Work - Volume 76, issue 3

Authors: Six Dijkstra, Marianne W.M.C. | Soer, Remko | Bieleman, Hendrik J. | Gross, Douglas P. | Reneman, Michiel F.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Sustainable employability is increasingly important with current socio-economic challenges. Screening for resilience could contribute to early detection of either a risk, or a protector for sustainable employability, the latter being operationalized as workability and vitality. OBJECTIVE: To study the predictive value of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) measurements and the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) for worker self-reported workability and vitality after 2–4 years. METHODS: Prospective observational cohort study with mean follow-up period of 38 months. 1,624 workers (18–65 years old) in moderate and large companies participated. Resilience was measured by HRV (one-minute paced deep breathing protocol) …and the BRS at baseline. Workability Index (WAI), and the Vitality dimension of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-9 (UWES-9-vitality) were the outcome measures. Backward stepwise multiple regression analysis (p  < 0.05) was performed to evaluate the predictive value of resilience for workability and vitality, adjusted for body mass index, age and gender. RESULTS: N  = 428 workers met inclusion criteria after follow-up. The contribution of resilience, measured with the BRS, was modest but statistically significant for the prediction of vitality (R2  = 7.3%) and workability (R2  = 9.2%). HRV did not contribute to prediction of workability or vitality. Age was the only significant covariate in the WAI model. CONCLUSION: Self-reported resilience modestly predicted workability and vitality after 2–4 years. Self-reported resilience may provide early insight into the ability of workers to stay at work, although caution must be applied because explained variance was modest. HRV was not predictive. Show more

Keywords: Prospective, primary prevention, occupational health, resilience

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220366

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1007-1017, 2023

Authors: van der Laan, Tallie M.J. | Postema, Sietke G. | van der Sluis, Corry K. | Reneman, Michiel F.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: To enable (pain free) functioning, individuals with brachial plexus injury (BPI) may require a higher functional capacity compared to two-handed individuals, because the load on unaffected structures is greater. OBJECTIVE: This study compared the functional capacity of individuals with BPI and healthy controls and explored differences in the functional capacity of BPI-affected individuals with respect to: those with and without hand function; affected and unaffected sides; with and without musculoskeletal complaints (MSCs). METHODS: Six functional capacity tests adjusted for one-handed function were performed by 23 BPI-affected individuals and 20 healthy controls. Hand function was assessed …through physical examination and the Dutch Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used to assess MSCs. RESULTS: Individuals with BPI scored lower for the two-handed tests, compared with the controls (p ≤0.01, effect size (r) ≤–0.41 for both tests). However, both groups performed similar in the one-handed tests. On average individuals with BPI met the physical demands to perform sedentary to light physical work. Among BPI-affected individuals, two-handed overhead lifting capacity was higher in those with hand function than in those without hand function (p  = 0.02; r  = 0.33). Functional capacity tended to be lower for the unaffected side than for the affected side (4 tests; p ≤0.05, r ≤–0.36). Test results of BPI-affected Individuals with and without MSCs were similar. CONCLUSION: Individuals with BPI demonstrated lower two-handed functional capacity than healthy controls. Effect sizes were medium. Capacity of their unaffected side was similar to the dominant side of controls. No association was found between MSCs and functional capacity. Show more

Keywords: Work capacity evaluation, upper extremity, musculoskeletal pain, disability, rehabilitation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220414

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1019-1030, 2023

Authors: Matheson, Leonard N.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work-oriented neurorehabilitation to return to competitive employment after a serious neurologic illness or injury is an interdisciplinary process that begins as soon as pathology has stabilized. OBJECTIVE: This bimonthly column provides narratives of anonymized clients in situations that challenge their return-to-work. Each case study is designed for postgraduate education about tools and methods that are appropriate to consider in similar situations. METHODS: Through case studies of adults attempting to return to safe and dependable competitive employment, real-world issues are explored that occur at the interface between the client and their employer. …RESULTS: The current case describes Structured Task Self Appraisal (STSA), a forensic rehabilitation method to collect self-report baseline information concerning the client’s job-relevant functional limitations. STSA guides return-to-work rehabilitation services. CONCLUSION: Information concerning the core tasks and important abilities of the client’s target occupation that are immediately available in O*NET can be analyzed in a structured manner to provide the workplace context for rehabilitation. Show more

Keywords: Neurorehabilitation, work capacity evaluation, cognitive functional capacity, work disability, competitive employment, case study, occupational information network, O*NET

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-230361

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1031-1038, 2023

Authors: Loh, Ping Yeap | Choi, Jeewon | Lin, Yu

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Prolonged and sustained work posture among computer users is one of the main factors that contributes to musculoskeletal discomfort. Rest-break interventions such as task variation and microbreaks may help prevent muscle fatigue and work-related musculoskeletal disorder. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the effects of task variation and microbreaks at seated and standing workstations on forearm muscle activity, namely extensor digitorum communis, extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis, and flexor carpi ulnaris; mouse operation force (vertical compression force); mouse operation parameters; and perceived body discomfort during mouse operation. METHODS: Twelve healthy right-handed young adults were recruited …(male: n  = 7, 21.6±1.4 years; female: n  = 5, 21.4±1.7 years). Participants performed three blocks of computer tasks (computer mouse operation and typing) in both seated and standing postures with each block lasting for 30 min. Surface electromyography (EMG) of the forearm muscles and operation force were monitored during computer mouse operation. Body discomfort rating was recorded at the end of each block. RESULTS: With simulated task variation and microbreaks, work posture and work time showed no significant difference with EMG amplitude and mouse operation force. CONCLUSION: Task variation and microbreaks could be of benefit to computer users by reducing muscle fatigue during long hours of computer work at both seated and standing workstations. Show more

Keywords: Electromyography, musculoskeletal discomfort, office ergonomics, pointing devices, micropauses

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220528

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1039-1045, 2023

Authors: Hafez, Khaled | Jorgensen, Michael J. | Amick, Ryan Z.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work-related low back pain (LBP) increases the workforce disability and healthcare costs. This study evaluated the LBD risk level associated with handling the ACGIH TLVs in lifting tasks corresponding to various horizontal and vertical zones. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the low-risk ACGIH TLV to risk outcomes from various validated lifting assessment methods, including the OSU LBD Risk Model, NIOSH Lifting Equation, and LiFFT. METHODS: Twenty-four subjects were recruited for this study to perform various lifting conditions. The various ergonomic assessment methods were then used to obtain the risk assessment outcomes. …RESULTS: The selected assessment methods showed that the ACGIH-defined TLVs are associated with less than high-risk for LBD for all the assessed tasks. The findings showed a moderate agreement (Kendall’s W  = 0.477) among the various assessment methods risk outcomes. The highest correlation (ρ = 0.886) was observed between the NIOSH Lifting Equation and LiFFT methods risk assessment outcomes. CONCLUSION: The findings showed that ACGIH-defined TLVs possesses less than high-risk for LBD. The outcomes of the selected ergonomic assessment methods moderately agree to each other. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics analysis tools, NIOSH lifting equation, LBP, musculoskeletal disorders, risk level

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220436

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1047-1060, 2023

Authors: Pandiyan, Arun | Lari, Summaiya | Vanka, Janardhan | Gavaravarapu, SubbaRao M. | Jee, Babban | Jonnalagadda, Padmaja R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In India, where agriculture is the prime occupation among the rural population, farmers are extensively using pesticides in crop production without taking adequate precautions. OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to examine pesticide usage patterns, usage of personal protective equipment (PPE), knowledge on pesticide toxicity, and attitude towards occupational safety among farmers diagnosed with leukaemia (n  = 60), lymphoma (n  = 33), and breast cancer (n  = 30) visiting a tertiary cancer care hospital in Hyderabad, India. METHODS: Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a pre-tested questionnaire and the data collected were analysed with statistical software SPSS 23. …RESULTS: The survey revealed that the participants had an average of 19.6 years of farming experience and women were predominantly involved in the mixing of pesticides and other agricultural work apart from spraying. All of them were not using any PPE and the majority of them did not have any knowledge on the route of exposure, toxicity symbols, and safe handling of pesticides. Statistical analysis showed no significant association between educational status and knowledge, attitude and practices (p  > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Even though the majority of the farmers were educated, their lack of adequate knowledge on pesticides had enabled them to adopt risky behaviours in handling and storage of pesticides. There is a need for continuous training programs for farmers to promote awareness and minimize the hazards of occupational exposure. Show more

Keywords: Agricultural worker, pesticides, farming, occupational exposure, personal-protective-equipment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220038

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1061-1070, 2023

Authors: Sirkka, Johanna | Suhonen, Riitta | Katajisto, Jouko | Salminen, Leena | Stolt, Minna

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The management and analysis of work ability risks is important to support well-being at work and requires multidimensional competence. Competence evaluation in Occupational Health Care professionals’ (OHCP) practice is essential for their professional development and promotion of quality of care. OBJECTIVE: To describe OHCPs’ self-reported competence level to manage and analyze work ability risks. METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study design was applied. The data were collected electronically from May to June 2018 using the Comp-WARMA instrument (scale 1 = poor – 4 = excellent) from Occupational Health Care professionals working in Finnish private medical centers (n  = 169, response rate …of 10%). The data were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The levels of knowledge and skills of OHCP in work ability risk management and analysis were mainly at good level (3.22 on average), but some deficient were still identified. The knowledge and skills of the work ability risk management and analysis were associated with the number of customer organizations they worked with, their attendance of supplementary training regarding work ability risk management and analysis, their amount of work experience, their type of employment, age, and gender. CONCLUSION: OHCP self-reported competence levels in work ability risk management and analysis was at good level. There is a need for development in all areas of work ability risk management and analysis. OHCP could benefit from in-service education on work ability risk management and analysis. Further validation of the Comp-WARMA instrument in larger sample is needed. Show more

Keywords: Occupational health services, professional competence, survey

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220229

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1071-1081, 2023

Authors: Loomis, Katherine J. | Roll, Shawn C. | Hardison, Mark E.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Active patient engagement and adherence are essential for successful rehabilitation outcomes, particularly in complex cases such as work-related musculoskeletal injuries. Although the therapist-patient relationship is a significant component of successful care coordination, there has been limited examination of this relationship within upper extremity musculoskeletal rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: To explore therapists’ perspectives on how the therapist-patient relationship intersects with engagement and adherence in the provision of holistic and collaborative rehabilitation services. METHODS: Data were collected from four therapists over three months. Descriptive statistics were generated from the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale (SIRAS) and the Rehabilitation Therapy …Engagement Scale (RTES) completed by therapists following visits from a sub-sample of patients (n  = 14). Weekly semi-structured group interviews (n  = 13) were analyzed using an iterative grounded theory-informed process. Emerging themes were identified, refined, and situated within the context of quantitative results. RESULTS: SIRAS scores averaged 14.4 (SD: 1.0) and RTES scores averaged 42.5 (SD: 3.5), indicating high perceived patient engagement and adherence. Four themes emerged from therapist interviews: (1) dynamic power; (2) co-constructed engagement; (3) emotional states; (4) complementary therapy contexts. CONCLUSION: In this engaged and adherent setting, therapist-patient relationships were complex and intimate, and extended beyond education and physical interventions. Careful management of this relationship was central to active patient participation and engagement. Incorporating holistic techniques may provide more structure for managing and communicating these aspects of care. These findings provide a preliminary understanding of the impact of therapeutic relationships on engagement and collaborative care. Show more

Keywords: Qualitative research, occupational therapy, musculoskeletal diseases, return to work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220384

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1083-1098, 2023

Authors: Daffin, Lee | Innes, Stanley | Stuelcken, Max

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Modifying the horizontal position of the load in a backpack will change the size of the external torque it creates on the wearer but the effect on postural stability is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To determine if changing the horizontal position of a fixed backpack load affects postural stability in young adults. METHODS: A backpack was attached to a steel frame with a bar protruding posteriorly. A fixed load (5% body mass) was placed at three distances along the bar – 0 m, 0.20 m, and 0.40 m. Centre of pressure (CoP) derived measurements were recorded from a force platform …sampling at 100 Hz. For each condition participants performed three 90s narrow stance trials with their eyes closed whilst standing on a firm surface. A comparison was made across unloaded (no backpack) and loaded conditions. RESULTS: There was an immediate decrease in postural stability when a loaded backpack was worn. Only two of the CoP derived measures (Total Excursion - TEx, and Mean Velocity Total Excursion - MVel TEx) differed between the loaded at 0.20 m and loaded at 0 m conditions. All CoP derived measures differed between the loaded at 0.40 m and loaded at 0 m conditions. Furthermore, three of the CoP derived measures (Anterior/Posterior Root Mean Square - A/P RMSq, TEx, and MVel TEx) differed between the loaded at 0.40 m and loaded at 0.20 m conditions. CONCLUSION: The distribution of a load within a backpack must be carefully considered. The findings for the 0.40 m condition are important for the use and design of large backpacks used by multi-day hikers, travellers, and the military. Show more

Keywords: Postural sway, external loading, load position, load configuration

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-230044

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1099-1104, 2023

Authors: Arca, Muhammed | Durmaz, Elif Dilara | Türken, Askeri

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Many studies have evaluated physical activity and fatigue. However, a causal relationship between physical activity, fatigue and balance in healthcare workers has not been established. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the activity levels, fatigue, and dynamic balance of health workers who work actively or in a desk job in many different units in the hospital. METHODS: 72 Health workers from two different groups participated in the study, 37 were active workers (AW), and 35 were desk workers (DW) at the Diyarbakir Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital. Participants were given a Sociodemographic Information Form, an International Physical …Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and a 30-s Chair Stand Test (30-s CST) with a Modified Borg Scale (MBS) before starting work in the morning and at the end of work. RESULTS: 69.4% of the study participants were female, and 54.2% were between 20 and 30 years old. It was found that the values of moderate physical activity, walking, and total physical activity were significantly higher in active workers than desk workers (p  = 0.000). There was no statistically significant difference between the means of work start and after work fatigue of both groups (p  > 0.05). A statistically significant difference was found when the starting and finishing work values of the dynamic balance tests of the groups were compared (p  = 0.006). CONCLUSION: It was found that the level of physical activity and dynamic balance of individuals working at desk jobs was significantly lower than that of the active group. Show more

Keywords: Balance, desk worker, healthcare professionals, lassitude, occupational health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220360

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1105-1111, 2023

Authors: Rafiee, Mahsa | Mokhtarinia, Hamid Reza | Parsons, Dave | Hosseinpouri, Mahdi | Gabel, Charles Philip

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: With progressing technology in the portable computing field, laptops are now integral for work, home and social settings. Different working postures adopted by laptop users impose different loads on the relevant muscles, which can be associated with musculoskeletal discomfort in the various body regions. Some Arabic and Asian cultures adopted postures are not well investigated, particularly for the 20–30 years age-group. OBJECTIVE: This study compared muscle activity in the cervical spine, arm, and wrist among different laptop workstation setups. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 23 healthy female university students (age = 24.2±2.28 years, range 20–26 years) performed …a standardized 10 minute typing task in four different laptop workstation setups: DESK, SOFA, GROUND sitting with back support, and laptop table (LAP-Tab). Differences between electromyography (EMG) muscle activity recorded in the trapezius (TR), cervical extensors (CE), deltoid (DEL), and wrist extensors (WE) were determined using one-way repeated ANOVA measures with a post-hoc Bonferroni test. RESULTS: Significantly higher muscle activity was observed respectively in the workstations of DESK > LAP-Tab > SOFA > GROUND. Significant differences were found between WE muscle activity and the three other muscle groups (p  < 0.001). There was a significant interaction between workstations and muscle activity (F(9,264) = 3.81, p  < 0.001, = 0.11), where the WE and DEL muscles showed respectively higher and lower muscle activity in all setups. CONCLUSION: Muscles showed variable activity in different workstations such that the GROUND workstation provided the minimum load, while the DESK workstation showed the maximum load on the measured muscle groups. These findings require further investigation in different cultural and gender specific groups. Show more

Keywords: Electromyography, ergonomics, workplace, posture, risk factors

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220473

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1113-1123, 2023

Authors: Sabbagh, Heba Jafar | Shagagi, Asma M. | Basheer, Hanin M. | Mahmoud, Rawa A. | Arafah, Alaa Mohammad

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Dentistry is a profession that demands a high level of physical work and excessive repetitive movements in strained positions, both of which are risk factors for developing musculoskeletal pain (MS-P). OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the awareness of ergonomics and physical activities in controlling MS-P among dental students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted at a university dental hospital in Saudi Arabia, through a validated self-administered questionnaire, distributed to undergraduates and postgraduate’s dental students. RESULTS: Out of 402 students responded to the questionnaire, 337(83.8%) reported suffering from MS-P with 67.7% of participants did …not take any measures to alleviate their symptoms and the majority reported limited physical activity. Females reported significantly higher MS-P than males. Lower back (56.5%), neck (56.2%) and shoulder (50%) were the most frequently reported MS-P. Unexpectedly, undergraduate reporting significantly more pain than interns and postgraduate students (P  = 0.009). The dental students’ awareness of ergonomics and MSDs were insufficient. CONCLUSION: Physical activity, student’s awareness of MSD and ergonomics were the major factors for controlling MS-Ps. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of enhancing students’ knowledge of the importance of controlling work-related MS-P, especially during their university educational hours. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, musculoskeletal disorders, dental students, musculoskeletal pain

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220601

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1125-1133, 2023

Authors: Grande-Alonso, Mónica | Castillo-Alcañiz, Beatriz | Paraíso-Iglesias, Pablo | Cuenca-Martínez, Ferran | La Touche, Roy | Vidal-Quevedo, Celia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Burnout syndrome has been extensively studied in different health science professions. It has been less studied in physiotherapy than in professions such as medicine. Moreover, it is not known how the working condition influences this syndrome. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to compare the burnout index between contract and freelance physiotherapists in the private sector in the Community of Madrid, Spain. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed with 174 participants divided into 2 groups; one group was composed of contract physiotherapists (n  = 87) and the other group was composed of freelance physiotherapists …(n  = 87). A Mann–Whitney U test was performed for comparison between the groups. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlations between the burnout syndrome index and the secondary variables. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences when comparing the groups, with a large effect size for the burnout index with a higher rate among contract physiotherapists (78 [71–84.75]) than in freelance physiotherapists (61.5 [55–72.75]).There were also significant differences in the type of patients treated, number of patients treated per day, time spent per patient, and the annual salary range between the contract and freelance physiotherapists. CONCLUSION: Contract physiotherapists who participated in this study had a significantly higher burnout syndrome index than freelance physiotherapists. Other socio-occupational variables were also found to be related to the burnout syndrome index in freelance physiotherapists and contract physiotherapists. The results of this study could be of interest for new occupational health strategies to reduce the burnout index in contract physiotherapists. Show more

Keywords: Physiotherapy, psychosocial aspects, salary, workloads, healthcare quality

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220238

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1135-1144, 2023

Authors: Moorthy, Krishna | Juan, Lee Mei | Kamarudin, Aufa Amalina | Govindarajo, Normala S. | T’ing, Loh Chun

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the emotional intelligence of employees through the negative effects on their mental health, and led to poor workplace performance. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research is to examine the level of EI of Malaysian employees in various sectors affecting their job performance through the mediating influence of psychological capital by using the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Test (SSEIT), 24-item Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ-24) and Role-Based Performance Scale (RBPS) theories. METHOD: A quantitative study was conducted. 350 sets of questionnaires were given out to Malaysian employees, of which 311 were returned. Data …were analysed through regression analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that all emotional intelligence subscales, except for utilising emotions, have a significant relationship with job performance through the effect of psychological capital. CONCLUSION: This study offers valuable and insightful implications by combining the SSEIT, PCQ-24, and RBPS models to investigate the effect of emotional intelligence on job performance in Malaysia, which is an unusual combination model to analyse employees’ job performance. It helps Malaysian companies, managers, employers, and other related parties to recognise the processes and elements that influence employees’ work performance. This research also successfully developed an extended SSEIT model together with PCQ-24 and RBPS and verified their applicability on workplace performance. Show more

Keywords: Psychological distress, emotional disturbance, employee performance, emotional aspects

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220418

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1145-1156, 2023

Authors: Ortner, Jordi | Moya, Diego | Manzanera, Rafael | Torres, Marta | Vives, Albert | Farrus, Xavier | Grau, Norma | Mira, Jose Joaquin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Patient safety is currently a main issue in healthcare practice. Adverse events (AEs) management is a key instrument for the application of strategies to prevent harm to patients. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the type, severity and preventability, according to validated scales, of AEs occurring annually in the healthcare practice of an Occupational Mutual Insurance Company in order to implement action plans to improve patient safety. METHODS: We analyzed the reported AEs in an Incident Reporting System and AEs detected in the Audit program of clinical records as a result of treating injured or ill workers in …our 88 ambulatory care centers. RESULTS: We detected 28 AEs in the clinical records (CR), representing 0.05 AE/CR, with maximum values in the COM sample (26 AEs, 0.11) and much lower in INT (1 AEs, 0.02) and MIN (1 AE, 0.02). The most frequent AE type was procedure-related, followed by infection and care. AEs of severity level D (11 cases) and E (9 cases) predominated, while level F was also detected (6 cases). Intermediate values in preventability (3 and 4) predominated, 61.5% were preventable. With the Incident Reporting System, 27 AEs were identified, predominated by procedural type. Most reported AE severities was in levels E (10 cases) and C (8 cases), 89% were preventable. CONCLUSION: Our company detects AEs via the Incident Reporting System and annual Audit program of clinical records, both of which are complementary, and may result in the implementation of more effective Patient Safety measures. Show more

Keywords: Safety patient, medical errors, occupational health services, healthcare quality

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220203

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1157-1165, 2023

Authors: Harmse, Suzanne | Buys, Tania Lee | Claassen, Nico

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The importance to be able to work is recognised as one of the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals. Occupational therapists working in vocational rehabilitation require cost effective, valid, and reliable tests that offer flexibility during the work evaluation process. The use of self-developed work samples standardized using Modular Arrangement of Predetermined Time Standards (MODAPTS) as an objective measure of work speed could meet this need. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the face, content, and criterion validity of MODAPTS work samples to assess work speed. METHODS: We conducted a quantitative cross-sectional, descriptive study. Occupational therapists completed electronic surveys to …evaluate face and content validity. We evaluated criterion validity during a multiphase process that involved a realist synthesis, online survey, and comparing MODAPTS to Methods Time Management (MTM) time standards using three work samples that measured work speed. RESULTS: MODAPTS had good face validity for measuring work speed. We also confirmed the content and criterion validity of codes used to analyse basic movement and handling of smaller and larger articles as well as other body actions. CONCLUSION: MODAPTS demonstrated adequate face, content and criterion validity of tasks involving basic movements, handling of articles and other body actions. Show more

Keywords: Instrument development, validity, assessment method, work assessment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220211

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1167-1176, 2023

Authors: Kao, Feng-Hsia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: How to help workers establish a safe and healthy working environment is the primary purpose of promoting workplace health psychology. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between interpersonal resources and job performance (work performance, organizational citizen behavior). Besides, this study tries to clarify the psychological mechanisms of vitality and emotional attachment, and further considers the moderating role of group harmony. METHODS: Questionnaires were used. Two samples included 267 and 285 questionnaires were collected in study 1. A total of 151 valid and matched surveys were collected in study 2. …RESULTS: Study 1 tested the psychometric properties of the interpersonal resources scale, and then, established three constructs of interpersonal resources: “interpersonal caring”, “interpersonal inclusion”, and “interpersonal connection”. Study 2 results showed positive correlations between interpersonal resources and job performance. Vitality has the mediating effect between interpersonal resources and work performance, and emotional attachment has the mediating effect between interpersonal resources and organizational citizen behaviors. In addition, the moderating effects of group harmony were supported. CONCLUSION: This research covered two studies to clarify the construct of interpersonal resources and develop an interpersonal resources scale with reliability and validity. Furthermore, this research further discussed the theoretical meaning and practical application and explained the future research direction. This research not only responds to experts’ calls but also considers the influence of cultural values to examine the model of interpersonal resources. Show more

Keywords: Attachment, job engagement, social skills, work performance

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220664

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1177-1191, 2023

Authors: Ben Said, Hanene | Hajjem, Lamia | Youssef, Imen | Brahim, Dorra | Mersni, Mariem | Youssfi, Imen | Bahri, Ghada | Mechergui, Najla | Ladhari, Nizar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Atypical working hours have raised serious concerns about health effects, such as sleep disorders and psychological repercussions. These schedules are frequent among health professionals having the obligation to ensure the permanence of health services. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of atypical working hours on sleep, sleepiness, and mood among health personnel (HP). METHODS: Comparative descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among HP of a regional hospital in Southern Tunisia from December 2019 to May 2020. Two groups were defined according to their work schedule: group A had a fixed-day work and group B had atypical …working hours. The assessment of sleep, sleepiness, and mood was based respectively on the Spiegel questionnaire, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the Hospital Anxiety and Disorder scale. RESULTS: A total of 101 HP in group A and 135 in group B were included. We found signs of pathological sleep in group B: greater delay in falling asleep (78.1% Vs 53.5%; p  = 0.002), altered sleep quality (88.1% Vs 56.4%; p  = 0.039), and more frequent occurrence of dreams (37% Vs 31.7%; p  = 0.033). The quality of sleep was associated with the professional seniority (p  = 0.01), the workplace (p  = 0.02), and having dependent children (p  = 0.04). The mean score of depression was higher in group B (p  = 0.02). Depression was associated with the workplace (p  = 0.04) and the quality of sleep (p  = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that atypical working hours generate both sleep and mood disorders in HP. It is vital to encourage the occupational physicians to estimate sleep and mood disorders in HP. Show more

Keywords: Work schedule, sleep disorders, sleepiness, mood disorders, health personnel

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220616

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1193-1201, 2023

Authors: Jiao, Dian | Tang, Jian | Guo, Rui

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The high prevalence of mental illnesses has a serious impact on productive life and there is an urgent need to intervene using a variety of active and effective measures. OBJECTIVE: The concept of playfulness in space is introduced into the design of work spaces oriented towards active health interventions, creating a close interaction between the body and the space through play, thus developing a positive effect on the promotion of the physical and mental health of the staff. METHODS: With the help of the spatial order theory, the analysis of the interaction between body and …space is attempted to explore the form, structure and scene of space in order to optimize the body’s perception, cognition and behavior in the space, thus creating an indoor workspace model with positive intervention effects on human health. RESULTS: Based on the idea of spatial playful participation in active health interventions, this study explores the interaction between the body and the architectural space to enhance the perception and cognitive guidance of the space for the individual and to have a pleasant spiritual experience in the interaction to relieve work stress and enhance mental health. CONCLUSION: This series of discussions on the relationship between architectural space and the human body is of great relevance in improving the public health of occupational groups. Show more

Keywords: Health promotion, proactive intervention, perceptual experience, perceptual guidance

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220486

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1203-1217, 2023

Authors: Zhang, Huadong | Deng, Huaxin | Jia, Ning | Chen, Fengqiong | Li, Xiaoping | Cao, Lei | Wang, Zhongxu | Liang, Jing | Wang, Rugang | Liu, Jing

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The automotive industry is labor-intensive, and workers are involved in highly repetitive tasks, long hours, and medium to low workloads, resulting in work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), which have become a major health concern for workers in this industry. China is a major automotive country with tens of thousands of auto repair workers, but their conditions of WMSDs have been poorly reported. OBJECTIVE: This work aimed to analyze the current prevalence of WMSDs and their associated risk factors among automobile maintenance workers. METHODS: A total of 539 respondents from 50 automotive repair and maintenance companies in …China were selected to investigate the prevalence of WMSDs via the modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire. Chi-square test and logistic regression models were applied to analyze their associated risk factors. RESULTS: The total prevalence of WMSDs among 539 workers was 32.8%. The top three body parts for prevalence were the lower back (17.1%), neck (16.3%), and shoulders (14.5%). The highest prevalence of WMSDs was found in the neck (23.6%) and lower back (14.3%) for sheet metal workers and mechanics, respectively, whereas painters had the highest prevalence of WMSDs in the lower back and feet (both at 15.4%). Logistic regression analysis showed that females were at higher risk of WMSDs than males (OR 5.027, [95% CI] [1.278–19.772], p  < 0.05). Workers subjected to uncomfortable positions were at increased risk of WMSDs (OR 1.79, [95% CI] [1.333–2.410], p  < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of WMSDs is high among automotive maintenance workers, with the highest prevalence in the lower back (17.1%). Uncomfortable working postures and frequent repetitive movements with lower limbs and ankles at work may be important risk factors. Show more

Keywords: WMSDs, automotive repair and maintenance operations, ergonomic factors

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220412

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1219-1231, 2023

Authors: Azadi, Narges | Afshari, Davood | Rami, Mohammad | Nourollahi-Darabad, Maryam | Shirali, Gholamabbas | Angali, Kambiz Ahmadi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Assessment of maximal oxygen consumption is important in both general community and occupational settings. Validity and reliability tests are needed to indicate the functionality of the cardiopulmonary system. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to establish a maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) prediction model using anthropometric and demographic variables for young adults in Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 64 healthy young men aged 19–29 years. Oxygen consumption was measured directly and the prediction models to estimate VO2 max were determined by multiple linear regression. The accuracy of the prediction models was considered using regression …coefficient (R), coefficient of determination (R2 ), and standard error of estimate (SEE). RESULTS: The average VO2 max was 44.02±4.31 ml/kg/min. Significant correlations were found between the measured VO2 max and the anthropometric and demographic variables (r = 0.16–0.86, P  < 0.05). Three significant regression models with acceptable accuracy were developed (R2  = 0.67–0.71, SEE = 3.19–3.21). CONCLUSION: The predictive models consisted of 3–5 variables as significant predictors of VO2 max and had acceptable accuracy for Iranian young adults. The proposed models are a simple and valid tool that can be used to estimate the VO2 max in the field and in laboratory settings. Show more

Keywords: VO2max, cardiopulmonary, maximal aerobic capacity, physical workload

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220435

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1233-1238, 2023

Authors: Ali, Abdulelah M. | Alam, Mohd Mukhtar | Sufyaan, Mohd | Ahmad, Israr | Zarrin, Saima

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Professional rickshaw driving is a seemingly sedentary occupation and involves many risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD). OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and its associated risk factors among professional rickshaw drivers. METHODS: 263 rickshaw drivers were voluntarily recruited from Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. MSD symptoms in the past 12 months and last 7 days were assessed using a self-modified musculoskeletal questionnaire (Nordic Questionnaire). Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression were performed to analyze associations of MSD symptoms between study variables. RESULTS: 155 (58.9%) study participants reported MSD symptoms …in past 12 months, in lower back (n  = 126, 81.3%), leg (n  = 122, 78.7%), neck (n  = 106, 68.4%) and knee (n  = 105, 67.7%); and 121 (46.1%) in last 7 days, in leg (n  = 107, 88.4%), lower back (n  = 102, 84.3%), neck (n  = 89, 73.6%), upper back and knees (n  = 87, 71.9%). Binary logistic regression showed relationship between working hours, seat and road condition, average load per ride, rickshaw ride duration, and standing driving with MSD symptoms among rickshaw drivers, especially in the lower back, leg/calf muscles, neck and knees. CONCLUSION: The results showed a high prevalence of MSD among all rickshaw drivers, with the neck, lower back, leg/calf muscles and knees being the most affected body parts. In order to avoid adverse effects on the occupational health of rickshaw drivers, ergonomic intervention training is necessary. Show more

Keywords: Pain measurement, posture, Body Mass Index, risk factors, surveys and questionnaires

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220621

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1239-1253, 2023

Authors: Varytis, Athanasios | Giannouli, Vaitsa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: High levels of mobbing are reported in Greek nurses, but the intraindividual and perceived group emotional correlates are little investigated. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between workplace mobbing (specifically in the nursing sector of a public rural hospital in Greece) and emotional correlates. METHODS: Questionnaires measuring emotional aspects such as Negative Act Questionnaire – Revised (NAQ-R) for measuring perceived exposure to bullying and victimization at work, Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Overall Job Satisfaction Scale (OJS), Job Affect Scale (JAS: positive and negative subscales), Perceived Cohesion Scale (PCS), Ethical Climate Questionnaire (ECQ), and Short General Health …Questionnaire (GHQ-12) were administered. For the analysis of the data, descriptive and parametric tests were performed through the Pearson correlations and regression for the relationship between variables. RESULTS: High mobbing levels were reported (M  = 45.93) compared to already established cutoff scores. Statistically significant positive correlations were found for NAQ-R and MBI (Exhaustion subscale) (r  = .569, p  < .001), NAQ-R and JAS-negative affect (r  = .610, p  < .001), NAQ-R and GHQ-12 (r  = .280, p  = .002), and NAQ-R andeducational level (r  = .196, p  = .033). Statistically significant negative correlations were found for NAQ-R and ECQ (r  = –.323, p  < .001), NAQ-R and JAS-positive affect (r  = –.556, p  < .001), and NAQ-R and PCS (r  = –.586, p  < .001). Only burnout,negative affect, and perceived group cohesion predicted mobbing measured by NAQ- R. CONCLUSION: As mobbing and its consequences are related to specific emotional variables, these perceived individual and group indices, could be targeted in future prevention initiatives. Show more

Keywords: Bullying, victimization, workplace violence, health personnel, burnout

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220607

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1255-1261, 2023