Subjects (AS, n=22), according to the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). Psychosocial indicators were assessed using the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). Workplaces were evaluated according to the Ergonomic Workplace Analysis (EWA), proposed by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. The NMQ showed higher …weekly prevalence of complaints on neck, shoulders and wrist/hands (p=0.00) among SS. The annual prevalence of symptoms on wrist/hands was also higher among SS (p=0.02). The JCQ did not show any difference between groups (p>0.05). Higher proportion of servers with ‘high level’ of engagement, dedication and absorption, according to UWES, was identified among SS (p<0.01). EWA showed worse scores for ‘Work Site’, ‘Job Content’ and ‘Repetitiveness of the Work’ among SS (p<0.05). Servers are exposed to physical and psychosocial risk factors that can contribute to the development of WRMD. Work conditions need to be change in order to improve musculoskeletal health. Show more

Keywords: Physical Therapy, ergonomics, computer work, WRMD, psychosocial risk factors

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0481-2461

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2461-2466, 2012

Authors: Gangopadhyay, Somnath | Das, Tamal

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract It is a well recognized fact that manual material handling (MMH) entails enormous physical labor and associated discomfort feeling, which invariably culminate into musculoskeletal disorders. However mental fatigue, in such instances, becomes an unexplored parameter that needs definite attention during assessment of work status of MMH workers. The present study is being performed among 75 porters of a central market in Kolkata to ascertain the extent of physical and mental exhaustion among them. SF-12 health status questionnaire followed by another questionnaire involving psychosocial questions were performed among them. The analysis of both the questionnaires clearly revealed that most of …the porters are under severe physical exertion as they alone carry about 120 kg load at a time and such activity is repeated at least 40 times throughout the day. They always suffer from pain and discomfort feeling at different body parts and this interferes with their normal work activity to a great extent. Moreover absenteeism means no financial return and even a day’s rigourous work fetches meagre income. The inability to support family convincingly even after performing such hazardous tasks makes them feel low. Monotony, boredom, fatigue and mental trauma form an integral part of their daily work schedule. Show more

Keywords: physical health, mental health, informal sector

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0482-2467

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2467-2471, 2012

Authors: Arvidsson, Inger | Simonsen, Jenny Gremark | Balogh, Istvan | Hansson, Gert-åke | Dahlqvist, Camilla | Granqvist, Lothy | Ohlsson, Kerstina | Axmon, Anna | Karlson, Björn | Nordander, Catarina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Disorders in the musculoskeletal system have been associated with a high physical workload as well as psychosocial and individual factors. It is however not obvious which of these factors that is most important to prevent. Musculoskeletal disorders in neck and upper extremity was assessed by interview and clinical examination in 79 teachers and 93 assisting nurses, all females. Psychosocial work environment was assessed by questionnaire. The physical workload was recorded by technical measurements of postures, movements and muscular load, in 9 teachers and 12 nurses. The physical workload was lower among the teachers, but they had a more demanding psychosocial …work environment. Among the nurses, but not in the teachers, the neck-shoulder disorders were associated with a high body mass index (BMI). The teachers reported neck-shoulder complaints to a higher extent than the nurses, but had much lower prevalence of diagnoses in the clinical examination (12% vs. 25%; POR 0.3 CI 0.1 – 1.2; adjusted for age and BMI). The results suggest that adverse psychosocial conditions among the teachers give rise to a different kind of pain in the neck-shoulder region than from physical overload, troublesome but not as severe as the one afflicting the nurses. Show more

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, clinical examination, technical measurements

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0483-2472

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2472-2475, 2012

Authors: Motmans, R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Forklift drivers in warehouses are often exposed to whole body vibration (WBV) during the total day. There is however an association between working as a forklift operator and the development of low back pain. In this study the exposure to WBV was measured in five forklift drivers who performed a standardised order picking task during 10 minutes. The effect of driving surface (uneven concrete vs. new flat concrete), driving speed (15 km/h vs. 8 km/h) and seat suspension (mechanical suspension vs. air suspension) was investigated. Improving the driving surface was the most effective preventive measure by reducing the whole body …vibration with 39%, from 1.14 to 0.69 m/s2. Lowering the speed limit resulted in a reduction of WBV with 26% (1.05 vs. 0.78 m/s2). An air suspension seat was 22% more effective compared to mechanical suspension (1.02 vs. 0.80 m/s2). On uneven concrete an air suspension seat performed even better by reducing the WBV by 29% (1.33 vs. 0.95 m/s2). A combination of a new driving surface, limiting the maximum speed and the introduction of an air suspension seat reduced the whole body vibrations below the action limit of 0.5 m/s2 as mentioned in the European directive. None of the interventions were effective enough on their own. Show more

Keywords: whole body vibration, forklift driver, driving surface, air suspension seat, driving speed

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0484-2476

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2476-2481, 2012

Authors: do Nascimento Júnior, Leonildo Santos | da costa Santos Pessoa, Juliana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract This study had as objective to evaluate the workstation of the responsable for the collection of urban garbage in relation to the factors associates with the appearance or aggravation of WMRD, as well as identifying signals and symptoms of these illnesses in the related professionals. For this, was developed a form with open and closed questions, that approached item relative to the identification of the searched, to the organization and execution of the work and to the signals and symptoms of WMRD, e that was applied in 44 agents in a company of collection of urban residues in a …Brazilian metropolis. As the results can be evidenced that between the factors that the cleanness’ agents are susceptible to the appearance of WMRD can detach the lack of orientation of these professionals as the positions adopted in the work, the lack of training and qualification, as well as the repetitivity of tasks and not use of individual protection equipment. However, yet with the existence of innumerable factors of risk, evidenced a small incidence of pain. Show more

Keywords: working conditions, WMRD, cleanness agent

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0485-2482

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2482-2486, 2012

Authors: Torres, Yaniel | Viña, Silvio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study was conducted in a warehouse at a vaccine production centre where improvement to existing storage and working conditions were sought through the construction of a new refrigerated store section (2-8C°). Warehousing tasks were videotaped and ergonomics analysis tools were used to assess the risk of developing MSDs. Specifically, these tools were the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) and the NIOSH equation. The current plant layout was sketched and analyzed to find possible targets for improvement trough the application of general work space design and ergonomics principles. Seven of the eight postures evaluated with REBA had a total score …between 8 and 10, meaning a high risk, and only one was at a medium risk level. Nine of the eleven manual material handling tasks analyzed with the NIOSH equation had a Lifting Index between 1.14 and 1.80 and two had a recommended weight limit of 0kg, indicating a need for job redesign. Solutions included the redesign of shelves, the design of a two-step stair and a trolley with adjustable height; also, changes in work methods were proposed by introducing a two-workers lifting strategy and job rotation, and, finally, a restructuring of plant layout was completed. Show more

Keywords: ergonomic intervention, lifting strategies, plant layout, NIOSH equation, REBA

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0486-2487

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2487-2491, 2012

Authors: Moriguchi, Cristiane Shinohara | Carnaz, Leticia | de Miranda Junior, Luiz Carlos | Marklin, Richard William | Gil Coury, Helenice Jane cote

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Loading/unloading a ladder on vehicles are frequent tasks and involve overhead handling that may expose workers to risk factors of shoulder musculoskeletal disorders. The objective of the present study was to evaluate posture, forces required and perceived exertion when loading and unloading the ladder on a utility truck. Thirteen male overhead line workers from an electric utility in Brazil participated in this study. Shoulder elevation angle was measured using inclinometers. The required force to load/unload the ladder was measured by dynamometer. Subjective assessment of the perceived exertion was recorded to compare the exertion reported during the test conditions to the …field conditions. The task of loading/unloading the ladder presented risks of shoulder musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) to workers because it requires high levels of force (approximately 60% of the maximal force) combined with overhead posture of the shoulders (more than 100° from the neutral posture). Age and height presented to interfere in biomechanical risks presented in load/unload task. There was no significant difference between the subjective exertion during the test conditions and handling the ladder in the field. Ergonomic intervention is recommended to reduce these risks for shoulder MSDs. Show more

Keywords: overhead workers, biomechanics, musculoskeletal disorders, shoulder

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0487-2492

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2492-2495, 2012

Authors: Silva-Júnior, J.S. | Correa, L.R.C. | Morrone, L.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are responsible for important amount of declining productivity among workers. Its economic impact is considered important because, in some aspects, such as sickness absence, it can cause increase in costs for employers. This paper aimed at identifying whether the activities that the hotel maids perform during working hours may lead to the development of musculoskeletal disorders. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in a hotel in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Performed an ergonomic analysis of the job application with a checklist consisting of risk assessment of low back pain. Results: The maids are responsible for the …cleaning of hotel rooms, including to lean in order to clean the bathroom. The activity is associated with ergonomic risk for poor posture, manual transport of loads and use of physical force in the upper limbs. This job presents a moderate risk of low back pain according to checklist for assessing the ergonomic situation. Conclusions: Negative ergonomic aspects are associated with the development or aggravation of musculoskeletal disorders in these workers. We suggest modification in work organisation. Another possibility is decreased the weight of the carts, keeping areas of replacement material on each floor. Show more

Keywords: low back pain, occupational health, ergonomics, absenteeism

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2496-2498, 2012

Authors: Cristancho, María Yanire León

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The objective of this paper was to control ergonomic risks among female cashiers working in a department store belonging to the retail market. This study was conducted between May and November 2010. Participatory ergonomics was applied through knowing and understanding how the company works, establishing the work team (Ergo group), training the team in ergonomics-related topics, and making decisions and interventions. The sample was composed of 71participants –mostly female cashiers–, and all of them have a musculoskeletal compromise, declaring pain or discomfort mainly in the neck, lower back, right wrist and shoulders. Among others, following problems were found: postural overload, …repetitive work, manual load handling, mental fatigue, environmental discomfort, variable work schedules, extended working days, and absence of breaks. In the intervention, the main implemented changes were the redesign of workstation, complete change of chairs and keyboards, and the implementation of a rotation system, as well breaks for compensatory exercises. After that, an evident improvement of found problems was observed, therefore it can be concluded that participatory ergonomics is an attractive methodology, appropriate and efficient for solving and controlling ergonomic risks and problems. Show more

Keywords: Participatory Ergonomics Intervention, Female Cashiers, Retail Market, Ergo Group

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0489-2499

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2499-2505, 2012

Authors: Cândido, Paula Emanuela Fernandes | Teixeira, Juliana Vieira Schmidt | Moro, Antônio Renato Pereira | Gontijo, Leila Amaral

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The work of the goldsmiths consists in the manufacture of jewelry. The piece, be it an earring, bracelet or necklace, is hand-assembled. This task requires precision, skill, kindness and patience. In this work, we make use of tools such as cuticle clippers and rounded tip, beads or precious stones and also pieces of metal. This type of activity requires a biomechanical stress of hands and wrists. In order to quantify the biomechanical stress, we performed a case study to measure the movements performed by an assembly of pieces of jewelry. As method for research, filming was done during assembly of …parts to a paste, using a Nikon digital camera, for 1 (one) hour. The film was edited by Kinovea software, and the task was divided into cycles, each cycle corresponds to a complete object. In one cycle, there are four two movements of supination and pronation movements of the forearm. The cycle lasts approximately sixteen seconds, totaling 1800 cycles in eight hours. Despite the effort required of the wrists, the activity shows no complaints from the employees, but this fact does not mischaracterizes the ability of employees to acquire repetitive strain injuries and work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Show more

Keywords: biomechanics, ergonomics, repetitive movements, manual labor

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0490-2506

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2506-2509, 2012

Authors: Chaiklieng, Sunisa | Suggaravetsiri, Pornnapa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Prolonged posture, static works and repetition are previously reported as the cause of repetitive strain injuries (RSIs) among workers including teachers. This cross-sectional analytic study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of RSIs among school teachers. Participants were 452 full-time school teachers in Thailand. Data were collected by the structural questionnaires, illuminance measurements and the physical fitness tests. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics which were Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used. Most teachers in this study were females (57.3%), the mean years of work experience was 22.6 ± 10.4 years. The six-month prevalence of RSIs …was 73.7%. The univariate analysis identified the related risk factors to RSIs which were chronic disease (OR=1.8; 95% CI = 1.16-2.73), history of trauma (OR=2.0; 95% CI = 1.02-4.01), member of family had RSIs (OR=2.0; 95% CI = 1.02- 4.01), stretch to write on board (OR=1.7; 95% CI = 1.06-1.70) and high heel shoe >2 inch (OR=1.6; 95% CI = 1.03-2.51). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that chronic diseases and high heel shoe >2 inch significantly related to developing of RSIs. The poor grip strength and back muscle flexibility significantly affected RSIs of teachers. In conclusions, RSIs were highly prevalent in school teachers that they should be aware of health promotion to prevent RSIs. Show more

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, ergonomics, prevalence

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0491-2510

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2510-2515, 2012