Work - Volume 41, issue Supplement 1

Authors: Mafra, Simone Caldas Tavares | da Silva, Vania Eugênia | de Oliveira, Luciana Aparecida

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The crib is the infantile furniture more mentioned in infantile accidents. In spite of the existence of several models, many of them are not appropriate to their users and considered insecure. The objective of this study was to structure the prototype of ERGOBERÇO®, considering technical norms and evaluation in loco of the prototype through structured interview answered by the participants of the research. The prototype was evaluated as safer, resistant and comfortable than the crib used by the mothers and participant users of the study. The aspects with larger acceptance index were the movable grating and the compact base, defined …for the users as facilitators of the use and attribute of safety of the prototype. Even the prototype having been very appraised and accept for the users, it will be necessary to restructure the prototype so that the same can still be adapted more the users’ needs, being, besides insurance and comfortable, with compatible aesthetic pattern with the expectation of these. Show more

Keywords: Product ergonomics, Children’s Furniture, Cribs, Security, Comfort

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0567-3085

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3085-3092, 2012

Authors: Chen, Yung-Ching | Leung, Cherng-Yee

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper utilized a user-centered design approach as the foundation for technology in dementia care in order to improve the quality of telemedicine service. A status-quo analysis and questionnaire survey were conducted to explore the actual needs of the elders in using the lost seeking devices and the problems they encountered. In total, 37 caregivers for people with dementia were surveyed (20 female, 17 male, M = 50.08, SD = 15.47). The dementia-patients: 16 are male, 21 female (M = 72.75, SD = 10.23). Through analysis and induction, 3 problems were identified: poor information transmission, low user acceptance, individual material …security anxiety. 2-4 improvement proposals are suggested for each problem. Most care-givers hope technological products would increase the efficiency and safety, but they also think it’s too expensive and lack of computer skills. This result demonstrates the choice of seeking methods depends on the education level of the caregivers and most of them are elders. The concern of data leakage is also related to today’s fraud issue, which may be the reason limiting the promotion of electronic products and biometrics. Further research is required, suggesting researchers should pursue improvements in lost seeking design devices in dementia for caregivers. Show more

Keywords: care-givers, Dementia, e-Health, Safety, Telemedicine services, User-Centered Design, Wandering

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0568-3093

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3093-3100, 2012

Authors: Morales, Karen Lange | García-Acosta, Gabriel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Ergonomics has been successful in increasing productivity and comfort in the work arena. It has also contributed to reducing occupational accidents. Despite this, ergonomics is frequently limited to understanding the health-disease process related to human-technology interactions, as this process is more complex than what can be understood from an ergonomic evaluation. Recognising this limit, this work ontologically and epistemologically contrasts the notions of ‘human being’ and ‘social subject’, and concludes that the study object of ergonomics, or human-technology interaction, greatly depends on social aspects that nowadays are not tackled explicitly: route (history), project, structure, agency, motivations and power. It also …analyses how participatory ergonomics tacitly includes many of these aspects, including some implications that the change of notion, from ‘human being’ to ‘social subject’, brings to the understanding of the health-disease process and the reduction of associated risks during human activities. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, Occupational health, Health-disease process, Social subject, Participatory ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0569-3101

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3101-3108, 2012

Authors: Lira, Mario | Kohlman Rabbani, E. | Barkokébas Junior, Beda | Lago, Eliane

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: During the production of aggregates at quarry sites, elevated quantities of micro-particulate mineral dust are produced in all stages of the process. This dust contains appreciable amounts of free crystalline silica in a variety of forms which, if maintained suspended in the air in the work environment, expose the workers to the risk of developing occupational silicosis, which causes reduced ability to work and potential shortening of lifespan. This study was conducted to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate workers’ exposure to mineral dust containing free crystalline silica at a midsized quarry in the Recife metropolitan area, in the State of Pernambuco. …It involved evaluation of the industrial process, collection and analysis of representative dust samples, and interviews with the management team of the company with the intent to assess the compliance of the company with Regulatory Standard (NR) 22 - Occupational safety and health in mining. In order to assist the company in managing risks related to dust exposure, three protocols were developed, implemented and made available, the first based on NR 22, from which the company was also given an economic safety indicator, the second based on the recommendations and requirements of Fundacentro to implement a Respiratory Protection Program and, finally, an assessment protocol with respect to the guidelines of the International Labor Organization to implement a health and safety management system. This study also showed the inadequacy of the formula for calculating tolerance limits in Brazilian legislation when compared with the more strict internationally accepted control parameters. From the laboratory results, unhealthy conditions at the quarry site were confirmed and technical and administrative measures were suggested to reduce and control dust exposure at acceptable levels, such as the implementation of an occupational health and safety management system, integrated with other management systems. From these assessments it is hoped that the proposals can assist the company in developing mechanisms for management and control of dust exposure risks that may improve environmental quality and the well-being of workers. Show more

Keywords: Mining safety, occupational health, chemical hazard, mineral dust, quarry, free crystalline silica

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0570-3109

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3109-3116, 2012

Authors: Maiti, J

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this paper, the predictors of work injuries based on Leamon’s Man-Machine model are identified in a sociotechnical framework. Several hypotheses are developed and tested to describe the accident/injury phenomena in mining worksystems. Possible designs for improving work-system’s safety are specified using scaled Mahalanobis distance (MD). A case control study design is adopted. Five variables namely, age, negative-affectivity, physical-hazards, job-dissatisfaction, and safety-practice are emerged as significant contributors to work injuries for the mines studied. Two most interesting findings obtained through this study are (i) 36% of cases (injured employees) (MD < 1) are unlucky to meet an accident and (ii) …40% of the controls (non-injured employees) (MD > 1) are lucky to be able to avoid an accident. The most probable reason for the former case is the organizational ineffectiveness while that for the latter may be risky adventures of employees which are due to lack of education, awareness, and appropriate training. Based on the MD values for cases and controls, possible design guidelines are suggested. The study categorically identifies the accident situations where engineering control, education and training, and other organizational safety measures are to be adopted. Show more

Keywords: Work injuries, case-control study, Mahalanobis distance

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0571-3117

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3117-3122, 2012

Authors: Vilela, Rag | Almeida, IM | Nunes da Silva, A | Gomes, MHP | Prado, H | Buoso, E | Dias, MD | Cavalcante, S | Lacorte, LE

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In 2008, academic researchers and public service officials created a university extension studies platform based on online and on-site meetings denominated “Work-Related Accidents Forum: Analysis, Prevention, and Other Relevant Aspects. Its aim was to help public agents and social partners to propagate a systemic approach that would be helpful in the surveillance and prevention of work-related accidents. This article describes and analyses such a platform. Online access is free and structured to: support dissemination of updated concepts; support on-site meetings and capacity to build educational activities; and keep a permanent space for debate among the registered participants. The desired result …is the propagation of a socialtechnical-systemic view of work-related accidents that replaces the current traditional view that emphasizes human error and results in blaming the victims. The Forum uses an educational approach known as permanent health education, which is based on the experience and needs of workers and encourages debate among participants. The forum adopts a problematizing pedagogy that starts from the requirements and experiences of the social actors and stimulates support and discussions among them in line with an ongoing health educational approach. The current challenge is to turn the platform into a social networking website in order to broaden its links with society. Show more

Keywords: Education, University Extension, Web page, Work-related accident prevention

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0572-3123

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3123-3129, 2012

Authors: Maciel, Regina Heloisa | Fontenelle, Marselle Fernandes | Gonçalves, Rosemary Cavalcante | Lopes, Taise Araújo | Moura, Tuany Maria Sousa | Monteiro, Felipe Mendes

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents a comparative study of working conditions and health hazards of two ports in the state of Ceará: Mucuripe and Pecém, focusing workers in the various categories involved in the operational activities of the two ports. The aim is to investigate changes implemented by the restructuring process of ports arising from the Port Modernization Act. In the case of Ceará, the organization and control of work at the mentioned ports occur differently: Mucuripe, the oldest port, had to adapt to the changes enforced by the Modernization Act and Pecém, called Port Terminal, inaugurated in 2001, “was born modern”. …To achieve our objective, we carried out field work, using Ergonomic Work Analysis. Systematic observations were made of the various activities carried out by workers, as well as interviews with managers, workers and trade unionists. Container operations and other activities of the two ports were recorded in film and presented to groups of workers (focus groups) in order to better understand work organization and the main differences in tasks carried out in the two ports. Each reality presents different characteristics regarding port operations, type of work and labor control. Results indicate that due to the technological innovations, the restructuring process reduced some risks, but brought new occupational hazards and intensification of work. Show more

Keywords: Dockworkers, port systems restructuring, safety and health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0573-3130

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3130-3135, 2012

Authors: Simões, R. | Daniellou, F. | Nascimento, A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article describes a particular way developed by employees to respond to the constraints of a very restrictive manufacturing plant: the mutual cooperation. Facing a very strict organizational context, the production workers can only rely on themselves to cope with the constraints of work. In this context, a complex system of strategies is deployed, resulting in a work environment governed by the sense of collaboration and mutual cooperation. The objectives of the implemented strategies, however, go beyond the attempts to reduce the work overload. They may be linked to a way of maintaining high levels of productivity and a way …for workers to keep their jobs. We hope to contribute, through this study, to the general knowledge of the strategies developed by workers in production lines in order to minimize the pains. Show more

Keywords: collective strategies, collective work, physical workload, margin of maneuver, cooperation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0574-3136

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3136-3142, 2012

Authors: De Souza Dias, Líssia Maria | Diniz, Raimundo Lopes | de Macedo Guimarães, Lia Buarque

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article presents a study on the accidents related to the use of products and services, as recorded at two emergency hospitals at the city São Luís, Brazil. The goal of the study was to evaluate the main types and causes of unintentional acccidents as well as the more frequent injuries for further improvement of products and services. The study evaluated the victims profile (gender and age), the circumstances (activity, local and time) that lead to the accidents and the type of resulted injury. Non-parametric statistics showed that 83.64% of the accidents were related to products (57.6% of them being …consumer products) and 8.6% are related to maintenance services. 57.6% of the victims were children under 15 years old, and 58.4% were male. 50.2% of accidents occurred at home, more often (44.7%) in the afternoon. The most common injuriy was musculoesqueletal (48.6%), 49.0% being cranioencephalic trauma and 15.2% fractures. Show more

Keywords: accidents, product, service, injuries

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0575-3143

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3143-3147, 2012

Authors: Lopes, Manoela Gomes Reis | de Gouveia Vilela, Rodolfo Andrade | de Almeida, Ildeberto Muniz | Mioto, Odilamar Lopes | Takahashi, Mara Alice batista Conti | Perin, Fernanda Oliveira

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In 2010, an accident occurred in Americana-SP, Brazil, involving two trains and one bus on a Grade Crossing, when 10 people died and 17 were injured including workers. This paper aims to analyze the accident using the Model of Analysis and Prevention of Work Accidents (MAPA). The method provides observation of work, interviews and analysis of documents to understand precedents of the event in the following stages: to understand the usual work from the involved people, the changes occurred in the system, the operation of barriers, managerial and organizational aspects. By the end, measures are suggested to avoid new occurrences. …The accident took place at night in a site with insufficient lighting. The working conditions of bus drivers, train operators and watchmen are inadequate. There were only symbolic barriers (visual and acoustic signals) triggered manually by watchman upon train operator radio communication. The fragility of the barrier system associated to poor lighting and short time to trigger the signaling seem to play a critical role in the event. Contrary to the official report which resulted in guilt of the bus driver, the conclusion of the paper emphasizes the fragility of the safety system and the need of level crossing reproject. Show more

Keywords: Health and Safety, Highway, Railway, Work Accidents, Level Crossing

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0576-3148

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3148-3154, 2012

Authors: Reyes-Martínez, Rosa María | Maldonado-Macías, Aide | Prado-León, Lilia Roselia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The causes of occupational accidents from the perspective of human factors have been a subject which has received little attention into the field of scientific research. The aim of this research was to identify and classify the human factors that influence human errors and failures that cause accidents and injuries specifically on hands. Available studies related to the topic have been developed mainly for aerospace applications and are found insufficient to explain accidents causalities in the manufacturing industry. This research was developed in the assembly industry of automotive harnesses and was conducted following a mixed Cognitive Anthropological approach. This study …was developed in two phases. During the first qualitative phase, participants freely listed their knowledge to identify elements of the cultural domain, then and in the second phase they performed the successive pile sort technique for the collection data to classify elements in the cultural domain. Statistical models like Cluster Analysis and Multidimensional Scaling were applied for results’ validation purposes. As results, 70 different human factors were identified and in the second phase they were classified into 4 main categories which were: human error, unsafe conditions, individual factors, and organizational factors. Statistical methods validated these results. Show more

Keywords: Keyword one, keyword two, keyword three, keyword four, keyword five

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0577-3155

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3155-3163, 2012

Authors: Quintana, Leonardo | Lizarazo, Cesar | Bernal, Oscar | Cordoba, Jorge | Arias, Claudia | Monroy, Magda | Cotrino, Carlos | Montoya, Olga

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper shows the general design conditions about ergonomics and safety for control centers in the petrochemical process industry. Some of the topics include guidelines for the optimized workstation design, control room layout, building layout, and lighting, acoustical and environmental design. Also takes into account the safety parameters in the control rooms and centers design. The conditions and parameters shown in this paper come from the standards and global advances on this topic on the most recent publications. And also the work was supplemented by field visits of our team to the control center operations in a petrochemical company, and …technical literature search efforts. This guideline will be useful to increase the productivity and improve the working conditions at the control rooms. Show more

Keywords: safety, control center, interface, architectural, ergonomics criteria, ergonomics arquitectural design, petrochemical industry

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0578-3164

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3164-3173, 2012

Authors: Andrade, Luís Renato Balbão | Amaral, Fernando Gonçalves

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract Nanotechnologies is a multidisciplinary set of techniques to manipulate matter on nanoscale level, more precisely particles below 100 nm whose characteristic due to small size is essentially different from those found in macro form materials. Regarding to these new properties of the materials there are knowledge gaps about the effects of these particles on human organism and the environment. Although it still being considered emerging technology it is growing increasingly fast as well as the number of products using nanotechnologies in some production level and so the number of researchers involved with the subject. Given this scenario and based …on literature related, a comprehensive methodology for health and safety at work for researching laboratories with activities in nanotechnologies was developed, based on ILO structure guidelines for safety and health at work system on which a number of nanospecific recommendations were added to. The work intends to offer food for thought on controlling risks associated to nanotechnologies. Show more

Keywords: nanotechnologies, OHS, health, laboratories

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0579-3174

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3174-3180, 2012

Authors: Marciano, Hadas | Yeshurun, Yaffa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A broadened version of the perceptual load model was utilized to explore systematically the influence of four variables on driver’s behavior: a. levels of load on the road; b. levels of load at the sides of the road; c. event’s initial location (on the road vs. at the sides of the road); and d. the presence and size of advertizing billboards. 18 participants participated in two experimental sessions in a driving simulator. One of the sessions contained advertizing billboards and the other session did not. The results indicated that billboards can have a considerable effect on various aspects of driving …like the time required responding to a potentially dangerous event or simply the number of accidents occurring during driving, but importantly the effect of billboards on driving was modulated by the levels of perceptual load. Show more

Keywords: Attention, Driver distraction, Visual perceptio

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0580-3181

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3181-3188, 2012

Authors: Lee, Yun-Ju | Hoozemans, Marco J.M. | van Dieën, Jaap H.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Unexpected sudden (un)loading of the trunk may induce inadequate responses of trunk muscles and uncontrolled trunk motion. These unexpected perturbations may occur in pushing tasks, when the cart suddenly starts moving (unloading) or is blocked by an obstacle (loading). In pushing, handle height affects the user’s working posture, which may influence trunk muscle activity and trunk movement in response to the perturbation. Eleven healthy male subjects pushed a 200 kg cart with handles at shoulder and hip height in a start condition (sudden release of brakes) and a stop condition (bumping into an obstacle). Before the perturbation, the baseline of …the trunk inclination, internal moment and trunk extensor muscle activity were significantly higher when pushing at hip height than at shoulder height. After the perturbation, the changes in trunk inclination and internal moment were significantly larger when pushing at shoulder height than at hip height in both conditions. The opposite directions of changes in trunk inclination and internal moment suggest that the unexpected perturbations caused uncontrolled trunk motion. Pushing at shoulder height may impose a high risk of low-back injury due to the low trunk stiffness and large involuntary trunk motion occurring after carts suddenly move or stop. Show more

Keywords: manual material handling, occupational biomechanics, trunk muscle control, unexpected perturbation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0581-3189

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3189-3195, 2012

Authors: Cardoso-Junior, M.M. | Scarpel, R.A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The main focus of risk management is technical and rational analysis about the operational risks and by those imposed by the occupational environment. In this work one seeks to contribute to the risk perception study and to better comprehend how a group of occupational safety students assesses a set of activities and environmental agents. In this way it was used theory sustained by psychometric paradigm and multivariate analysis tools, mainly multidimensional scaling, generalized Procrustes analysis and facets theory, in order to construct the perceptual map of occupational risks. The results obtained showed that the essential characteristics of risks, which were …initially splited in 4 facets were detected and maintained in the perceptual map. It was not possible to reveal the cognitive structure of the group, because the variability of the students was too high. Differences among the risks analyzed could not be detected as well in the perceptual map of the group. Show more

Keywords: Safety, Multidimensional Scaling, Occupational Environment, Risks

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0582-3196

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3196-3201, 2012

Authors: de Almeida, Ildeberto Muniz | Nobre Jr, Hildeberto | do Amaral Dias, Maria Dionísia | Vilela, Rodolfo Andrade Gouveia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Workplace accidents involving machines are relevant for their magnitude and their impacts on worker health. Despite consolidated critical statements, explanation centered on errors of operators remains predominant with industry professionals, hampering preventive measures and the improvement of production-system reliability. Several initiatives were adopted by enforcement agencies in partnership with universities to stimulate production and diffusion of analysis methodologies with a systemic approach. Starting from one accident case that occurred with a worker who operated a brakeclutch type mechanical press, the article explores cognitive aspects and the existence of traps in the operation of this machine. It deals with a large-sized …press that, despite being endowed with a light curtain in areas of access to the pressing zone, did not meet legal requirements. The safety devices gave rise to an illusion of safety, permitting activation of the machine when a worker was still found within the operational zone. Preventive interventions must stimulate the tailoring of systems to the characteristics of workers, minimizing the creation of traps and encouraging safety policies and practices that replace judgments of behaviors that participate in accidents by analyses of reasons that lead workers to act in that manner. Show more

Keywords: Accident investigation, accident prevention, error trap

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0583-3202

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3202-3206, 2012

Authors: Stojiljkovic, Evica | Grozdanovic, Miroljub | Stojiljkovic, Predrag

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents a case study which confirmed that the use of APJ for proper assessment of human error in the Electric Power Company of Serbia (hereinafter EPS). The proposal methodological framework was used for human error identification and quantification in the case of a repair intervention on a steel lattice tower 10/0.4 kV (jurisdiction of an EPS subsidiary ED “Jugoistok”, Nis, Serbia) which resulted in an accident with a fatal outcome. One of the aims of this study is to show the necessity of human error assessment not only in manufacturing industries but, as it will be shown in …this paper, in companies that distribute electric energy, as well. Show more

Keywords: Human Error, Human Error Assessment, Absolute Probability Judgement, Risk Assessment, Industrial accident

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0584-3207

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3207-3212, 2012

Authors: Blomé, Mikael | Ek, Åsa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: To be able to disseminate knowledge about maritime safety culture and safety management to different actors in the Swedish maritime sector, a preliminary pedagogical concept was developed and evaluated. As a first user group, students at upper secondary maritime schools were chosen and the pedagogical concept was adapted for this group. The concept includes an interactive prototype and a teacher’s guide and is based on a model for experience-based learning which connects theory and practice by a cyclic approach. The concept was tested in a classroom setting including interaction with the students and a follow-up one week later. A preliminary …evaluation of the results shows a very positive response among the students as well as the lecturers. The educational material was successful in immediately creating a relevant discussion about safety culture, and one week later, students could remember many of the safety scenarios included in the pedagogical concept. Show more

Keywords: Learning tool, maritime safety, visualization, interactive prototype

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0585-3213

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3213-3215, 2012

Authors: Akselsson, Roland | Jacobsson, Anders | Bötjesson, Marcus | Ek, ÅSa | Enander, Ann

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Learning from incidents is important for improving safety. Many companies spend a great deal of time and money on such learning procedures. The objectives of this paper are to present some early results from a project aimed at revealing weaknesses in the procedures for learning from incidents and to discuss improvements in these procedures, especially in chemical process industries. The empirical base comes from a project assessing organizational learning and the effectiveness of the different steps of the learning cycle for safety and studying relations between safety-specific transformational leadership, safety climate, trust, safety-related behavior and learning from incidents. The results …point at common weaknesses in the organizational learning, both in the horizontal learning (geographical spread) and in vertical learning (double-loop learning). Furthermore, the effectiveness in the different steps of the learning cycle is low due to insufficient information in incident reports, very shallow analyses of reports, decisions that focus at solving the problem only at the place where the incident took place, late implementations and weak solutions. Strong correlations with learning from incidents were found for all safety climate variables as well as for safety-related behaviors and trust. The relationships were very strong for trust, safety knowledge, safety participation and safety compliance. Show more

Keywords: Learning from incidents, organizational learning, safety leadership, safety climate

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0661-3216

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3216-3222, 2012

Authors: Kendrick, Victoria L. | Haslam, Roger A. | Waterson, Patrick E.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A case study investigation within a large UK university involving semi-structured stakeholder interviews, examined the organisation, coordination, and security within crowd events of various descriptions. Similarities in approaches and priorities emerged with crowd event organisation, primarily attention to safety requirements, in protecting crowd members, venue reputation, and legal obligations. Conversely, attention to and attitudes and beliefs surrounding user experience, crowd comfort and satisfaction, were often based on personal judgment, and appeared to be influenced by budget considerations. The findings suggest a lack of knowledge and usable evidence based guidance for planning crowd events in relation to important aspects affecting participant …satisfaction. Show more

Keywords: Crowds, Crowding, User experience, Satisfaction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0586-3223

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3223-3226, 2012

Authors: Korunka, Christian | Kubicek, Bettina | Prem, Roman | Cvitan, Antonio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The study investigated the role of recovery and detachment in the break period between two shifts for fatigue in the current shift. A time-based paper-and-pencil diary study was carried out observing sixty-four railway controllers over ten consecutive working shifts. The results demonstrated that fatigue in the current shift was not only affected by recovery and psychological detachment during break phases before a shift, but also by fatigue at shift onset and perceived workload during the shift.

Keywords: Shift work, diary study, recovery, psychological detachment, fatigue

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0587-3227

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3227-3233, 2012

Authors: Alm, Håkan | Gärling, Anita | Bonnevier, Sara Saellström | Danielsson, Mats

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to describe an ongoing project with the aim of improving safety in an organization working with maintenance and development of the railway infrastructure in Sweden. The first sub goal was to investigate the Genta method, with 62 employees resulted in a description of these latent errors in the organization.eral Failure Types in the organization. Seminars and interviews, based on the Tripod Del Recommendations for an improvement toward a safety culture was suggested, action plans were formulated and, in some cases, implemented. A follow up study is planned in a two year perspective.

Keywords: Key words: Safety, complexity, Tripod Delta, maintenance, railway infrastructure

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0588-3234

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3234-3237, 2012

Authors: Borges, Fábio Morais | Menegon, Nilton Luiz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Into dangerous and complex systems with high degree of interactivity between its components, the variability is present at all time, demanding a high degree of control of its operation. Maintaining or recovering the normality, when the system is under some stress (instability) is a function of Resilience. To cope with prevention, forecast, recovery and with memory of experiences from learned lessons requires some features from the companies. This paper purposes a structure that enables the Total Resilience of a system production that defines the assignments for Workers, Designers and Management Team, according to its features and possibilities. During one year …and a half developing studies on ergonomics area of a Brazilian Oil Refinery, several situations were observed and studied using Work Ergonomic Analysis. These situations show actions and strategies that workers use to maintain the system stability. Furthermore, they revealed the importance that these actions are stored in a database of learned lessons from the Company. The research resulted in a broad scheme. It places each of these groups in the process of Total Resilience. It also shows the human like a center of actions that ensure the continuity of the system, main element at Resilience (Anthropocentric View). Show more

Keywords: resilience, management, designers, workers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0589-3238

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3238-3245, 2012

Authors: de Almeida, Ildeberto Muniz | Buoso, Eduardo | do Amaral Dias, Maria Dionísia | Vilela, Rodolfo Andrade Gouveia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study analyzes an accident in which two maintenance workers suffered severe burns while replacing a circuit breaker panel in a steel mill, following model of analysis and prevention of accidents (MAPA) developed with the objective of enlarging the perimeter of interventions and contributing to deconstruction of blame attribution practices. The study was based on materials produced by a health service team in an in-depth analysis of the accident. The analysis shows that decisions related to system modernization were taken without considering their implications in maintenance scheduling and creating conflicts of priorities and of interests between production and safety; and …also reveals that the lack of a systemic perspective in safety management was its principal failure. To explain the accident as merely non-fulfillment of idealized formal safety rules feeds practices of blame attribution supported by alibi norms and inhibits possible prevention. In contrast, accident analyses undertaken in worker health surveillance services show potential to reveal origins of these events incubated in the history of the system ignored in practices guided by the traditional paradigm. Show more

Keywords: occupational accidents, accident prevention, accident investigation, surveillance system

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0590-3246

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3246-3251, 2012

Authors: Silva, João Alexandre Pinheiro | Menegon, Nilton Luis | de Carvalho, Marly Monteiro

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study reviews the academic literature on human reliability from the ergonomics perspective. The methodological approach used in this analysis combines several techniques, including bibliometric, content analysis, and social network analysis. The initial sample consisted of 304 articles, which totalized 1,872 citations, published in 94 journals, from the 47-year period between 1963 and 2011. From this initial sample, only 50 articles (16%), totalizing 471 citations are classified as ergonomics area, published in 14 journals, which involve 108 authors, with 471 citations. This sample was expanded via the seminal studies of ergonomics. These articles were coded and tabulated according to their …year of publication, the number of publications per journal, major areas of interest, and the relationship between the articles and the research methods discussed. Networks were prepared by keywords, co-citations, and cross-citations. Show more

Keywords: human reliability, bibliometric, content analysis, social networks

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0591-3252

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3252-3259, 2012

Authors: Cândido, Paula Emanuela Fernandes | Merino, Eugenio Andrés Díaz | Gontijo, Leila Amaral

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The auditory channel is one of the most affected by the activity of musicians. The aim of this study was to verify the efficiency of the Monitor of Hearing In Ear regarding prevention of the hearing loss in the activity realized by musicians. This study justifies by the need to verify a possible method of protection for these professionals. It was analyzed a group of 10 musicians of a band of dance of Santa Catarina. The methods of research were questionnaires, audiometry and analysis of the technical specifications of Monitors of Hearing In Ear. The population investigated are aged between …18–56, and time in the profession between 37 and 0,4 years. The exhibition is of, roughly, 12 hours a week during the presentations, 4,5 hours a week rehearsing in group and from 1 to 8 weekly hours of isolated rehearsal. It was observed that 40% of the population presented normal hearing thresholds for left and right ear, the sensorineural hearing loss in the left ear was ascertained in 40% and 20% presented sensorineural hearing loss in both ears. The advantage of the Monitor of Hearing In Ear is that there is the blocking of the undesirable sounds, making possible a greater audible reduction, generally between 25 and 40 dB, showing possibility to be considered a half of protection for professional musicians. Show more

Keywords: Sound Pressure Level, Hearing Disorders, In ear monitor

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0592-3260

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3260-3268, 2012

Authors: Barkokebas Junior, B. | Lago, E. | Vasconcelos, B. | Oliveira, E.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Facing an increasing violence level and higher firepower in the hands of criminal organizations (especially those related to drug trafficking), the Military Police of Pernambuco has created, in 1989, the “1a Companhia Independente de Operações Especiais” (1st Independent Company of Special Operations), as a tactical last resort of the Police to be used on special, complex situations. The CIOE progressively makes use of Negotiation measures, of less-than-lethal maneuvers, of Precision Shots and Tactical Assaults. When all possibilities are drained, the Precision Shot will bring the crisis perpetrator down. This study had as an objective to assess the level …of impact noise suffered by the elite snipers of the 1st CIOE-PE in their training. The working conditions of the snipers were evaluated through the use of a semi-structured questionnaire. Noise measuring was done on four (4) .308 IMBEL AGLC (with ammo from the same lot) rifles. Six (6) shots were fired off each gun, separated by a 30-second pause. In the end, it has been concluded that the noise level the 1st CIOE snipers are submitted to is considered to be normal by Brazilian legislation. Show more

Keywords: occupational assessment on noise, police snipers, firearms

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0593-3269

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3269-3276, 2012

Authors: Vaz Junior, Carlos André | de Araujo Mendonça, Roberto | Vaz Morgado, Cláudia do Rosário

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper focuses on the reality of very small and small enterprises (VSSEs) in Brazil, concerning health and safety management of their workers. These companies tend to operate in a few administrative levels. The owners’ health and safety culture is fundamental for the implementation of preventive measures. The VSSEs end up adopting merely reactive and under-the-law actions. In order to understand such reality, a questionnaire was elaborated especially for the reasearch made. Fiftyfive very small and small enterprises of the industrial, commercial and service sectors were selected. The research confirmed the reactive attitude shown by the VSSEs, thus demonstrating that …none of the companies involved presented policies of safety and health. Even though not holding policies, programs or scopes of their activities, 22% of them revealed to have a clear definition of the responsibilities of their high level administration. Nevertheless, 10% had financial resources allocated to this sector. Such companies do not count on a frequent safety and health support. The ignorance on it leads them to take a reactive action. This study reaches its objective on contributing to the debate, besides indicating that the way to improvement is on the strict cooperation between governments, companies, workers and society. Show more

Keywords: Very Small and Small Enterprises, Safety Management and Health, Health and Safety Culture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0594-3277

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3277-3283, 2012

Authors: Lallemand, Carine

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents the results of an ergonomic intervention conducted within a blast furnace plant. As part of its risk prevention program, the company decided to set up an action plan, in a participatory manner, by setting up working groups to solve health & safety issues. This field mission involved 230 employees, 80 of whom participated actively by being incorporated into working groups. After four months of intervention, a questionnaire survey has been conducted among employees to study the effects of participation on the safety climate. The results seem promising and show that the benefits of participation are numerous: a …more positive safety climate associated to safer attitudes and behaviors. However, rather than just participation, it seems to be the employee involvement in the working groups and the satisfaction they derive from their participation that guarantee these positive results. Hence, participatory ergonomics seems to be an effective way to decrease the number of unsafe behaviors at work, provided that the type of participation has been previously well defined and organized according to the specific context of each organization. Show more

Keywords: health & safety, participatory ergonomics, safety culture, safety climate, industrial context

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0595-3284

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3284-3290, 2012

Authors: de Araújo, Adolpho Guido | Gusmão, Alexandre Duarte | Rabbani, Emilia Rahnemay Kohman | Fucale, Stela Paulino

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The objective of this work is to map, in a limited area inside and outside of the worksite, the environmental impact generated by sound pollution coming from the driving of foundation piles for high rise buildings, as well as to observe and check if the noise levels produced by the emitting source are tolerable in the urban environment. The methodology of the work includes a survey of technical references about the subject; measurement of noises surrounding the worksite during the foundation phase for four distinct buildings, with different types of piles: prefabricated piles, continuous helical displacement piles , traditional compaction …piles and Terra Probe compaction piles. A grid of points was built due to the time of driving and after that the measurements of environmental noises were performed emitted by the execution of each type of pile using a sound level meter. The interpretation of the measurements and their impacts on the neighborhood of the building were performed using the computational tool Suffer for creating noise level contours. The X and Y axes of the grid represent the distances in meters of the area studied and the Z axis represents the noise measured in dB. The contours developed represent the mapping of the noise at the worksites and their surroundings. The mapping of the urban impact of noise, the measurement of its dimensions, and the examination of its propagation around the building are important subsides to adequate individual and collective protection procedures. Seventy one points were measured at four building sites with different types of piles, and the results showed that at only three points was the noise within the limits of the Municipal Law of Recife of 70 dB, which proves the relevance of the research. Finally, the comparative analysis between the four types of piles shows that the continuous helical displacement pile emits the lowest noise level among the four pile types studied. Show more

Keywords: Sound Pollution, Civil Construction, Foundations, Mapping, Noise

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0596-3291

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3291-3300, 2012

Authors: de Miranda Prottes, Verônica | Oliveira, Nádia Cristina | de Oliveira Andrade, Alessandra Barbosa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper introduces the Ergonomic Work Analysis as a relevant instrument to identify the risks in occupational environments through the investigation of factors that influence the relationship between the worker and the productive process. It draws a parallel between the several aspects of risk identification in traditional tools of Health and Safety Management and the factors embraced by the Ergonomic Work Analysis, showing that the ergonomic methodology is able to go deeper in the scenarios of possible incident causes. This deepening enables the establishment of a relationship between the work context and the upcoming damage to the physical integrity of …the worker. It acts as a complementary instrument in the traditional approach to the risk management. In order to explain the application of this methodology in a preventive way, it is presented a case study of a coal mill inspector in a siderurgic company. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomic Work Analysis, Risk Management, Occupational Health and Safety System

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0597-3301

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3301-3307, 2012

Authors: Martins, Edgard | Soares, Marcelo | Augusto, Lia | Laura, Laura

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The creation of meaning in communication is a trading activity, resulting from the construction that is born of the interaction between subjects. That is, the meaning is not inherent to the relationship between words, signs and symbols that arise from negotiating a necessary and unavoidable. As the concepts of sense as discrete and static representations imply a notion of classical computing and design of a cognitive system corresponding conceptions of meaning construction as located and shared among agents implies notions of different computing and cognition. Several efforts have been developed to meet these demands. Among them are the Connectionism (also …known as neural networks. Records on aspects of mental health and stress of flight professionals are present in the official reports of the organs of investigation of aviation accidents worldwide since its inception. Problems related to health physical and mental health of pilots (fatigue, stress, physiological and psychosocial problems) account for 19% of causal factors in aircraft accidents. The training seems a paradox when we know that these professionals receive regular training, have high education and technical training of high level. However, problems arise related to the implementation of learning that can be influenced to reduce their cognitive capacity, making it in practice, relatively unable to exercise its functions effectively and safely. Show more

Keywords: Distributed cognition, Automation, Behavior of mind

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0598-3308

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3308-3312, 2012

Authors: Hembecker, Paula Karina | Poletto, Ângela Regina | Gontijo, Leila Amaral

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This research aims to make a comparative evaluation of three different parachuting harnesses to work at heights in the energy industry, from the electricians’ point of view concerning these products under the optics of usability and ergonomic principles, and mainly justified by the high quantity of injuries at the energy industry due to high falls. According to its main target, this field research is classified as exploratory-descriptive transversal viewing study and, considering this perspective, the study was developed in four steps. Research results have enlightened the weakest spots and the potential improvement opportunities of these products, developed to assure safety …of the work at heights to the energy industry, according to the opinion of the users. Still, results point that, regardless of the model, these devices have adapting issues to fulfill the electrical sector user’s needs. Show more

Keywords: Electricity sector, parachuting harnesses, work at heights, energy distribution grids

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0599-3313

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3313-3320, 2012

Authors: Pieper, R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Work equipment and installations with a high risk for health and safety of employees should be paid a special attention. The German Product Safety Act, which is aimed to manufacturers or distributors in order to protect consumers, maintains a conclusive catalogue of these so-called “installations in need of monitoring” fixing the work equipment and installations for which such special inspections can be demanded. This catalogue has remained unchanged for decades and has been transformed nearly unmodified into the Plant Safety Ordinance. Currently, there is a discussion about this catalogue in Germany. A major point of concern is the definition and …the significance of “especially” dangerous work equipment and installations. Two recent research projects are dealing with the problem how to define “especially”. Show more

Keywords: work equipment, installations, risk assessment, general inspections, work safety, Product Safety Act

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0600-3321

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3321-3324, 2012

Authors: Silva, João Alexandre Pinheiro | Camarotto, João Alberto

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper aims to identify conflicts and gaps between the operators’ strategies and actions and the organizational managerial approach for human reliability. In order to achieve these goals, the research approach adopted encompasses literature review, mixing action research methodology and Ergonomic Workplace Analysis in field research. The result suggests that the studied company has a classical and mechanistic point of view focusing on error identification and building barriers through procedures, checklists and other prescription alternatives to improve performance in reliability area. However, it was evident the fundamental role of the worker as an agent of maintenance and construction of system …reliability during the action research cycle. Show more

Keywords: Human Reliability, Error Identification, Ergonomic Workplace Analysis, Resilience engineering

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1034-3325

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3325-3332, 2012

Authors: George, Juff | Heller, Michelle | Kuzel, Michael

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of shoe type on the performance of women during curb descent. Performance during curb stepping may be explained by biomechanical research that has evaluated the kinematics of overground walking and stair ascent and descent. Studies have reported that women exhibit performance differences when wearing high heels, flip flops and sneakers during overground walking and stair ascent and descent. Thus, in addition to features of the curb, the type of shoe being worn may also affect performance. Although several studies have investigated curb stepping, no known studies have investigated the effects …of different types of footwear on curb descent performance. This research was conducted in a real-world environment where participants wore three different types of shoes and performed a series of activities that involved curb stepping. The subjects were videotaped while descending a curb, allowing for observation of changes in gait parameters. Results of this study indicate that wearing high heels leads to performance differences as compared to wearing flip flops or sneakers. Show more

Keywords: walking, real-world environment, single step, shoes

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0601-3333

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3333-3338, 2012

Authors: Hino, Yasumichi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Many fatal accidents due to falling from height have happen at construction sites in Japan. The purpose of this study is about to seek new prevention methods of fatal accidents due to falling. For the first step, this study was carried out to find out “cause of death” in labor accidents by using past statistics data and was analyzed it. For the second, Butt dropping tests were carried out to measure impact load and acceleration of human head and neck by using simplified human model. After that, relationship between the human injury probability and the fall height was discussed by …comparing with experimental results and some impact tolerance values for human. From the results of this study, impact force might be able to head trauma involved not only skull fracture but also cervical spinal cord injury. These results suggest needs to explore new protection equipment for head and cervical injuries prevention. Show more

Keywords: Labor accident, falling accident, head and neck injury, impact force and acceleration

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0602-3339

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3339-3342, 2012

Authors: Johnson, Daniel | Sloan, Gary

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Precise measurement of stairway geometry is important in order to establish whether a stairway meets design goals, standards and codes. The Traditional method of measuring risers and runs (goings) does not measure the stairs in the way that codes define risers and runs, and does not measure the stairs in the way users experience them. The Nose-to-Nose method does. This study was conducted to determine the validity and repeatability of this method. Two researchers used this method to study the risers and runs on two separate stairways, one carpeted and the other not. Results demonstrated a high degree of validity …and repeatability. Show more

Keywords: Stairs, risers, runs, measurement, Nose-to-Nose

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0603-3343

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3343-3348, 2012

Authors: Li, Kai Way | Chen, Chih-Yong | Chen, Ching Chung | Liu, Liwen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Slip and fall incidences are common in our daily lives. They are not only important environmental safety issues but also important occupational safety and health problems. The purpose of this study was to use the Brungraber Mark II to measure the friction so as to investigate the effects of the shoe sole, surface condition and the inclined angle of the floor and their interactions on friction coefficient. The results of the study showed the effects of all the main factors and their interactions were significant (p<0.001). Engineering designs & ergonomic interventions in slip & fall prevention should take these factors …in full consideration. Show more

Keywords: slips & falls, friction measurements, tread design, contamination

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0604-3349

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3349-3351, 2012

Authors: Liu, Jian | Kim, Sukwon

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of walkway perturbation training on human dynamic walking stability and slip propensity. A new walkway perturbation training program was developed using an instrumented, split-belt treadmill. Walkway surface perturbation was composed of multiple, randomized perturbation pulses. Each pulse was created by sudden accelerating the treadmill belt underneath the dominant foot briefly. Five healthy older adults were involved in a laboratory study. An inertial measurement unit was attached to the subject’s low back region to record 3D acceleration. Maximum Lyapunov exponent (maxLE) and transitional acceleration of whole body center of mass …(TA_COM) were computed to quantify the local dynamic stability and slip propensity, respectively. The results indicated a significant training effect on both maxLE and TA_COM. It was concluded that the walkway perturbation training program significantly improved local dynamic stability and reduced slip propensity. Show more

Keywords: fall prevention, perturbation training, acceleration, dynamic stability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0605-3352

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3352-3354, 2012

Authors: Flynn, James | Di Pilla, Steven | Vidal, Keith

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The measurement of walkway slip resistance is required to assess the risk of slipping. Unlike other countries, the U.S. has not decided upon a single approach to the measurement of slip resistance. Several types of tribometers are available to measure slip resistance however, the measured value of the slip resistance of a given surface has been found to be tribometer specific. The introduction of ASTM International Standard F2508 Standard Practice for Validation and Calibration of Walkway Tribometers Using Reference Surfaces, has produced a method which allows validation of each type of tribometer and the values generated during testing.

Keywords: Tribometer, Slip, Walkway safety, Slip resistance

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0606-3355

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3355-3357, 2012

Authors: Johnson, Daniel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Falls near the bottom of a flight of stairs have resulted from an illusion that the person was stepping off onto the bottom landing when the person was still two treads or more above the landing. The illusion is caused by poor lighting and design defects built into the stairway. The poor lighting may be attributed to a building code that allows inadequate lighting near the bottom of external stairs in private residences. The design defect of truncating handrails before they reach the bottom tread may be due to confusion between “guards” and “handrails” and this confusion also appears to …be promulgated by building code. Show more

Keywords: Stairs, handrails, guards, falls, lighting, design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0607-3358

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3358-3362, 2012

Authors: Chang, Wen-Ruey | Matz, Simon | Chang, Chien-Chi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The available coefficient of friction (ACOF) for human locomotion is the maximum coefficient of friction that can be supported without a slip at the shoe and floor interface. A statistical model was introduced to estimate the probability of slip by comparing the ACOF with the required coefficient of friction, assuming that both coefficients have stochastic distributions. This paper presents an investigation of the stochastic distributions of the ACOF of quarry tiles under dry, water and glycerol conditions. One hundred friction measurements were performed on a walkway under the surface conditions of dry, water and 45% glycerol concentration. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit …test was used to determine if the distribution of the ACOF was a good fit with the normal, log-normal and Weibull distributions. The results indicated that the ACOF appears to fit the normal and log-normal distributions better than the Weibull distribution for the water and glycerol conditions. However, no match was found between the distribution of ACOF under the dry condition and any of the three continuous distributions evaluated. Based on limited data, a normal distribution might be more appropriate due to its simplicity, practicality and familiarity among the three distributions evaluated. Show more

Keywords: Available coefficient of friction, footwear and floor interface, stochastic distribution

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0608-3363

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3363-3366, 2012

Authors: Andres, Robert O. | Wade, Chip

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This is a review of walking tasks in the railroad environment, and the injuries that result from slips, trips, falls, or other acute or even non-traumatic exposures. The lack of federal regulations for railroad walkways has led several states to develop and enforce their own regulations. Support from the research literature for such regulations has come from biomechanical studies of the effects of walking on railroad ballast, which will be reviewed.

Keywords: Railroads, ballast, falls, biomechanics, balance

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0609-3367

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3367-3371, 2012

Authors: Long, Jennifer | Long, Airdrie

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Ergonomics is a holistic discipline encompassing a wide range of special interest groups. The role of an ergonomics consultant is to provide integrated solutions to improve comfort, safety and productivity. In Australia, there are two types of consultants – generalists and specialists. Both have training in ergonomics but specialist knowledge may be the result of previous education or work experience. This paper presents three projects illustrating generalist and specialist (visual ergonomics) consultancy: development of a vision screening protocol, solving visual discomfort in an office environment and solving postural discomfort in heavy industry. These case studies demonstrate how multiple ergonomics consultants …may work together to solve ergonomics problems. It also describes some of the challenges for consultants, for those engaging their services and for the ergonomics profession, e.g. recognizing the boundaries of expertise, sharing information with business competitors, the costs-benefits of engaging multiple consultants and the risk of fragmentation of ergonomics knowledge and solutions. Since ergonomics problems are often multifaceted, ergonomics consultants should have a solid grounding in all domains of ergonomics, even if they ultimately only practice in one specialty or domain. This will benefit the profession and ensure that ergonomics remains a holistic discipline. Show more

Keywords: Professionalism, business, expertise, vision, problem-solving

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0610-3372

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3372-3378, 2012

Authors: Richter, Hans O. | Camilla, Lodin | Forsman, Mikael

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In an experimental study two levels of oculomotor load were induced via optical trial lenses. Trapezius muscle activity was measured with bipolar surface electromyography and normalized to a submaximal contraction. Sixty-six subjects with a median age of 36 (range 19–47, std 8) viewed a black and white Gabor grating (5 c/deg) for two 7-min periods monocularly through a 0 D lens or binocularly through -3.5 D lenses. The effect of time was separately regressed to EMG in two different subgroups of responders: a High-Oculomotor-Load (HOL) and a Low-Oculomotor-Load (LOL) group. A linear regression model was fitted on group level with …exposure time on the x-axis and normalized trapezius muscle EMG (%RVE) on the y-axis. The slope coefficient was significantly positive in the -D blur condition for only the HOL subgroup of responders: 0.926 + Timemin 1-7 × 0.088 (p = 0.002, r2 =0.865). There was no obvious sign of this activity to level off or to stabilize. These results suggest that professional information technology users that are exposed to a high level of oculomotor load, during extended times, are at an increased risk of exhibiting an increased trap.m. activity. Show more

Keywords: Accommodation, Computer work, EMG recordings, Eye movements, Motor control, Near work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0611-3379

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3379-3384, 2012

Authors: Horgen, Gunnar | Eilertsen, Grethe | Falkenberg, Helle

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A functionally optimized housing development designed to meet the demands in different phases of living (universal design) may result in the elderly living longer in their own homes. In this study a total of 165 healthy persons were included out of a total of approximately 320 persons turning 75 years of age in 2009 living in Drammen municipality. They went through a quantitative, questionnaire-based interview (including VAS and SF-36) and 20 participants were then selected for a qualitative in depth interview. The lighting conditions in the kitchen, living room, bathroom, bedroom and staircase were measured according to a simplified procedure. …The overall lighting conditions were evaluated to be rather low, with means between 35 and 121 Lux, but the quantitative interviews showed that on most questions the scores were rather low, indicating that the overall thriving is good regardless of rather low lighting values. Show more

Keywords: Lighting, housing, ageing, thriving

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0612-3385

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3385-3387, 2012

Authors: Lodin, Camilla | Forsman, Mikael | Richter, Hans

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Frequent use of digital information technology has an impact on eye- and neck/shoulder-discomfort. Studies with cross sectional and intervention design indicate an association between the two symptom categories. Still, whether visually demanding near work, per se, contributes to increased neck/shoulder discomfort remains a question of debate. The aim of this laboratory study was to assess if visually demanding experimental near work affects eye- and neck/shoulder-discomfort when the posture was adjusted for comfort and no movements were allowed. Thirty-three healthy subjects performed a visually demanding computer screen task (viewing task) under four different optical lens conditions: binocular -3.5 D and monocular …-3.5 D, +3.5 D and ±0 D. During the experiment subjects were seated in an office chair (with neck support) that was individually adjusted for comfort. At baseline and after each viewing task, subjects reported their perceived eye- and neck/shoulderdiscomfort on Borg’s CR-10 scale. Results show a significant increase of eye discomfort between baseline and the first viewing task, and a significant increase in neck/shoulder discomfort from baseline throughout the first three viewing tasks. Further analysis is required to determent whether the neck/shoulder discomfort was induced by the demanding near work or the static posture, or a combination. Show more

Keywords: Vision ergonomics, computer vision syndrome, eye strain, neck pain, Video Display Unit (VDU) users

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0613-3388

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3388-3392, 2012

Authors: Forsman, Mikael | Lodin, Camilla | Richter, Hans

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Visual strain and discomfort may contribute to the generation of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among e.g. computer workers. A positive correlation on a group level between eye-lens accommodation and trapezius muscle activity has been reported. In this study we investigated the possibility of a direct, fast, connection between lens accommodation and trapezius muscles activity. The subjects focused alternately on Near and Far targets, with a mean switch time of 5 s, through four different lenses. The cross-correlation, R(tau) was computed, between the time signals of accommodation and electromyography (EMG) from 23 subjects. In the overall mean R(tau) of 736 curves, a …small but significant correlation peak (0.019) with a delay (of the EMG signal) of about 0.3 s, revealed a small common component in the two signals. Among the lenses, the positive lens (3.5 D), showed the highest correlation peak (0.040). The correlation may be caused by a direct “hard-wired” connection between the ciliary and trapezius muscles. But it could also be caused indirectly by the subject’s need for a more stable head in a more demanding visual task. The latter is supported by the result that the correlation was the highest in the positive lens condition. The present correlation is however weak and it has probably a low practical importance. Show more

Keywords: Visual discomfort, cross-correlation, electromyography, visual strain, ciliary muscle

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0614-3393

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3393-3397, 2012

Authors: Spinillo, Carla Galvão

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The use of pictograms is discussed considering their information content, graphic complexity and cultural dimension. The resemblance and the illusion theories are highlighted to define pictogram as a salience-based representation system, which communicational efficacy depends upon historical and cultural aspects in their interpretation. Thus, the competence in interpreting pictograms is considered relative to users’ acquaintance with the pictorial system and with the referents. Pictogram as a general/neutral visual statement is questioned, pointing out the cultural and gender attributes added to pictures to represent people, professions and social events. As a result of this discussion, some critical points of the standardization …of pictograms are presented. Show more

Keywords: pictogram, graphic aspects, cultural aspects, information ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0615-3398

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3398-3403, 2012

Authors: De, Amitabha | Dhar, U. | Virkar, T. | Altekar, C. | Mishra, W. | Parmar, V. | Mutakekar, M. | Iqbal, Rauf | Chandra, A.M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Subjective Visual Disturbances are silent adversaries that appear over a period of continued exposure and arise when the visual demands of the tasks exceed the visual abilities of the user. Jewellery manufacturing activity involves precision designs, setting the metal and stones, polishing and filing which requires higher visual demand. Therefore, it is expected that the jewellery manufacturing workers may experience subjective visual disturbances. This study was taken up with the following objectives 1) To study the presence of subjective visual disturbances among jewellery manufacturing workers and compare the same with VDT operators 2) To study the effect of work exposures …on subjective visual disturbances and 3) to ascertain whether subjective visual disturbances have any permanent vision related problems. The study was carried out on jewellery manufacturing workers, VDT operators and on graduate students. The symptoms of subjective visual disturbances were identified using a questionnaire developed by Sheedy (2003). Viewing distances were measured and visual angles were calculated. The eye check - ups were also carried out. The subjective visual disturbances were higher in jewellery manufacturing workers. The findings suggest that work exposure has an impact on the causation of subjective visual disturbances. No pathological conditions of the eyes were observed. Show more

Keywords: asthenopia, near point task, Ocular –ESF, Ocular –, ISF

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0616-3404

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3404-3411, 2012

Authors: Karmakar, Sougata | Pal, Madhu Sudan | Majumdar, Deepti | Majumdar, Dhurjati

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Ergonomic evaluation of visual demands becomes crucial for the operators/users when rapid decision making is needed under extreme time constraint like navigation task of jet aircraft. Research reported here comprises ergonomic evaluation of pilot’s vision in a jet aircraft in virtual environment to demonstrate how vision analysis tools of digital human modeling software can be used effectively for such study. Three (03) dynamic digital pilot models, representative of smallest, average and largest Indian pilot population were generated from anthropometric database and interfaced with digital prototype of the cockpit in Jack software for analysis of vision within and outside the cockpit. …Vision analysis tools like view cones, eye view windows, blind spot area, obscuration zone, reflection zone etc. were employed during evaluation of visual fields. Vision analysis tool was also used for studying kinematic changes of pilot’s body joints during simulated gazing activity. From present study, it can be concluded that vision analysis tool of digital human modeling software was found very effective in evaluation of position and alignment of different displays and controls in the workstation based upon their priorities within the visual fields and anthropometry of the targeted users, long before the development of its physical prototype. Show more

Keywords: vision analysis, digital human modeling, workstation design, aircraft cockpit

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0617-3412

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3412-3418, 2012

Authors: Gonçalves, Glaucia Helena | Menegon, Nilton Luiz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This research aimed to study the activity of the HLB’s scouts, workers whose function is to identify symptomatic plants, in order to understand the physical constraints, cognitive and organizational involved in accomplishing the task, characterizing the operative approach used to identify diseased plants, and to elucidate what aspects hinder the identification of symptoms. The method adopted for the research was the Ergonomic Analysis of Work – EAW [6]. The results, after validation with the operators and management, allowed understanding the complex relationships between the physical, cognitive and organizational aspects present on activity. Major difficulties were observed mainly …in relation to the disposal of the scouts on the platforms and in relation to working hours, at the beginning and end of the journey. Important findings have highlighted strategies, unknown by the organization, used by scouts to locate candidates’ trees to the fine analysis of investigation of symptoms. In conclusion, the analysis enable to understand the constraints and find technical and organizational solutions to the survey work on citrus groves as well as it showed signs and symptoms not investigated yet or rarely considered by researchers involved on searches aimed at increasing the ability to diagnose the disease in the field. Show more

Keywords: Activity analysis, ergonomics, HLB, greening, survey

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0618-3419

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3419-3426, 2012

Authors: Cavalcanti, Janaina | Soares, Marcelo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a research carried out in the states of Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil about differences and similarities in the graphic representation of safety signs at factories of food, steel, shoes and construction/ building industries, together with their workers´ opinions on the security signs. The overall results show differences in the sign structure across the states, confirming the influence of cultural differences on the design of safety signs, which must be taken into account during the design process.

Keywords: Keyword one, keyword two, keyword three, keyword four, keyword five

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0619-3427

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3427-3432, 2012

Authors: Hemphälä, H. | Hansson, G-Å. | Dahlqvist, C. | Eklund, J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study was performed between 2004 and 2011 at mail sorting facilities in Sweden. During this time, different interventions were performed. The first was a lighting intervention that had a positive impact on the postal workers, especially those with eyestrain. A new lighting system also improved the illuminance and gave better light distribution. The second intervention involved new personal spectacles for the postal workers who needed them and this had a positive effect on eyestrain. The third intervention involved a specific type of sorting spectacles for the postal workers who already used progressive lenses privately. The reading distances that the …postal workers had while sorting the mail was inverted to the distances in their regular progressive lenses. The new sorting spectacles had a positive effect on head postures and on muscular activity. Show more

Keywords: illuminance, lighting, progressive lenses, EMG, inclinometry

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0620-3433

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3433-3437, 2012

Authors: Abreu, Leonardo | de Moraes, Anamaria

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Mobile phones obtained large popularization in Brazil thanks to pre-paid (pay as you go) contracts. This kind of contract represents 82% of mobile phone connections in Brazil, corresponding to 143 million in a total of 174 million mobile phone accesses in the country. In this scenario, a research about the usability of mobile phones with 17 to 24 year old youngsters, living in poor communities, enrolled in the NGO Spectaculu. Usability tests were carried through with 30 youngsters from a NGO in Rio de Janeiro. Was made a extraction of the navigation sequence with data information of input and output …from the system. Point Navigation Map was created to track low-income mobile user's interaction. Show more

Keywords: Human Factors, Universal Usability, Low-income users, Track Navigation, Navigation Map

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0621-3438

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3438-3442, 2012

Authors: de Souza, Edson Rufino | de Freitas, Sydney Fernandes

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: At present, it is recognized that the Internet plays key role in universalization of opportunities in society in which we live. For people with disabilities, the content must be accessible in all websites, but the assistive technologies used must be adequate to the specific needs of people with disabilities. Dosvox is a free system developed in the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) specially designed for blind people and used by them in the performance of their tasks with the use of computers. Previously, through exploratory research based on the observation of the interaction of blind students with the …Web, usability problems were identified in the Dosvox interface and in the Webvox, the Web browser included in the system, and these problems were related to the fact that the interface is designed in accordance with the mental model of these Information Technology professionals. This study consolidate the problems in earlier phases of the research, link the results with usability heuristics of Nielsen and propose several improvements to Dosvox and its development process. Show more

Keywords: blind people, usability, accessibility, interaction design, redesign

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0622-3443

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3443-3448, 2012

Authors: Mayer, Marcel Ph. | Odenthal, Barbara | Faber, Marco | Schlick, Christopher M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The numerical control of an experimental assembly cell with two robots – termed a cognitive control unit (CCU) – is able to simulate human information processing at a rule-based level of cognitive control. To enable the CCU to work on a large range of assembly tasks expected of a human operator, the cognitive architecture SOAR is used. The CCU can plan assembly processes autonomously and react to ad-hoc changes in assembly sequences effectively. Extensive simulation studies have shown that cognitive automation based on SOAR is especially suitable for random parts supply, which reduces planning effort in logistics. Conversely, a disproportional …increase in processing time was observed for deterministic parts supply, especially for assemblies containing large numbers of identical parts. In this contribution, the effect of phase-shifts in deterministic part supply is investigated for assemblies containing maximal different parts. It can be shown that the concept of cognitive automation is as well suitable for these planning problems. Show more

Keywords: Cognitive automation, SOAR, Assembly, Joint cognitive systems

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0623-3449

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3449-3454, 2012

Authors: Danielsson, Mats | Alm, Håkan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The actors in charge of an emergency response are confronted with severe difficulties in coordination and decision making, especially in major accidents. To facilitate coordination, various decision support systems (DSS) integrated in communication systems have been developed. However, many DSS in the rescue service organizations are afflicted with under-use and other usability problems. Drawing on both a literature review and an analysis of recently obtained survey data from rescue personnel concerning usability of common communication system in Swedish emergency organizations, this paper addresses the issue of usability of DSS. It is concluded that the impetus for developing DSS in many …cases has been the technological possibilities per se, not taking the decision makers task structure and contextual factors into account. It is argued that priority should be given to functions that provide a visual overview of the event and facilitate storing of the series of decisions made during the response Show more

Keywords: decision making, DSS, emergency management, usability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0624-3455

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3455-3458, 2012

Authors: Valdez, André Calero | Schaar, Anne Kathrin | Ziefle, Martina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In an increasingly faster paced innovative world, maintaining the ability to innovate in spite of an aging work force will become every company’s strongest leverage for success. Tapping the latent knowledge resources and creativity of overlooked employees and persisting crucial information for business conduct are promising results for social networking sites (SNS) in a working context. Usability and usefulness are exponential factors in creating a successful SNS. In order to make a SNS usable for a heterogeneous user group, analyses of user diversity in regard to social media need to be done. Furthermore differences in communication medium and frequency in …regard to age, content, hierarchy position, departmental thresholds and company size need to be analyzed. For analysis purposes both qualitative and quantitative research methods were applied. Strong effects of age and communication content were found in survey with 194 participants. Show more

Keywords: social networks, user diversity, survey, SNS, collaboration, acceptance

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0625-3459

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3459-3467, 2012

Authors: Jatobá, Alessandro | de Carvalho, Paulo Victor R. | da Cunha, Amauri Marques

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Work in organizations requires a minimum level of consensus on the understanding of the practices performed. To adopt technological devices to support the activities in environments where work is complex, characterized by the interdependence among a large number of variables, understanding about how work is done not only takes an even greater importance, but also becomes a more difficult task. Therefore, this study aims to present a method for modeling of work in complex systems, which allows improving the knowledge about the way activities are performed where these activities do not simply happen by performing procedures. Uniting techniques of Cognitive …Task Analysis with the concept of Work Process, this work seeks to provide a method capable of providing a detailed and accurate vision of how people perform their tasks, in order to apply information systems for supporting work in organizations. Show more

Keywords: Cognitive Systems Engineering, Health Care, Work Process five

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0626-3468

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3468-3475, 2012

Authors: Alexander, Thomas | Pfendler, Claudius | Thun, Jürgen | Kleiber, Michael

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Current industrial processes often involve the collaboration of people at distant and remote locations. The technological media for such a tele-cooperation reach from simple email or text-based chatting systems to highly-sophisticated systems for an interactive video-conferencing. But with limited bandwidth the communication between persons at distant locations is often restricted to single modalities. Although this may still be suitable for some tasks, it may result into serious shortcomings and decreased performance with complex tasks like cooperative assembly or maintenance. This is because restricted communication reduces the availability of a common ground, i.e. sharing a common understanding of knowledge, opinions, and …goals. The study presented in this paper examines the effect of different communication media on performance of a collaborative assembly task. The results show that tele-cooperation leads to additional verbal communication (AM(direct)=71.1s; AM(video)=145.6s; AM(audio)=204.7s) and, thus, longer times to complete the task (AM (direct)=45.95 min; AM (video)= 50.2 min; am AM(audio)=56.16 min). The percentage of relative speech duration also increases significantly. Workload measurement with NASA-TLX did not show any significant differences between cooperation modes. The results allow estimating the effect of reduced communication modalities on time to complete an assembly task. This facilitates a quantification of temporal requirements in time-critical maintenance and repair tasks. Show more

Keywords: Tele-cooperation, tele-communication, multi-modality, assembly task

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0627-3476

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3476-3483, 2012

Authors: Safin, Stéphane | Juchmes, Roland | Leclercq, Pierre

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this paper, we present an original environment, the Distributed Collaborative Design Studio (DCDS) which allows multimodal real-time remote exchanges, and which aims at re-creating remotely the conditions of co-present meetings. This environment associates a videoconference tool (supporting verbal and non-verbal communication) and an original realtime shared digital hand-drawn sketches system (supporting graphical communication). The users can import documents and annotate them in real-time at distance. In this paper, we are interested in studying the use of the graphical modality (digital sketch and document annotations) as a tool for collective design and remote communication. This study takes place in the …framework of a collaborative architectural design studio, which has taken place during 3 month, and gathering students from Belgium and France to work together in 3 small groups mainly at distance. The study focuses on the role of graphical modality in the synchronous remote meetings supported by the DCDS. We identify the types of digital annotations made on the imported document, thanks to the electronic pen, and their role in the cognitive processes of designing and in the collaboration and communication processes. We also identify the different practices of digital sketching, according to the group and its collaborative strategies. We discuss the utility of the graphical modality as an efficient support for collaborative synchronous activities and show that the DCDS environment supports different strategies of collaborative design (co-design and distributed design). We conclude on recommendations for improving the system and for designing sketch-based collaborative environments. Show more

Keywords: CSCL, architecture, multimodal collaboration, pen-based interaction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0628-3484

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3484-3493, 2012

Authors: Defays, Aurore | Safin, Stéphane | Darses, Françoise | Mayeur, Anaïs | Rajeb, Samia Ben | Lecourtois, Caroline | Guéna, François | Leclercq, Pierre

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In the areas of design, especially in architectural design, collaboration has become an important challenge. The specialization of skills increase, work teams are more and more extensive and the geographic distance between them increases too. The economic and ecological stakes related to remote collaboration are an evidence. This context involves the need to support most efficiently possible remote working meetings. We present the Distributed Collaborative Digital Studio (DSDC), a tool designed to recreate, in distant situations, the context of copresence meetings. This shared environment is created in the “invisible computer” approach [11]. The idea is that the tool should disappear …from user’s consciousness. Indeed, creative design activities require some fluidity in their process. Therefore, any involuntary interruption created by the system can potentially brake creativity. In this perspective, we investigate specifically the “invisibility” of our environment. To do this, we propose a framework for the operationalization of the concept and a methodology to test the system invisibility. This methodology was applied through a case study consisting of a corpus of 12 hours of remote collaborative design sessions with the DSDC. We highlight the learning effects while using our system, conclude on its effectiveness and discuss our methodology. Show more

Keywords: Computer Supported Cooperative Work, remote collaboration, invisibility, sketching, multimodality

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0629-3494

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3494-3503, 2012

Authors: Ahram, Tareq Z. | Karwowski, Waldemar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The advent and adoption of internet-based social networking has significantly altered our daily lives. The educational community has taken notice of the positive aspects of social networking such as creation of blogs and to support groups of system designers going through the same challenges and difficulties. This paper introduces a social networking framework for collaborative education, design and modeling of the next generation of smarter products and services. Human behaviour modeling in social networking application aims to ensure that human considerations for learners and designers have a prominent place in the integrated design and development of sustainable, smarter products throughout …the total system lifecycle. Social networks blend self-directed learning and prescribed, existing information. The self-directed element creates interest within a learner and the ability to access existing information facilitates its transfer, and eventual retention of knowledge acquired. Show more

Keywords: Smart Products, service systems, Systems Engineering, Social Networking

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1035-3504

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3504-3510, 2012

Authors: Détienne, Françoise | Barcellini, Flore | Baker, Michael | Burkhardt, Jean-Marie | Fréard, Dominique

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents, illustrates and discusses a generic framework for studying knowledge co-elaboration in online epistemic communities (“OECs”). Our approach is characterised by: considering knowledge co-elaboration as a design activity; distinguishing discussion and production spaces in OECs; characterising participation via the notion of role; fine-grained analyses of meaning, content and communicative functions in interactions. On this basis, three key issues for ergonomics research on OECs are discussed and illustrated by results from our previous studies on OSS and Wikipedia. One issue concerns the interrelation between design (task) and regulation. Whereas design task-oriented activity is distributed among participants, we illustrate that …OCEs function with specialised emerging roles of group regulation. However, the task-oriented activity also functions at an interpersonal level, as an interplay of knowledge-based discussion with negotiation of competencies. Another issue concerns the foci of activity on the (designed) knowledge object. Based on a generic task model, we illustrate asymmetry and distinctiveness in tasks' foci of participants. The last issue concerns how design-use mediation is ensured by specific forms of mediation roles in OECs. Finally we discuss the degree of generality of our framework and draw some perspectives for extending our framework to other OECs. Show more

Keywords: online communities, distributed design, interactive roles

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1036-3511

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3511-3518, 2012

Authors: Mertens, Alexander | Brandl, Christopher | Przybysz, Philipp | Koch-Körfges, David | Schlick, Christopher M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: During employment of icons in order to represent system functions, specific user requirements from elderly people have not been scientifically gathered and thus will merely be considered during the process of system design. The survey, with explicit consideration of technology acceptance and experience of 120 elderly probands, looked into the comprehension of four different classes of non-animated graphical representations. It was shown that among elderly, the use of photos compared to pictograms or clip art leads to a significantly higher recognition rate. The mapping of actions rather than objects leads to a further reduction of the error probability and is …thus, especially in the context of telemedicine, preferable for the target group. Show more

Keywords: Icons, human-computer interaction, elderly, user study, usability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0630-3519

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3519-3525, 2012

Authors: Bützler, Jennifer | Vetter, Sebastian | Jochems, Nicole | Schlick, Christopher M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: On the basis of three empirical studies Fitts’ Law was refined for bivariate pointing tasks on large touch screens. In the first study different target width parameters were investigated. The second study considered the effect of the motion angle. Based on the results of the two studies a refined model for movement time in human-computer interaction was formulated. A third study, which is described here in detail, concerns the validation of the refined model. For the validation study 20 subjects had to execute a bivariate pointing task on a large touch screen. In the experimental task 250 rectangular target objects …were displayed at a randomly chosen position on the screen covering a broad range of ID values (ID= [1.01; 4.88]). Compared to existing refinements of Fitts’ Law, the new model shows highest predictive validity. A promising field of application of the model is the ergonomic design and evaluation of project management software. By using the refined model, software designers can calculate a priori the appropriate angular position and the size of buttons, menus or icons. Show more

Keywords: Fitts’, Law, bivariate pointing task, movement time, human factors of software-systems

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0631-3526

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3526-3532, 2012

Authors: Schmuntzsch, Ulrike | Sturm, Christine | Roetting, Matthias

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Main objective of the recently started collaborative research project SFB/TR29 B4 is to provide cross-generational assistance to human operators working in industrial product-service systems (IPS2 ). By combining the ideas of actionspecificity and multimodality a more immediate and purposeful reaction towards warnings is assumed. For this purpose, an action-specific warning system in form of a glove has been developed. It provides either visual, auditory or haptic feedback or a combination of all modalities. In a first study this prototype was compared with a conventional warning system, where multimodal devices were directly mounted to the machine. The test scenario used in …this study is the ‘changing of a spindle’ on a replica of a micro milling machine. It was conducted with 42 participants. The experimental design is a within-design in terms of the two warning systems and a between-design concerning the three modalities and its combinations. Results of the two-way ANOVA with repeated measures on both factors ‘system’ and ‘modality’ show a significant main effect for the ‘modality’ and a significant interaction effect between both factors. Especially the haptic warnings on the action-specific glove were described as “that kind of warning, which evokes the fastest response”. Show more

Keywords: action-specific warning, multimodality, cross-generational interface design, industrial product-service systems

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0632-3533

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3533-3540, 2012

Authors: Nägle, Sibylle | Schmidt, Ludger

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Even though computers play a massive role in everyday life of modern societies, older adults, and especially older women, are less likely to use a computer, and they perform fewer activities on it than younger adults. To get a better understanding of the factors affecting older adults’ intention towards and usage of computers, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Usage of Technology (UTAUT) was applied as part of a more extensive study with 52 users and non-users of computers, ranging in age from 50 to 90 years. The model covers various aspects of computer usage in old age via four …key constructs, namely performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influences, and facilitating conditions, as well as the variables gender, age, experience, and voluntariness it. Interestingly, next to performance expectancy, facilitating conditions showed the strongest correlation with use as well as with intention. Effort expectancy showed no significant correlation with the intention of older adults to use a computer. Show more

Keywords: Computer usage, elderly computer users, UTAUT, acceptance model

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0633-3541

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3541-3548, 2012

Authors: Mayhorn, Christopher B. | Nyeste, Patrick G.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Phishing is an increasingly more prevalent form of online, social engineered scams that escalate costs and risks to society year to year. This study demonstrates an association between anti-phishing training techniques used in previous research and individual differences which could affect phishing susceptibility. Results indicated that anti-phishing training in both a simple comic and more complex video game form is helpful in decreasing phishing susceptibility as measured by Miss rates for all individuals including college aged and computer savvy participants. Based on the results of the present study, implications for future efforts to combat phishing are discussed.

Keywords: Computer security, phishing, training

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1054-3549

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3549-3552, 2012

Authors: Zunjic, Aleksandar | Ristic, Ljiljana | Milanovic, Dragan D.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this paper, a research that deals with the problem of determining of the visibility of the alphanumeric presentation on CRT and LCD screens is presented, in conditions when the screen filters are used, and when they are not used. A methodology that can be used for determination of the visibility of alphanumeric symbols on VDT screens is presented. It is determined the existence of differences in visibility of alphanumeric presentations when screen filters are used, compared to conditions when they are not used. This difference was statistically significant, while the visibility of the presented alphanumeric symbols on CRT and …LCD screens that use screen filters is lower than when they are not used. For this reason, the use of protective screen filter is recommended in circumstances where a very high level of glare exists, when the visual fatigue is common appearance and when a user performs a task that does not depend on the detection of stimuli whose RGB values are low. Show more

Keywords: CRT monitor, LCD monitor, screen filter, visibility

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1037-3553

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3553-3559, 2012

Authors: Toomingas, A. | Hagberg, M. | Heiden, M. | Richter, H. | Westergren, K.E. | Wigaeus Tornqvist, E.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Personal computers are used by a majority of the working population in their professions. Little is known about risk-factors for incident symptoms from the eyes among professional computer users. The aim was to study the incidence and risk-factors for symptoms from the eyes among professional computer users. This study is a part of a comprehensive prospective follow-up study of factors associated with the incidence of symptoms among professional computer users. 1531 computer users of different professions at 46 companies were invited, whereof 1283 answered a baseline questionnaire (498 men; 785 women) and 1246 at least one of 10 monthly …follow-up questionnaires. The computer work-station and equipment were generally of a good standard. The majority used CRT displays. During the follow-up period 329 subjects reported eye symptoms. The overall incidence rate in the whole study group was 0.38 per person-year, 0.23 in the subgroup of subjects who were symptom free at baseline and 1.06 among subjects who reported eye symptoms at baseline. In the bivariate analyses significant associations were found with all explanatory variables, except BMI. The reduced multivariate model showed significant associations with extended computer work, visual discomfort (dose-response), eye symptoms at baseline (higher risk), sex (women=higher risk) and nicotine use. The incidence of eye problems among professional computer users is high and related to both individual and work-related factors. Show more

Keywords: office work, eye strain, prospective study

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0634-3560

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3560-3562, 2012

Authors: Tebboune, Cheikh El-Bachir | Mebarki, Bouhafs

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 26 VDU operators in a post office and a bank, working regularly on video display units. The study aimed at (1) determining the physical working conditions, particularly lighting conditions, (2) assessing employees’ complaints, (3) measuring visual defects among operators in VDU workstations. The following results are revealed: (a) ergonomic shortcomings in workplace and work station design were clearly noticed (b) noise level was between 60db and 78 db, (c) illumination parameters did not much the task and caused ocular symptoms and visual fatigue, (d) visual tests revealed vision defects in …84.6% of the cases, (e) visual fatigue was noticed at the end of the working day. The abnormal frequency of operators’ complaints can be explained by the association of visual defects and inadequate working conditions Show more

Keywords: VDU, illumination conditions, vision, visual fatigue, visual defects

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0635-3563

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3563-3567, 2012

Authors: Sa, Eduardo Costa | Ferreira Junior, Mario | Rocha, Lys Esther

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aims of this study were to investigate work conditions, to estimate the prevalence and to describe risk factors associated with Computer Vision Syndrome among two call centers´ operators in São Paulo (n = 476). The methods include a quantitative cross-sectional observational study and an ergonomic work analysis, using work observation, interviews and questionnaires. The case definition was the presence of one or more specific ocular symptoms answered as always, often or sometimes. The multiple logistic regression model, were created using the stepwise forward likelihood method and remained the variables with levels below 5% (p < 0.05). The operators were …mainly female and young (from 15 to 24 years old). The call center was opened 24 hours and the operators weekly hours were 36 hours with break time from 21 to 35 minutes per day. The symptoms reported were eye fatigue (73.9%), “weight” in the eyes (68.2%), “burning” eyes (54.6%), tearing (43.9%) and weakening of vision (43.5%). The prevalence of Computer Vision Syndrome was 54.6%. Associations verified were: being female (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.6 to 4.1), lack of recognition at work (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.8), organization of work in call center (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.7) and high demand at work (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.3). The organization and psychosocial factors at work should be included in prevention programs of visual syndrome among call centers´ operators. Show more

Keywords: Call center, Visual fatigue, Risk factors, Occupational health, Computer visual syndrome

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0636-3568

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3568-3574, 2012

Authors: Helland, Magne | Horgen, Gunnar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A total of 85 VDU operators, in three main Scandinavian Alcatel-Lucent headquarters, were followed in a process moving from single occupancy offices to office landscapes. This paper discusses the visual challenges and implications in such a change in location. By careful design and construction of an office landscape with regards to lighting and visual conditions transfer from a small office to an office landscape may be acceptable from a visual-ergonomic point of view. In the oral presentation recommendation on how to avoid visual problems will be discussed.

Keywords: VDU workplaces, visual ergonomics, lighting conditions, visual discomfort, office landscape

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0637-3575

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3575-3576, 2012

Authors: Jonsson, Christina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The Swedish Provisions on Work with Display Screen Equipment and the EU Directive on the minimum safety and health requirements for work with display screen equipment cover several important visual ergonomics aspects. But a review of cases and questions to the Swedish Work Environment Authority clearly shows that most attention is given to the demands for eyesight tests and special computer glasses. Other important visual ergonomics factors are at risk of being neglected. Today computers are used everywhere, both at work and at home. Computers can be laptops, PDA’s, tablet computers, smart phones, etc. The demands on eyesight tests and …computer glasses still apply but the visual demands and the visual ergonomics conditions are quite different compared to the use of a stationary computer. Based on this review, we raise the question if the demand on the employer to provide the employees with computer glasses is outdated. Show more

Keywords: eyesight test, computer glasses, new display screen technique, visual ergonomics, demands on the employer

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0638-3577

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3577-3579, 2012

Authors: Bliss, James P. | Liebman, Rachel | Chancey, Eric

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Prior researchers have demonstrated that training may be an effective strategy for improving operator reactions to alarm systems with less than perfect reliability. Of the training strategies tested, recognition of temporal patterns in prior sensor activations seems to offer the greatest promise for improving the speed and appropriateness of subsequent alarm reactions. The current research was completed to clarify which of three temporal interval training methods leads to the most appropriate alarm reactions. Fifty-six undergraduates evaluated whether alarms occurring after sensor activations were true or false, based on elapsed time between the sensor signals and the alarm signals. Participants completed …five training sessions to learn to estimate time intervals using simple repetition training, performance feedback, or performance feedback plus subdivision cues. Contrary to expectations, results indicated that participants did not benefit differentially from temporal interval training. Differences between pre- and posttest interval estimation performance was similar among groups, and training groups performed comparably when reacting to signals. Participants generally focused on advertised alarm system reliability, responding more appropriately and more quickly to lower reliability alarms. Future researchers and designers should replicate these findings with realistic tasks and real-world complex task operators to determine their generalization. Show more

Keywords: Alarms, Training, Reliability, Time, Reactions

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0668-3580

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3580-3585, 2012

Authors: Baldwin, Carryl L. | Eisert, Jesse L. | Garcia, Andre | Lewis, Bridget | Pratt, Stephanie M. | Gonzalez, Christian

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Through a series of investigations involving different levels of contextual fidelity we developed scales of perceived urgency for several dimensions of the auditory, visual, and tactile modalities. Psychophysical ratings of perceived urgency, annoyance, and acceptability as well as behavioral responses to signals in each modality were obtained and analyzed using Steven’s Power Law to allow comparison across modalities. Obtained results and their implications for use as in-vehicle alerts and warnings are discussed.

Keywords: Auditory warnings, tactile warnings, perceived urgency, in-vehicle displays, driver behavior

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0669-3586

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3586-3591, 2012

Authors: Machado, Sheron | Duarte, Emília | Teles, Júlia | Reis, Lara | Rebelo, Francisco

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: There is an increasing interest in multimodal technology-based warnings, namely those conveying speech-warning statements. This type of warning may be tailored to the situation as well as to the target user’s characteristics. However, more information is needed on how to design these warnings in a way that ensures intelligibility, promotes compliance and reduces the potential for annoyance. In this context, this paper reports an exploratory study whose main purpose was to assist the selection of a synthesized voice for a subsequent compliance study with personalized (i.e., using the person’s name) technologybased warnings using Virtual Reality. Participants were requested to listen …to speech signals, gathered from a speech synthesizer and post-processed in order to change the pitch perception, and then these were evaluated by fulfilling the MOS-X questionnaire. After that, the participants ranked the voices according to their preference. The effects of the speaker’s gender and voice pitch, on both ratings and ranking were assessed. The preference of the male and female listeners for a talker’s voice gender was also investigated. The results show that participants mostly prefer as first choice the high-pitched female voice, which also gathered the highest overall score in the MOS-X questionnaire. No significant influence of the participants’ gender was found on the assessed measures. Show more

Keywords: Auditory warnings, speech signal, speaker’s gender, voice pitch

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0670-3592

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3592-3598, 2012

Authors: Alali, Khaled | Casali, John G.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess normal hearing listeners’ performance in detecting a stationary backup alarm signal and to quantify the linear distance at detection point. Method: Detection distances for 12 participants with normal hearing were measured while they were fitted with 7 hearing protectors and while they were unoccluded (open ear). A standard (narrowband) backup alarm signal and a broadband (pulsed white noise) backup alarm signal from Brigade[1] were used. The method of limits, with distance as the physical measurement variable and threshold detection as the task, was employed to find at which distance the participant could …first detect the backup alarms. Results: A within-subject Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant main effect of the listening conditions on the detection distance in feet. Post hoc analyses indicated that the Bilsom L3HV conventional passive earmuff (at 1132.2 ft detection distance) was significantly poorer compared to all other HPDs and the open ear in detection distance achieved, and that there were no statistically-significant differences between the unoccluded ear (1652.3 ft), EB-15-Lo BlastPLGTM (1546.2 ft), EB-15-Hi BlastPLGTM (1543.4 ft), E-A-R/3M Combat ArmsTM earplug-nonlinear, level-dependent state (1507.8 ft), E-A-R/3M HiFiTM earplug (1497.7 ft), and Bilsom ImpactTM dichotic electronic earmuff (1567.2 ft). In addition, the E-A-R/3M Combat ArmsTM earplug-passive steady state resulted in significantly longer detection distances than only the open ear condition, at 1474.1 ft versus 1652.3 ft for the open ear. ANOVA also revealed a significant main effect of the backup alarm type on detection distance. The means were 1600.9 ft for the standard (narrowband) backup alarm signal, and a significantly closer 1379.4 ft was required for the Brigade broadband backup alarm signal. Discussion: For on-ground workers, it is crucial to detect backup alarm signals as far away as possible rather than at close distances since this will provide them more time to react to approaching vehicles. The results of this study suggest that as the attenuation of the hearing protectors increases, precautions should be considered by safety professionals. This is because, as it was the case with the Bilsom passive earmuff and E-A-R/3M Combat ArmsTM earplug-passive steady state, high attenuation minimizes the detection distance and as a result on-foot workers will have less time to react to any approaching vehicle. The main effects of the type of backup alarm signal demonstrated a statistically-significant advantage of the standard backup alarm over the broadband backup alarm on detection distance in feet. The magnitude of the improvement produced by the standard backup alarm was 221.5 feet, a very large margin. For example, with a vehicle backing at 10 mph, the 221.5 ft decrease in detection distance with the Brigade alarm equates to the vehicle arriving 15 seconds sooner at the worker from the point at which its alarm was first heard. Show more

Keywords: Hearing protector, hearing protection device, backup alarm, reverse alarm, detection distance, broadband backup alarm, auditory detection

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0671-3599

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3599-3607, 2012

Authors: Hancock, G.M. | Hancock, P.A. | Janelle, C.M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Emotion-provoking stimuli abound on modern roadways. Driving measures, of both longitudinal and lateral control of the vehicle, have been shown to vary based on affective influences. Research, however, has yet to address how drivers’ individual techniques to mitigate emotional reactions influence driving performance. To address this issue, the present study featured a dual-task protocol involving simulated driving together with processing of emotionally-valenced images with a focus on different Predominant Emotion Regulation Techniques (PERT): one adaptive strategy (task-focused coping) and one maladaptive style (emotion-focused coping). Dependent measures included mean driving speed and number of lane excursions. Results indicated that pleasant images …degraded longitudinal control to the greatest extent, while unpleasant images produced the greatest detriment in lateral control. Additionally, individuals’ PERT played a major interactive role in drivers’ longitudinal control leading task-focused females and emotion-focused males to adhere more closely to the speed limit; yet, it did not affect their lateral control. Results hold important potential implications for the amount or variety of training necessary for driver licensure to promote and sustain safe vehicle control. Show more

Keywords: Vehicle Operation Efficacy, Affective States, Traffic Safety

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0666-3608

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3608-3611, 2012

Authors: Sharan, Deepak | Ajeesh, P.S. | Rameshkumar, R | Mathankumar, M | Paulina, R Jospin | Manjula, M

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Virtual reality is the use of interactive replication created with computer hardware and software to impart users with opportunities to engage in environments that appear to feel similar to real world objects and events. The commonest rehabilitation program of cerebral palsy children involves stretching, strengthening, mobilization and various other activities, whereas the use of virtual reality based training (VRBT) for rehabilitation of cerebral palsy is not common. To understand the effect of VRBT a study was formulated. Twenty nine subjects participated (study group – 14 and control group – 15). Outcome measures were MACS, PBS, level of participation, motivation, cooperation …and satisfaction of the child. Results revealed that balance and manual ability were significantly improved in both the groups (Balance: study: t-2.28, p<0.05; control: t-3.5, p<0.01; Manual ability: study: t-5.58, p<0.001; control: t-7.06, p<0.001). PBS had significantly greater improvement in the study group (t-t-2.02, p<0.05). Level of participation, motivation, cooperation and satisfaction of the child were also reported to be significantly higher among the study group as compared with control group. To the author’s best knowledge, this is the first study on using the VR-based therapy for the postoperative rehabilitation of children with CP which need further elaboration with larger sample size. Show more

Keywords: “VRBT”, “derebral Palsy”, “balance”, “manual ability”

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0667-3612

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3612-3615, 2012

Authors: Lenorovitz, David R. | Leonard, S. David | Karnes, Edward W.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In the field of forensic human factors, experts are often called upon to assess and evaluate the adequacy of new or existing products’ warnings or warnings systems. The usual goal of this evaluation is to arrive at a simple binary decision regarding the warning in question (i.e., does it “pass/fail”, or is it “adequate/inadequate”). However, such a warning assessment process may in fact be quite complex and multidimensional in its execution. The existing warnings research literature has identified a fairly large number of warnings features or factors likely to have an impact on a given warning’s effectiveness or adequacy. The …tool addressed in this article is intended for use by a warnings expert (as opposed to one less knowledgeable and informed about complex warnings issues), and can serve as a reminder checklist to help ensure that the expert has taken into consideration the most relevant features or factors during such a warnings adequacy assessment. Show more

Keywords: Warnings, Warnings Evaluations, Warning Adequacy, Product Safety

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0114-3616

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3616-3623, 2012

Authors: Wogalter, Michael S. | Laughery, Kenneth R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A scenario of an automotive accident caused by tire failure is given followed by a human factors analysis of the information available to consumers on tire aging. Consumers have not been told that the age of the tire is a safety concern. It is not easy to decode the date of manufacture on tires. More publicity and prominent warnngs are needed to communicate the dangers of older tires. Also, better ways to present the date of manufacture so that consumers can more easily and accurately assess tire age are needed.

Keywords: Tires, Aging, Manufacture Date, Safety, Warnings

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0115-3624

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3624-3628, 2012

Authors: Karnes, Edward W. | Leonard, S. David | Lenorovitz, David R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Various single-rider open vehicles, such as lawnmowers, are susceptible to overturning on slopes that are too steep for them. Warnings have included separation from the vehicles and avoiding slopes that are too steep. A recommended maximum slope is commonly 15 degrees. However, many individuals cannot evaluate slopes just by sight. Some mower manufacturers have warned about too steep slopes and have provided slope gauges for users to determine the slopes in natural settings. This article evaluated the usefulness of such gauges for users who might be expected to need to evaluate slopes and the efficacy of a separation procedure for …avoiding injuries. It was concluded that neither of these were likely to be successful and suggestions are made for a lternative approaches. Show more

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0116-3629

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3629-3632, 2012

Authors: Duarte, EmíLia | Rebelo, Francisco | Teles, Júlia | Noriega, Paulo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Warnings are intended to reduce accidents caused by hazards. Behavioral compliance is the most important measure of warning effectiveness. However, in result of diverse circumstances (e.g., distraction, misuse, negligence), conflicting or ambiguous safety messages can be perceived. Since these are recurrent and can result in wrong behaviors encompassing severe consequences, such cases should be studied for safety purposes. We report findings on the participants’ compliant behavior when performing a work-related task, while immersed in a virtual environment, and investigate the effect of conflicting messages on compliance with warnings. Two warnings (one regular and one with an appended out-of-order sign) and …two types of signs (static and dynamic) were considered. The warning with the out-of-order sign configures the case of potentially conflicting messages. The gender effect was also investigated. The participants’ behavior was assessed regarding to pushing a button as directed by the warnings. In the “out-of-order” warning, compliance was higher in the dynamic situation (53.3%) than in the static one (3.3%). Comparing with the non-conflicting warning, compliance was higher for both situations (static: 76.7%; dynamic: 100%). Women complied more than men. Although these results have limitations in their generalization, they are nonetheless relevant and deserve to be studied further. Show more

Keywords: Ambiguity, Compliance, Warnings, Decision Making, Awareness

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0113-3633

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3633-3640, 2012

Authors: Dejean, Pierre-Henri | Wagstaff, Peter

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents the concept of direct and indirect users, a key issue to cooperation between ergonomists, designers and managers involved in a sustainable approach to design. What issues for Ergonomics and Design are launched by this concept? User/consumer differences should be approached taking into account Ergonomics and Design theory and practice. What dialogue and tools could help the ergonomist/designer/manager to respond to all the requirements of the future clients of the product?

Keywords: Ergonomics/design/management cooperation, User approach, Design process certification

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0672-3641

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3641-3645, 2012

Authors: Nellutla, Manobhiram | Patel, Hetal | Kabanda, Aline | Nuhu, Assuman

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: An important aspect that affects the effectiveness of ergonomic programs is that inefficient mechanical functioning start at an early age and that back pain and posture problems are already evident in children. Children, from a very early age, as well as adults spend an ever increasing amount of their time in front of computer and television screens. The cumulative effect of this sedentary lifestyle leads to improper posture, as well as inefficient and harmful movement patterns and loss of basic physical skills. Physical Education course should deal not only with sports and physical activities, but also with broader aspects of …life-skills and physical functionality. It should offer a solution to the modern technology-based society. Keeping this in perspective, Ergonomics content was introduced in Physical Education Teacher’s Guide in Rwandan schools with an aim in preventing musculoskeletal disorder in children. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, Schools, Physical Education, Prevention, Classroom

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0004-3646

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3646-3651, 2012

Authors: Kay, Roddy

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper argues that it would be useful for ergonomists and experienced English Language Teaching (ELT) professionals to collaborate as this would be of substantial interest to both sets of professionals. The ongoing debate in ELT on International English (IE) might usefully help to guide ergonomists if and when they require to judge that English is used at appropriately high levels in the workplace in non-English speaking countries. It may also help ergonomists who are non-native speakers (NNSs) of English to gain greater access to the top specialist journals and to found new e-journals on Ergonomics in English that deserve …international recognition. At the same time ELT specialists would have great interest in advising ergonomists on these matters, in part, as a means of testing current hypotheses on the tendencies for new varieties of English to develop and win acceptance both from native and non-native speakers of English as setting standards of communicative competence in English both for end users of English in their professional lives and for well-structured and clear written academic debate. Show more

Keywords: International English, Ergonomics, Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, print and electronic journals

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0006-3652

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3652-3656, 2012

Authors: Silva, Nilson RogÉrio da | Almeida, Maria Amélia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Studies indicate that teachers constitute a professional segment, in which the work characteristics and the demands originating from the act of teaching, favor the emergence of sickness, concerning physical or emotional aspects. The present work aimed to describe physical and postural aspects during the working activity of teachers. A total of 120 elementary school teachers (1st to 8th grade) took part in the survey. For data collection, a questionnaire was applied: it included personal and occupational information, perception of discomfort and being off work; physical strength activities; posture at work and physical conditioning activities. The average age of teachers of …the present sample corresponds to 35,8 years. In relation to activities which generate more physical strength, the answer none of the activities was predominant with 30 answers; followed by writing on the board, standing up during the period of classes, explanation of the subjects, class elaboration, correction of homework and others. The area of the body with higher amount of occurrences and prevalent discomfort referred to the lower limbs and spinal cord. These data inform the necessity of investing in prevention programs for the teachers, in order to develop strategies into the organizational context and interventions at the work environment. Show more

Keywords: ergonomy, elementary school teachers, working conditions, postural aspects

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0005-3657

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3657-3662, 2012

Authors: Martins, Laura Bezerra | Gaudiot, Denise Mariasimões Freire

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In any concept of school design, classroom occupies the central place. Dimensions, lighting, the equipment needed, ventilation are old questions already answered, even in form of laws and standards adopted. However, the best use of available materials and physical conditions of comfort is not sufficient for a classroom design guaranteed success. The classroom should provide deaf students elements to facilitate the learning process, eliminating as much as possible the obstacles created by lack of hearing and allowing them to have the same access to learning as a listener student. As users of a school building, teachers, students, parents and staff …are the best evaluators of the physical environment of schools. The environmental comfort is a largest ally of pedagogy. The learning comes from the perception and the concentration of students in the classroom. The purpose of this study is to detect the role of direct perception (physical) and indirect (intangible) elements that informs and have symbolic value, and propose layouts for accessible classrooms to deaf students. The ergonomics of the built environment evaluation methods could use the participatory design method tools as basis to assessing how users perceive and use the school environment. Show more

Keywords: Inclusion, education, design participative, layout

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0007-3663

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3663-3668, 2012

Authors: Brunier, Elisabeth | Chapellier, Michel Le | Dejean, Pierre Henri

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aims of this paper are to present concept and results of an innovative educational model approach based on ergonomics involvement in industrial project. First we present Cross disciplinary Problem solving Workshop by answering three questions: 1) What is a CPW: A partnership between Universities and one or several companies, purposes of it are first to increase health, well being, companies teams competencies, and competitiveness, second to train the “IPOD generation” to include risks prevention in design. 2) How does it work? CPW allows cooperation between experience and new insight through inductive methods. This model follows the Piaget …(1) philosophy linking concrete world to abstraction by a learning system associating realization and abstraction 3) Is it successful? In order to answer this third question we will show examples of studies and models performed during CPWs. It appears that the CPWs produce visible results in companies such as new process designs, new methods, and also changes in lectures. However some less visible results remain unclear: How the company personnel evolve during and after CPW? Does CPW motivate our future engineers enough to continuously improve their skills in risk prevention and innovative design? Show more

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0008-3669

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3669-3675, 2012

Authors: Smith, Thomas J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper offers a conceptual framework, bolstered by empirical evidence, for two conclusions: (1) that variability in student learning is prominently influenced by ergonomic design features, not only of classrooms and school systems, but also of surrounding communities; and (2) a systems concept of learning environments therefore is required to support student learning, based on integrating educational with community ergonomics. Educational system design factors known to strongly influence student learning first are reviewed. One of the most prominent of these is the socioeconomic status of communities in which schools are housed. Independent lines of evidence then are introduced that may …account for how and why community design affects learning. The paper closes with recommendations for persuading policymakers and educators that closer integration of school system operations and functions with those of the surrounding community, with a central goal of upgrading community design conditions, represents a highly promising opportunity for improving student learning performance. One major challenge is to heighten awareness that learning environments outside the classroom are as or more important as those inside, in terms of influencing not only test but broader educational and societal trajectories of children. Show more

Keywords: educational ergonomics, community ergonomics, informal learn

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0009-3676

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3676-3684, 2012

Authors: Cuenca, Gabriela | Nusshold, Patricio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article presents the results of a preliminary trial, in the context of an intervention, developed by a team of ergonomists under the request of the Occupational Health Department of the General Management of Schools in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. We present a reformulation of the request and the results obtained in 2009 from observations and interviews held in three schools in the province of Buenos Aires in which different jobs positions were assessed. From this stage onwards, the tools were validated and new aspects were shown, particularly in relation to the high variety of real situations in …the education sector. Show more

Keywords: teachers, education, ergonomics, work analysis, methodology

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0010-3685

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3685-3692, 2012

Authors: Costa, Bruna Evellyn | Silva, Nicéia Luzia Selete

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this study valued 100 public school teachers statewide Umuarama-Pr, through Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and also a socio-demographic questionnaire with objective factors to analyze the work environment that affect the quality of life for teachers public schools in Umuarama. The results indicated that teachers age between 20 and 30 years show high index of emotional exhaustion. Between 30 and 40 years have a low average emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and an average professional achievement. Teachers between 40 and 50 years of aged had resulted in the average within the fields Burnout Inventory with a group that’s worrying, because it …is the limit in all items that characterize the burnout syndrome. Already in the professionals aged between 50 and 60 years have seen high levels of emotional exhaustion, low depersonalization and low professional achievement, this group, which probably already had some of these symptoms are only now been identified. This shows how is the quality of life of the group of teachers surveyed, and indicates the need for action to change this situation and find solutions. A suggestion of this work is to build a center for psychological support for teachers to learn to handle everyday situations. Show more

Keywords: burnout, teachers, quality of life

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0673-3693

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3693-3700, 2012

Authors: Silveira, Dierci Marcio | Brandão, Erico Lourenço

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: It is part of the vocabulary of organizations, and the agendas discussed the subject of "Sustainability", but there are few companies that implement practices or even know the means of implementing sustainable practices. The objective of this paper is to discuss an approach to education for sustainable development (ESD) based on the concepts and practice of ergonomics, as a consequence of this approach allows the implementation of integration initiatives focused on sustainability, such as eg. energy efficiency and consumer awareness thus allowing a means of reducing costs and operating expenses, increased competitiveness and significant contributions to corporate sustainability. There is …also the inclusion of sustainability in corporate strategic planning, and their implications in the different spheres of the market. Show more

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0011-3701

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3701-3708, 2012

Authors: Santana, Ângela Maria C. | De Marchi, Dione | Junior, Luiz C.G. | Girondoli, Yassana M. | Chiappeta, Andrés

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The objective of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of Burnout Syndrome in 100 teachers of six public high schools and its correlation with working conditions in a southeast city of Brazil. Characterization of the sample occurred after application of a socio-demographic questionnaire. Evaluation of the working conditions was done by means of an Ergonomic Working Analysis. The presence of Burnout Syndrome was evaluated by means of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The sample presented the predominance of women, with an average age of 40.4 and the majority married with children. Roughly 50% had less than 10 years of service, …and more than half of the teachers taught more than 18 classes per week. Hoarseness after work was principally reported among women, which required many days off for health treatment. Environmental conditions reflect inadequacy in relation to noise, light, humidity and temperature. Presence of pain in the upper limbs was especially high among women. Risk of musculoskeletal disorders in the upper limbs predominated as moderately important to significant. We also identified an average distance walked by teachers of 1.5 Km and an average of 4.2 Kg of school supplies carried between classes. The Burnout Syndrome presented a high score for depersonalization principally among men, but it has association with both sexes. Emotional exhaustion correlates with noise, depersonalization, and personal fulfillment, in addition to the high number of weekly lessons. It can be concluded that Burnout syndrome is present among teachers, principally in terms of depersonalization, deserving the attention of government officials and the schools, as well as the teachers themselves. Show more

Keywords: Burnout syndrome, Working conditions, Teachers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0674-3709

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3709-3717, 2012

Authors: Marqueze, Elaine C | Ulhôa, Melissa A | Moreno, Claudia R C

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A number of studies to better understand the complex physiological mechanism involved in regulating body weight have been conducted. More specifically, the hormones related to appetite, leptin and ghrelin, and their association to obesity have been a focus of investigation. Circadian patterns of these hormones are a new target of research. The behaviour of these hormones in individuals subject to atypical working times such as shiftwork remains unclear. Shiftwork is characterized by changes in biological rhythms and cumulative circadian phase changes, being associated with high rates of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Truck drivers, who work irregular shifts, frequently present a …high prevalence of obesity, which might be associated with work-related factors and/or lifestyle. In this context, the aim of this paper was to discuss the relationship of body mass index, appetite-related hormones and sleep characteristics in truck drivers who work irregular shifts compared with day workers. Show more

Keywords: Obesity, leptin, ghrelin, circadian rhythm, truck drivers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0085-3718

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3718-3725, 2012