Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems - Volume 36, issue 5

Authors: Frenda, Simona | Ghanem, Bilal | Montes-y-Gómez, Manuel | Rosso, Paolo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract:  Patriarchal behavior, such as other social habits, has been transferred online, appearing as misogynistic and sexist comments, posts or tweets. This online hate speech against women has serious consequences in real life, and recently, various legal cases have arisen against social platforms that scarcely block the spread of hate messages towards individuals. In this difficult context, this paper presents an approach that is able to detect the two sides of patriarchal behavior, misogyny and sexism, analyzing three collections of English tweets, and obtaining promising results.

Keywords: Misogyny detection, sexism detection, linguistic analysis

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179023

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4743-4752, 2019

Authors: Alemán, Yuridiana | Somodevilla, María J. | Vilariño, Darnes

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this paper an analysis, based on similarity metrics, was carried out in order to detect main concepts related to the superclasses in a pedagogical domain ontology. A semi-automatic corpus containing articles in Spanish was built. Afterward, the corpus was lemmatized and three representations were extracted. Four textual similarity metrics based on terms and Pointwise Mutual Information were implemented. A list of words, which was evaluated using a gold standard built by an expert in the domain, was retrieved from each experiment according to establish thresholds for the metrics. Precision and recall were used for evaluation step, where a detailed …discussion by representation and class was presented. Results showed a higher precision in types of intelligences class and 5-grams representation. Show more

Keywords: Ontology learning, pedagogical domain, NLP.

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179024

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4753-4764, 2019

Authors: Buitrón, Edwar Javier Girón | Corrales, David Camilo | Avelino, Jacques | Iglesias, Jose Antonio | Corrales, Juan Carlos

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract:  The coffee rust is a devastating disease that causes large economic losses across the world. The severity of this disease changes over time so the farmers are not fully aware of the economic importance of the rust disease in the coffee crops. From a computational science perspective, several investigations have been proposed to decrease the effects caused by the coffee rust appearance from Expert systems based on machine learning techniques. However, because samples about coffee rust incidence are few, the rules created from machine learning techniques do not contain enough information to consider the diversity of scenarios for detecting coffee …rust. This paper proposes an expert system based on rules, where the rules are created considering the expert knowledge of specialists and technical reports about the behavior of the disease during a crop year. As far as we know, this is the first expert system proposed using not only expert knowledge but also technical reports in the coffee rust problem. The Buchanan methodology is used to design the proposed system. Experiment results present an average accuracy of 66,67% to detect a correct warning of coffee rust levels. Show more

Keywords: Decision support system, crops, disease, agriculture, hemileia vastatrix

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179025

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4765-4775, 2019

Authors: Lithgow-Serrano, Oscar | Collado-Vides, Julio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The constant increase in the production of scientific literature is making it very difficult for experts to keep up to date with the state-of-the-art knowledge in their fields. The use of Natural Language Processing (NLP) is becoming a necessary aid to tackle this challenge. In the NLP field, the task of measuring semantic similarity between two sentences plays a vital role. It is a cornerstone for tasks like Q&A, Information Retrieval, Automatic Summarization, etc., and it is a crucial element in the ultimate goal of computers being able to decode what is conveyed in human language expression. Measuring Semantic …Similarity (SS) in short texts has specific challenges. Because there are fewer words to be compared, the meaning contribution of each word is more relevant, and it is important to take into account the syntax’s contribution to the composed meaning. In addition, the highly specific and specialized vocabulary — Microbial Transcriptional-Regulation—implies the lack of massive training resources. Our approach has been to use an ensemble of similarity metrics including string, distributional, and knowledge-based metric and to combine the results of such analyses. We have trained and tested these methods in a similarity corpus developed in-house. The task has proved very challenging, and the ensemble strategy has proved to be a good approach. Even though there is still much room for improvement in the precision of our methods concerning the human evaluation, we have managed to improve them reaching a strong correlation (ρ  = 0.700). Show more

Keywords: Natural Language Processing, Semantic Textual Similarity

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179026

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4777-4786, 2019

Authors: Dash, Sandeep Kumar | Saha, Saurav | Pakray, Partha | Gelbukh, Alexander

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract:  Caption generation requires best of both Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing. Due to recent improvements in both of them many efficient models have been developed. Automatic Image Captioning can be utilized to provide descriptions of website content or to engender frame-by-frame descriptions of video for the vision-impaired and in many such applications. In this work, a model is described which is utilized to generate novel image captions for a previously unseen image by utilizing a multimodal architecture by amalgamation of a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The model is trained on Microsoft Common Objects …in Context (MSCOCO), an image captioning dataset that aligns captions and images in the same representation space, so that an image is close to its relevant captions in that space and far away from dissimilar captions and dissimilar images. ResNet-50 architecture is used for extracting features from the images and GloVe embeddings are used along with Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) in Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) for text representation. MSCOCO evaluation server is used for evaluation of the machine generated caption for a given image. Show more

Keywords: Image captioning, convolutional neural network

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179027

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4787-4796, 2019

Authors: Majumder, Goutam | Pakray, Partha | Pinto, David

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract:  This work focuses on bolstering the pre–existing Interpretable Semantic Textual Similarity (iSTS) method, that will enable a user to understand the behaviour of an artificial intelligent system. The proposed iSTS method explains the similarities and differences between a pair of sentences. The objective of the iSTS problem is to formalize the alignment between a pair of text segments and to label the relationship between the text fragments with a relation type and relatedness score. The overall objective of this work is to develop a 1:M multi chunk aligner for an iSTS method, which is trained on SemEval 2016 Task …2 dataset. The obtained result outperforms many state–of–art aligners, which were part of SemEval 2016 iSTS task. Show more

Keywords: WordNet, interpretability, semantic semilarity, Natural Language Processing, cosine similarity

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179028

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4797-4808, 2019

Authors: Srivastava, Jyoti | Sanyal, Sudip | Srivastava, Ashish Kumar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Word reordering is an important problem for translation between languages which have different structures such as Subject-Verb-Object and Subject-Object-Verb. This paper presents a statistical method for extraction of linguistic rules using chunk to reorder the output of the baseline statistical machine translation system for improved performance. The experiments are based on the TDIL sample tourism corpus of English-Hindi language pair which consists of 1000 sentence pairs out of which 900 sentence pairs are used for training, 50 sentences for tuning and 50 sentences for testing. Finally, the output of the machine translation system, augmented by these rules, is evaluated by …using BLEU and NIST metrics. The BLEU score improves by more than 2% in comparison to the baseline SMT system. The results are compared with those of Google translation system which has been trained on a huge corpus. We got a 0.1 point improvement in terms of NIST score, in comparison to Google Translation. Thus, we have comparable results with such a small corpus of 900 sentence pairs for training. This paper is an effort to improve the performance of SMT with a small corpus by using linguistic rules where the rules are automatically generated instead of made by linguist. Show more

Keywords: Statistical machine translation, chunk, rule extraction, reordering rules, hybrid machine translation

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179029

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4809-4819, 2019

Authors: Sengupta, Saptarshi | Pandit, Rajat | Mitra, Parag | Naskar, Sudip Kumar | Sardar, Mohini Mohan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: One of the most challenging research problems in natural language processing (NLP) is that of word sense induction (WSI). It involves discovering senses of a word given its contexts of usage without the use of a sense inventory which differentiates it from traditional word sense disambiguation (WSD). This paper reports a work on sense induction in Bengali, a less-resourced language, based on distributional semantics and translation based context vectors learned from parallel corpora to improve the task performance. The performance of the proposed method of sense induction was compared with the k-means algorithm, which was considered as the baseline in …our work. A dataset for sense induction was created for 15 Bengali words, encompassing a total of 111 contexts. The proposed model, in both mono and cross-lingual settings, outperformed k-means in precision (P), recall (R) and F-scores. K-means based sense induction produced average P, R and F-scores of 0.71, 0.73 and 0.66 respectively. The average P, R and F-scores produced by the mono-and cross-lingual settings of the proposed algorithm are 0.77, 0.73, 0.68 and 0.81, 0.77 and 0.72 respectively. Show more

Keywords: Word sense induction (WSI), parallel corpora, translation, Word2Vec, context clustering

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179030

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4821-4832, 2019

Authors: Ameer, Iqra | Sidorov, Grigori | Nawab, Rao Muhammad Adeel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The process of automatic identification of an author’s demographic traits like gender, age, native language, geographical location, personality type and others from his/her written text is termed as author profiling (AP). Currently, it has engaged the research community due to its promising uses in security, marketing, forensic, bogus account identification on public networks. A variety of benchmark corpora (English text) released by PAN shared task is used to perform our experiments. This study presents a Content-based approach for detection of author’s traits (age group and gender) for same-genre author profiles. In our proposed method, we used a different set of …features including syntactic n-grams of part-of-speech tags, traditional n-grams of part-of-speech tags, the combination of word n-grams and combination of character n-grams. We tried a range of classifier for several profile sizes. We used the word uni-grams and character tri-grams as our baseline approaches. We achieved best accuracy of 0.496 and 0.734 for both traits, i.e., age group and gender respectively, by applying the combination of word n-grams of various sizes. Experimental results signify that the combination of word n-grams can produce good results on benchmark corpora. Show more

Keywords: Author profiling, machine learning, syntactic n-grams, traditional n-grams, part-of-epeech

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179031

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4833-4843, 2019

Authors: Gómez-Adorno, Helena | Fuentes-Alba, Roddy | Markov, Ilia | Sidorov, Grigori | Gelbukh, Alexander

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: We present a method for gender and language variety identification using a convolutional neural network (CNN). We compare the performance of this method with a traditional machine learning algorithm – support vector machines (SVM) trained on character n-grams (n  = 3–8) and lexical features (unigrams and bigrams of words), and their combinations. We use a single multi-labeled corpus composed of news articles in different varieties of Spanish developed specifically for these tasks. We present a convolutional neural network trained on word- and sentence-level embeddings architecture that can be successfully applied to gender and language variety identification on a relatively small corpus …(less than 10,000 documents). Our experiments show that the deep learning approach outperforms a traditional machine learning approach on both tasks, when named entities are present in the corpus. However, when evaluating the performance of these approaches reducing all named entities to a single symbol “NE” to avoid topic-dependent features, the drop in accuracy is higher for the deep learning approach. Show more

Keywords: Convolutional neural networks, deep learning, author profiling, gender identification, language variety identification, machine learning, character n-grams, Spanish

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179032

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4845-4855, 2019

Authors: Álvarez-Carmona, Miguel A. | Villatoro-Tello, Esaú | Montes-Y-Gómez, Manuel | Villaseñor-Pineda, Luis

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract:  Author Profiling (AP) aims at predicting specific characteristics from a group of authors by analyzing their written documents. Many research has been focused on determining suitable features for modeling writing patterns from authors. Reported results indicate that content-based features continue to be the most relevant and discriminant features for solving this task. Thus, in this paper, we present a thorough analysis regarding the appropriateness of different distributional term representations (DTR) for the AP task. In this regard, we introduce a novel framework for supervised AP using these representations and, supported on it. We approach a comparative analysis of representations such …as DOR, TCOR, SSR, and word2vec in the AP problem. We also compare the performance of the DTRs against classic approaches including popular topic-based methods. The obtained results indicate that DTRs are suitable for solving the AP task in social media domains as they achieve competitive results while providing meaningful interpretability. Show more

Keywords: Author profiling, document representation, distributional term representation, text classification, social media

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179033

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4857-4868, 2019

Authors: Posadas-Durán, Juan-Pablo | Gómez-Adorno, Helena | Sidorov, Grigori | Escobar, Jesús Jaime Moreno

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract:  We present a new resource to analyze and detect deceptive information that is present in a huge amount of news websites. Specifically, we compiled a corpus of news in the Spanish language extracted from several websites. The corpus is annotated with two labels (real and fake) for automatic fake news detection. Furthermore, the corpus also provides the category of the news, presenting a detailed analysis on vocabulary overlap among categories. Finally, we present a style-based fake news detection method. The obtained results show that the introduced corpus is an interesting resource for future research in this area.

Keywords: Fake news, corpus, Spanish, resource, machine learning

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179034

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4869-4876, 2019

Authors: Guzmán-Cabrera, Rafael | Sánchez, Belém Priego | Mukhopadhyay, T. Prasad | García, J.M. Lozano | Cordova-Fraga, T.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract:  It is increasingly common for internet users to have access to blogs and social networks, and common for them to express opinions on such sites. This research work is framed within the scope of opinion mining. Opinions allow us to measure people’s perception of a specific topic or product. Knowing the opinion that a person has towards a product or service is of great help for decision making, since it allows, between other things, that potential consumers to verify the quality of the product or service before using it. This research work is framed within the scope of opinion mining. …When the number of opinions is very large the analysis gets more complicated and generally resort to tools that allow this task to be performed automatically are sought out. The present work performs an automatic categorization of textual opinions corresponding to four products: books, DVDs, kitchens, and electronics. Both negative and positive opinions are considered for the experiment. Further categorization experiments are performed using different domains of learning. The basic idea is to investigate if we can undertake classification of opinions, positive and negative, of any given domain using instances of training from a different domain. Results obtained from different methods of learning are presented. The results obtained allow us to examine the feasibility of the proposed methodology. Show more

Keywords: Cross Domain, emotive classification, opinion classification

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179035

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4877-4887, 2019

Authors: Sidorov, Grigori | Markov, Ilia | Kolesnikova, Olga | Chanona-Hernández, Liliana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In spite of having been investigated for over fifty years, developing a robust spoken dialog management system remains an open research issue in robotics and natural language processing. In this paper, we present a language-independent spoken dialog management module integrated into a human-robot interaction system. We adopt an algorithmic approach to dialog modeling. A mobile robot functioning as a shopping assistant exemplifies the proposed approach. The dialog module is composed of a state transition network, in which state switches are conditioned by both visual and communicative factors. We use the formalism of a finite state automaton, where the robot changes …its state by performing a speech act or a non-verbal action from the set of specified act/action types. Show more

Keywords: Shopping assistant robot, spoken dialog management, speech acts, state transition network, finite automaton, visual factors, communicative factors

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179036

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4889-4899, 2019

Authors: López-Ramírez, Pablo | Molina-Villegas, Alejandro | Siordia, Oscar S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract:  In this paper we propose an aggregation strategy for geolocated Twitter posts based on a hierarchical definition of the regular activity patterns within a specific region. The aggregation yields a series of documents that are used to train a topic model. The resulting model is tested against the ones produced by two other aggregation strategies proposed in the literature: aggregation by user and by hashtag . For comparison, we use quality metrics widely used on the literature. The results show that the Geographical Aggregation performs similarly to hashtag aggregation in terms of Jensen-Shannon Divergence and outperforms other aggregation schemes …in its ability to reproduce the original cluster labels. One potential application behind this is the discovery of unusual events or as a basis for geolocating messages from text. Show more

Keywords: Probabilistic topic modeling, geolocation, social network

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179037

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4901-4908, 2019

Authors: Basak, Rohini | Naskar, Sudip Kumar | Gelbukh, Alexander

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Given a question, a reference answer, and the answer given by the student, the aim of the automatic short answer grading task is to assign a grade to the student’s answer. We use for this a large number of matching rules relying on recognizing entailment relation between dependency structures of the two answers. Comparison of the grades generated by our method with those given by human judges on a computer science dataset shows a quite promising maximum correlation of 0.627.

Keywords: Automatic short answer grading, recognizing textual entailment, dependency parsing, semantic similarity

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179038

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4909-4919, 2019

Authors: Mager, Manuel | Rosales, Mónica Jasso | Çetinoğlu, Özlem | Meza, Ivan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract:  User generated data in social networks is often not written in its standard form. This kind of text can lead to large dispersion in the datasets and can lead to inconsistent data. Therefore, normalization of such kind of texts is a crucial preprocessing step for common Natural Language Processing tools. In this paper we explore the state-of-the-art of the machine translation approach to normalize text under low-resource conditions. We also propose an auxiliary task for the sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) neural architecture novel to the text normalization task, that improves the base seq2seq model up to 5%. This increase of performance closes …the gap between statistical machine translation approaches and neural ones for low-resource text normalization. Show more

Keywords: Noisy text, normalization, recurrent neural networks, low-resource, autoencoding

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179039

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4921-4929, 2019

Authors: Rodríguez-González, Ansel Y. | Martínez-Trinidad, José F. | Carrasco-Ochoa, Jesús A. | Ruiz-Shulcloper, José | Alvarado-Mentado, Matías

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: There are many problems were the objects under study are described by mixed data (numerical and non numerical features) and similarity functions different from the exact matching are usually employed to compare them. Some algorithms for mining frequent patterns allow the use of Boolean similarity functions different from exact matching. However, they do not allow the use of non Boolean similarity functions. Transforming a non Boolean similarity function into a Boolean one, and then applying the previous algorithms for mining frequent patterns, could lead to loss some patterns, and even more to generate some other patterns which indeed should not …be considered as frequent similar patterns. In this paper, we extend the similar frequent pattern mining by allowing the use of non Boolean similarity functions. Several properties for pruning the search space of frequent similar patterns and a data structure that allows computing the frequency of patterns candidates, are proposed. Also, three algorithms for mining frequent patterns using non Boolean similarity functions are proposed. Experimental results show the efficiency and efficacy of the algorithms. The proposed algorithms obtain better patterns for classification than those patterns obtained by traditional frequent pattern miners, and miners using Boolean similarity functions. Show more

Keywords: Data mining, frequent patterns, similarity functions, Mixed data

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179040

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4931-4944, 2019

Authors: Rodriguez-Torres, Fredy | Carrasco-Ochoa, Jesús A. | Martínez-Trinidad, José Fco.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In supervised classification if one of the classes has fewer objects than the other, we have a class imbalance problem. One of the most common solutions to address class imbalance problems is oversampling, and SMOTE is the most referenced and well-known oversampling method. However, SMOTE creates synthetic objects in a random way, therefore it produces a different result each time it is applied, and in practice the user has to apply SMOTE several times for choosing the best of all the generated balanced datasets. For this reason, in this paper, we present SMOTE-D, a deterministic version of SMOTE, and propose …new deterministic SMOTE-D-based versions of some of the most recent and successful SMOTE-based methods. In our experiments, we show that all proposed deterministic methods produce as good results as random methods but our proposals need to be applied just once. This is very important from a practical point of view since our proposals save time by avoiding multiple applications of them as SMOTE does and they provide one unique result. Show more

Keywords: Imbalanced datasets, oversampling, supervised classification

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179041

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4945-4955, 2019

Authors: Martínez-López, Yoan | Madera, Julio | Rodríguez-González, Ansel Y. | Barigye, Stephen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract:  Optimization algorithms are important in problems of pattern recognition and artificial intelligence, i.e., the image recognition, face recognition, data analysis, optical recognition, etc. Estimation distribution algorithms (EDAs ) is kind of optimization algorithms based on substituting the crossover and mutation operators of the Genetic Algorithms by the estimation and later sampling the probability distribution learned from the selected individuals. However, a weakness of these algorithms is the efficiency in terms of the number of evaluations of the fitness function. In this paper, a Cellular Gaussian Estimation Algorithm (CEGA ) for solving continuous optimization problems is proposed. CEGA is derived …from evidence-based learning of independence and decentralized schemes of local populations. The experimental results showed that the present proposal reduces the number of evaluations of the fitness function in the search for optimums, maintaining its effectiveness in comparison to other algorithms of state-of-art using the same benchmark of continuous functions. Show more

Keywords: Cellular EDA, learning, probabilistic graph model, Gaussian networks

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179042

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4957-4967, 2019

Authors: Tiwari, Anoop Kumar | Shreevastava, Shivam | Subbiah, Karthikeyan | Som, T.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract:  Due to the development of modern internet-based technology, the electronically stored information is growing exponentially with time. It is highly challenging to select relevant and non-redundant features of the real-valued high dimensional datasets. Feature selection, a preprocessing technique, refers to the process of reducing the dimension of the input data in order to extract the most meaningful features for processing and analysis. One of the numerous useful applications of rough set theory is the attribute or feature selection, but it has certain limitations as it cannot be applied on real-valued data sets directly because rough set based feature selection can …handle discrete data only. In order to deal with real-valued data sets, discretization method is applied to convert dataset from real-valued to discrete, which usually leads to information loss. Fuzzy rough set theory is profitably applied to address this problem and retain the semantics of real-valued datasets. However, intuitionistic fuzzy set can deal with uncertainty in a much better way when compared to fuzzy set theory as it considers membership, non-membership and hesitancy degree of an object simultaneously. In this paper, an intuitionistic fuzzy rough set model is established by combining intuitionistic fuzzy set and rough set. Furthermore, we propose a novel approach of feature selection derived from this model. Moreover, we develop an algorithm based on our proposed concept. Finally, our approach is applied to some benchmark data sets and compared with the existing fuzzy rough set based technique. The performed experiments show the superiority of our approach. Show more

Keywords: Rough set, fuzzy set, intuitionistic fuzzy set, degree of dependency, feature selection

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179043

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4969-4979, 2019

Authors: Pinilla-Buitrago, Laura Alejandra | Carrasco-Ochoa, Jesús Ariel | Martínez-Trinidad, José Francisco

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Hieroglyph retrieval has emerged as a tool to facilitate and support the cultural heritage preservation. For this task, hieroglyphs should be represented according its visual content. In the literature, the Bag of Visual Words (BoVW) model has been widely used for representing hieroglyphs with retrieval purposes. One crucial step in the BoVW model consists in replacing each local descriptor, obtained from a hieroglyph, by its nearest visual word in the vocabulary. However, it may result in similar local descriptors replaced by different visual words. Thus, the similarity of these local descriptors is lost. In this work, this problem is …addressed by replacing each local descriptor by its k -nearest visual words in the vocabulary, instead of just one visual word (the nearest). Considering this multiple replacement, we introduce a hieroglyph representation that takes into account the frequency of the visual words and the co-occurrence of visual word pairs. Our experiments show that our proposed hieroglyph representation allows obtaining better retrieval results than those obtained by using state of the art representations. Show more

Keywords: Hieroglyph representation, hieroglyph retrieval, k-nearest visual words, co-occurrences of visual words pairs.

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179044

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4981-4990, 2019

Authors: Martínez-Espinosa, J.C. | Cordova-Fraga, T. | Guzmán-Cabrera, R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this work, we propose a practical approach to access and visualize relevant information on the spatial distribution on the anything sample about its biochemical composition. In order to carry out this analysis, we use a Raman spectroscopy technique to obtain spectral maps with specific spatial resolution (1 and 5 micrometers) over a selected region of the sample. Our study relies on the application of a Principal Component Analysis on the cross-correlations between the spectral blocks measured, within a certain spectral window of interest. The associated values of these principal components are used to build low-resolution images (with the same …spatial resolution of the Raman scan) in which the relevant information on the chemical composition is already encoded. Finally, the spatial resolution of the principal components images was numerically enhanced in the post-processing through standard linear interpolation algorithms. In this way, we can map and visualize, simultaneously, the spatial and spectral information. The results suggest that the Raman spectroscopy imaging is a powerful tool for determining the biochemistry of organic and inorganic samples based on spectral scanning and thus determine compounds concentrations of medical interest. The proposed methodology is rather general and it could be extended to other spectroscopic measurement techniques where the spatial mapping of the spectral information is needed. Show more

Keywords: Raman spectroscopy, principal components analysis, spectral maps, image reconstruction

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179045

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4991-4999, 2019

Authors: Céspedes-Hernández, David | González-Calleros, Juan Manuel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Human communication has been studied from different approaches and resulting in contributions to several disciplines. From the computer sciences point of view, the findings made in the area have inspired the development of Natural User Interfaces (NUI), interaction mechanisms aimed at replicating the way in which people communicate, so the information exchange with computational systems happens in similar fashion. Gestural interfaces are a specific type of NUI focused on analyzing the relationship between body motion and semantic meanings. Although, from a technical perspective, proposals found in the literature had proven high efficiency and accuracy on gestural recognition, several authors had …reported lack of naturalness in the interaction with gesture-based applications, leading to the conclusion that NUIs are not usually as natural as they claim to be. Moreover, gestures are culture and language specific, which makes them ambiguous, incompletely specified, and difficult to match with semantic meaning when the context is unknown. In this paper, we propose a methodology for enabling the development of gesture-based applications, considering that accuracy and efficiency in recognition tasks must not be affected, and prioritizing the flexibility for allowing the use of gestures that are suitable for different user contexts through the exploration of user-defined gesture sets and Machine Learning techniques, and using a one-shot learning approach. Show more

Keywords: Gestural interaction, natural user interfaces, human-computer interaction, machine learning, user-defined gesture sets

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179046

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 5001-5010, 2019

Authors: Camarillo-Abad, Hector M. | Sanchez, J. Alfredo | Starostenko, Oleg | Sandoval, Maria Gabriela

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract:  Work is needed to advance the current understanding of tactile interaction among humans through haptic technologies. We introduce a novel language that has been designed to guide users in leader-follower dances. This language is based on a nine-word vocabulary that corresponds to nine dance steps, following the metaphor of a leader-follower dance. Our work benefits from a haptic coding that is commonly used by couples when dancing, and explores the potential of wearable technology in this scenario. A wearable prototype consisting of four vibrotactile actuators was used to test the idea. Two user studies show a high recognition rate (more …than 90%) of the intended tactile vocabulary. This particular work highlights the feasibility of a haptic vocabulary to exchange full, understandable commands between users, the importance of dance as a case study, and the potential of using wearable technology to support haptic communications in scenarios similar to those in the real world, such as partner dancing. Current results show it is viable to successfully guide someone to follow dance through communication using a basic vibrotactile language. Show more

Keywords: Wearable technology, haptic language, leader-follower dancing, natural user interfaces

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179047

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 5011-5022, 2019

Authors: Aparicio-Díaz, Ernesto | Cumplido, René | Pérez Gort, Maikel Lázaro | Feregrino-Uribe, Claudia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract:  One of the drawbacks of the current revolution on media is that tampering with images and videos is an increasingly easy task which brings a situation where digital media cannot be trusted. Digital video forensics study the effects of attacks and tampering techniques on videos and has arisen as a solution to the problem of lack of trustworthiness on digital media. Copy-Move tampering is one of the most common attacks, with variants for delete and duplicate objects in videos, and has been studied in several video forensics works with different approaches. Despite that, there is not yet a simple method …to determine multiple variants of Copy-Move attacks. This work proposes a simple yet effective method do detect Copy-Move for both subregion and full-frame duplication. Show more

Keywords: Signal processing, video processing, video forgery, video forensics, tampering detection, digital forensics

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179048

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 5023-5035, 2019

Authors: Starostenko, Oleg | Cruz-Perez, Claudia | Alarcon-Aquino, Vicente | Rosas-Romero, Roberto

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In human-computer interaction the automatic face sensing and recognition of facial expressions is still a challenging task of affective computing, psychology and biomedical applications. The main goal of this paper is to increment a recognition rate of approaches for unobtrusive face sensing and automatic interpretation of emotions. The proposed approach explores local scale invariant feature transform descriptors for extraction of face key points used for face detection, recognition and then for encoding facial deformations in terms of Ekman’s Facial Action Coding System (FACS). Real-time face tracking and recognition is provided by quadratic discriminant analysis and Bayesian approaches as classification tools. …Based on detected fiducial points, the accurate automatic recognizing six prototypical human facial expressions as well as detecting affective states in real-time scenes is provided by fuzzy inference system based on the proposed reasoning model. Carried out experiments demonstrate that Ekman’s FACS traditionally used in affective computing may be extended to interpretation of non-prototypical compound emotions using Plutchik psychological model of emotional responses. Conducted tests with faces from standard databases confirm that the proposed approaches for analysis of local image features provide robust, quite accurate, fast and low computational cost face sensing and facial expression interpretation. Show more

Keywords: Affective computing, facial expression recognition, local face feature descriptors, fuzzy inference engine

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179049

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 5037-5049, 2019

Authors: Pérez-Espinosa, Humberto | Torres-García, Alejandro Antonio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract:  The barking and other vocalizations of the domestic dog are an exciting source of information. Studies in the area of ethology have analyzed their function and the way humans and conspecifics perceive them. Without a doubt, better understanding the nature of barking can bring benefits both, to improve the welfare of dogs, and for humans who can build systems that take advantage of the information extracted from vocalizations for applications, such as, security, assistance, and entertainment. To develop automatic systems for the analysis of domestic dog vocalizations, we need to have acoustic characterization methods that allow capturing the most relevant …properties of barking and thereby improving the performance of automatic classifiers. In this paper, a comparison between several acoustic characterization techniques is made to determine their relevance in the classification of two aspects of the barking, which are the context in which they were generated and the identity of the dog that emitted the bark. We classified the tested acoustic features as qualitative and quantitative. The quantitative are derived from the processing of low-level acoustic descriptors and have been used most widely in audio analysis. The qualitative ones are a type of acoustic that capture aspects related to the perception of the melody of the vocalizations and had not been previously tested in this field of application. Show more

Keywords: Dog’s vocalizations, acoustic features, automatic audio classification

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179050

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 5051-5061, 2019

Authors: Herrera-Alcántara, Oscar | González-Mendoza, Miguel | Navarro-Fuentes, Jaime | Cruz-Barriguete, Víctor A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract:  Inverse parameterizations of length 12 orthogonal wavelet filters are presented, which allow to determine parameter values from filter coefficients. Its applicability is shown in a case of study of image processing where the optimization of five parameters is required. The parameterization of length N filters involves N 2 - 1 parameters, and it is easier to optimize shorter filters once they explore a subset of the search space. Under this approach, the optimization of length 12 filters is accelerated based on a nested optimization of length 4, 6, 8, and 10 filters by …exporting the best solutions from shorter to larger filters via inverse parameterizations. Experimental results support the success of the nested optimization when exploring the search space. The conclusions are that the use of the inverse formulas accelerates the convergence and that parameterized filters provide better results as their length increases and achieve a better performance than standard filters. Show more

Keywords: Wavelets, filter parameterization, image processing

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179051

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 5063-5071, 2019

Authors: Francisco-Valencia, Iván | Marcial-Romero, José Raymundo | Valdovinos-Rosas, Rosa María

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract:  In this paper, we present a comparative analysis of two selection policies in the General Game Playing (GGP) context: Upper Confidence Bound (UCB) and Upper Confidence Bound Tuned (UCB-Tuned). The aim of the analysis is to identify which policy has the best performance in terms of victories in the GGP domain, a measure used in most of literature with other policies. In order to carry out the comparison, two agents were programmed using the GGP-base framework and the Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) method. The games Breakthrough, Knightthrough and Connect Four were used as experimental scenarios, not compared previously to …the best of our knowledge. The results show that UCB-Tuned is better when less than 100 simulations are used in MCTS; however, when 1000 simulations are used, both policies have similar performance. Show more

Keywords: General Game Playing, Upper Confidence Bound, Upper Confidence Bound Tuned, Policies

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179052

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 5073-5079, 2019

Authors: Rodríguez, Arles | Botina, Nathaly | Gómez, Jonatan | Diaconescu, Ada

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract:  Previous research studied a problem of data collection in complex networks with failure-prone components using mobile agents and two movement strategies: random and a pheromone-based algorithm. As a main conclusion, a fast data collection implies higher robustness and success rates. In some scale-free networks with a higher standard deviation in the betweenness centrality, random exploration was faster than a pheromone-based algorithm because mobile agents remain re-exploring nodes for more time. This paper presents an improvement to selected movement algorithms to collect data in complex networks in a faster way. The proposed improvement consists of local marks in nodes to avoid …re-exploration combined with the previously proposed algorithms. Experiments were performed with different failures rates. Results show that there is a significant difference between the pheromone algorithm with and without local marks providing a higher robustness in data collection tasks in scenarios with a higher standard deviation in the betweenness centrality. Possible applications include data-collection and retrieval in distributed environments like Internet of Things environments (IoT) as well as farms, clusters and clouds. Show more

Keywords: Data collection, complex networks, failure-prone mobile agents, local marking

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179053

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 5081-5089, 2019

Authors: Jobczyk, Krystian

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract:  Temporal expressions describing the so-called Allen’s relations between intervals are broadly exploited in Artificial Intelligence and engineering, for example, in a system specification. They may be formally rendered in terms of Halpern-Shoham logic. If these expressions are combined with some expressions describing differents obligations or permissions, then we need a kind of a deontic Halpern-Shoham logic to represent the combinations. If also obligations are gradable and they introduce a kind of a fuzziness, then a new multi-valued (fuzzy) deontic logic should be expected. According to it – a multi-valued deontic Halpern-Shoham logic is proposed in the paper. Its combined formulae …are interpreted in the interval-based fibred semantics, which consitutes a modification of the pioneering ideas of Gabbay’s fibred semantics. Show more

Keywords: Halpern-Shoham logic, fuzzy deontic temporal expressions, fuzzy-temporal logic, multi-valued deontic logic

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179054

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 5091-5103, 2019

Authors: Torres, Ivan | Hernández, Noé | Rodríguez, Arturo | Fuentes, Gibrán | Pineda, Luis A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Service Robots should be able to reason about preferences when assisting people in common daily tasks. This functionality is useful, for instance, to respond to action directives that conflict with the user’s interest or wellbeing or when commands are underspecified. Preferences are defeasible knowledge as they can change with time or context, and should be stored in a non-monotonic knowledge-base system, capable of expressing incomplete knowledge, updating defaults and exceptions dynamically, and handling multiple extensions. In this paper a knowledge-base system with such an expressive power is presented. Non-monotonicity is handled using a generalization of the Principle of Specificity, which …states that in case of knowledge conflict the most specific proposition should be preferred. Reasoning about preferences is used on demand through conversational protocols that are generic and domain independent. We describe the general principles underlying such protocols and their implementation through the SitLog programming language. We also show a demonstration scenario in which the robot Golem-III assists human users using such protocols and preferences stored in its non-monotonic knowledege-base service. Show more

Keywords: Reasoning with preferences, non-monotonic knowledge-base, robust behavior in service robots, robotics cognitive architecture, robot golem-III

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-179055

Citation: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 5105-5114, 2019