Work - Volume 72, issue 1

Authors: Brucker, Debra L. | Henly, Megan | Rafal, Marisa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Job tenure is a useful economic indicator. To employees, longer job tenure creates higher rewards in pay, promotion opportunities, and job security. For employers, there are fewer costs in recruitment and retraining when job turnover is low. Marginalized populations, such as persons with disabilities, may find work in various economies, but retention is more difficult. They are often the first to be laid off in struggling economies. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to highlight differences in individual and employment-related factors associated with job tenure for American workers with and without disabilities. METHODS: Using …newly available survey data (N  = 1,538), OLS regression is used to estimate job tenure for workers with and without disabilities, controlling for worker sociodemographic characteristics, a job quality index, and job characteristics. All disability types are examined. RESULTS: Multivariate results show that workers with disabilities have shorter job tenure than others when controlling for job quality, individual characteristics and job characteristics. CONCLUSION: Employees with disabilities have shorter job tenure than those without. Given the benefits of lengthened job tenure, further efforts should be made to explore this issue and to develop effective strategies that help those with disabilities retain jobs long term. Show more

Keywords: Disabilities, employment, persons with disabilities, work satisfaction, job quality

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205004

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 109-117, 2022

Authors: Kashif, Muhammad | Albalwi, Abdulaziz | Raqib, Abdul | Farooq, Maryam | Ullah, Rafi | Sakoor, Mudassar | Kamran, Zaid

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Worldwide, approximately 350 million people are currently employed in the construction industry. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence, pain characteristics, and associated risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among construction workers in Pakistan. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional survey conducted from February to August 2019 among 666 construction workers. The data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 4 sections: demographic information, a numerical pain intensity rating scale, a Nordic questionnaire to report prevalence, and pain characteristics. SPSS was used for data entry and analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of the construction workers …was 34.49 years. Participants who reported pain were 397 out of 666 and 269 were those who reported no pain. The 12-month prevalence of pain among construction workers in more than one body area was 89% (n  = 591) and the 7-day prevalence was 52% (n  = 343); lower back pain was the most common type of pain with a 12-month prevalence of 27% (n  = 180) and a 7-day prevalence of 17% (n  = 112). Regarding the characteristics of the pain, 26% (173) of the workers suffered pain occasionally, 27% (180) participants had pain for≤2 hours per day, and 32.9% (219) had dull pain. Moreover, a significant relationship was found (p  < 0.05) between MSDs and age, lifestyle, work experience, smoking habits, and absence from work. CONCLUSION: Musculoskeletal pain is highly prevalent, with lower back pain being the most commonly reported type. Absence from work and disability in performing normal daily activities have been reported as consequences of musculoskeletal pain. Moreover, this study underscores the importance of targeted preventive healthcare measures for construction workers. Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorders, construction, survey method, risk factors, pain characteristics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205009

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 119-126, 2022

Authors: Balcı, Hatice | Yılmaz, Evre | Başer, Gülfidan | Başer, Doğa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Nurses are the largest part of a country’s healthcare workforce and need to improve themselves professionally and plan careers. If we know the career barriers, it will guide the solution suggestions on this issue. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between working conditions and career barriers experienced by nurses. METHODS: This study was conducted using the descriptive type research design involving 379 nurses working in a province of Turkey between May and June 2020. Data were collected using the Sociodemographic Characteristics Form and the Career Barriers in Nursing Scale. RESULTS: Of the participants scores, …37.21±12.1 were in the “organizational culture and policies” subscale, 17.46±6.0 in the “personal preferences and perceptions” subscale, 10.97±4.5 in the “negative thoughts about the profession” subscale, 8.37±3.0 in the “stereotypical biases” subscale, and 16.20±5.2 in the “multiple roles” subscale. The average total score of career barriers in nursing was 90.23±27.1. CONCLUSION: A significant but weak negative correlation was found between the total average of the Career Barriers in Nursing Scale score and age (r  = –0.121; p  = 0.019), graduation date (r  = –0.025; p  = 0.120), and working time (r  = –0.019; p  = 0.115). No significant correlation was found between working time in the current institution, average working time per week, and total of the Career Barriers in Nursing Scale score. Show more

Keywords: Nursing, career, hospital, health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205020

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 127-133, 2022

Authors: Nowrouzi-Kia, B. | Nixon, J. | Ritchie, S.D. | Wenghofer, E.F. | VanderBurgh, D. | Sherman, J.E.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Paramedics are exposed to multiple stressors in the workplace. They are more likely to develop occupational-related stress conditions compared to other occupations. This study focused on understanding the factors affecting QoWL of paramedics in northern Ontario, Canada; a particular focus was on understanding the personal and organizational factors, such as practicing community paramedicine (CP), which may be associated with Quality of Work Life (QoWL). METHODS: Paramedic QoWL was assessed using an online survey that was distributed to approximately 879 paramedics across northern Ontario. The survey included the 23-Item Work- Related Quality of Work Life Scale . Data …analysis involved linear regressions with nine predictor variables deemed to be related to QoWL for paramedics with QoWL and its six subscales as dependent variables. Multiple linear regressions were used to assess the personal and organizational factors, such as practicing of CP, which predicted QoWL. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-seven paramedics completed the questionnaire. Overall, the mean QoWL score of all paramedic participants was 73.99, and this average compared to relevant published norms for other occupations. Factors that were most associated with higher QoWL were, experience practicing CP (p  < 0.05), number of sick days/year (p  < 0.01), and higher self- rated mental health (p  < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Higher paramedic QoWL appears to be associated with many factors such as number of sick days per year, self-rated mental health, and participation in CP. EMS organizations should consider establishing necessary workplace health promotion strategies that are targeted at improving QoWL for paramedics. Show more

Keywords: Paramedics, quality of work life, rural, northern, Canada

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205025

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 135-147, 2022

Authors: Sett, Moumita | Pal, Madhusudan | Majumdar, Deepti | Bhattacharyya, Debojyoti | Sahu, Subhashis

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Manual brick manufacturing units in West Bengal, India are mostly unorganized sectors employing many migrant female workers in manual material handling tasks as brick moulders and brick carriers. OBJECTIVE: The study estimated the biomechanical postural stress developed due to manual load handling, carriage and brick transportation. METHODS: Body Part Discomfort Scale was used to assess the subjective pain felt by 18 adult female brick moulders and 12 brick carriers during work. Video recordings were taken during the actual field work and the images were analyzed for two-dimensional prediction kinetics and kinematics. RESULTS: Results …show that the horizontal distance of the load from the body was 59.95±3.74 cm during the initial lifting of bricks by the brick carriers and so their biomechanical trunk angle inclination was significantly detrimental. The bending moment at the lumbosacral disc was much higher during the squatting posture while initial brick lifting. Moreover, the trunk and the neck pain of the brick carriers were caused by carrying 18% of body weight load. CONCLUSIONS: The brick carriers were the more vulnerable group in terms of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, ergonomic interventions such as relay brick carrying and pole supported balanced brick carrying, may be implemented to reduce the prevalence of pain. This study is the first of its kind that validates the extent or the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among the female brickfield workers through approaches of predicted biomechanics. Show more

Keywords: Brick manufacturing units, predicted biomechanics, torque, compressive force, shearing force

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205067

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 149-155, 2022

Authors: Addanki, Sheila | Macedo, Luciana | MacDermid, Joy | Moll, Sandra

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Peer-led workplace mental health training programs informed by the principles of contact-based education have shown promising results, but research evidence largely focuses on measuring outcomes for service recipients with little attention to the experiences of peer educators in delivering these interventions. OBJECTIVE: To gain in-depth knowledge about the opportunities and challenges experienced peer educators recruited to lead a mental health literacy training program for healthcare workers. METHODS: An interpretive description approach was used to explore the experiences of peer educators in providing a structured two-day “Beyond Silence” workplace mental health training program. Peer educators were …healthcare workers with personal mental health experience, who completed an additional leadership training. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with seven peer educators. Data collection and analysis was concurrent and iterative, employing inductive analysis. RESULTS: Four overarching themes captured the key opportunities and challenges faced by peer educators: 1) the art and science of providing mental health literacy training, 2) power of personal stories, 3) competence as a journey or a destination and 4) the dual role of educator and advocate. CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations are provided for recruitment, training, and support for peer educators. Future research could focus on longitudinal evaluation of engagement and sustainability of peer educators in this role. Show more

Keywords: Stigma, training, peer, interpretive description

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205084

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 157-169, 2022

Authors: Loscalzo, Yura | Shamai, Orit | Eshet, Yovav

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Heavy Work Investment (HWI) is a construct that covers both positive and negative behaviors characterized by a high investment of time and energy in working (work engagement and workaholism, respectively). In the literature, it has been introduced, recently, the Work-related Inventory (WI-10) that allows evaluating four types of worker, three of which are HWIs: disengaged workaholics, engaged workaholics, engaged workers, and detached workers. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to validate the Hebrew WI-10 on Israeli workers. METHODS: We recruited a convenient sample of 459 workers (about half females and half males) with a mean age of …37.12±10.33. We performed Confirmatory Factor Analysis, convergent and divergent validity analyses. Finally, we calculated the cut-off scores corresponding to high and low workaholism and work engagement. RESULTS: We found support for the 10-item (2 filler) and 2-factor structure (Workaholism and Work Engagement) of the WI-10, as well as for its good psychometric properties. CONCLUSIONS: The WI-10 may be used in future research aimed at disentangling the question about the positive and adverse effects that might be associated with different types of HWI. Show more

Keywords: Employee selection, heavy work investment, workaholism, work addiction, work engagement, screening

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205110

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 171-180, 2022

Authors: Wasserman, Jennifer B. | Bustos, Karly M. | Coombs, Stephen D. | Cronan, Connor M. | Dimmitt, Sarah K. | Leberman, Jacob R. | Tomaka, Victoria A. | Wasserman, Peter

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Ophthalmologists/Optometrists have a high incidence of neck pain. Little research has been conducted on specific equipment that predisposes these professionals to cervical discomfort. OBJECTIVE: Primary purpose: to determine if neck position is altered by slit lamp table design. Secondary purpose: to confirm the prevalence of neck pain in eye care professionals. METHODS: A survey of work-related pain was administered to 36 subjects (8 ophthalmologist, 2 optometrists, 26 technicians). The craniovertebral (CV) angle was measured in each subject in three separate positions (resting posture, best posture, slit lamp posture) between two different slit lamps/tables: slit lamp-deep …and slit lamp-shallow. RESULTS: 79% of subjects reported neck pain in the last 6 months. The mean CV angle of all subjects at resting posture, best posture, and both slit lamp postures differed significantly. There was also a difference in CV angle between slit lamps. CONCLUSION: Neck pain is more prevalent in eye professionals than in the general population. The use of slit lamps promotes a forward head posture which decreases the CV angle, putting the user at risk for neck pain. By altering slit lamp table design, the CV angle of eye care professionals can be increased, reducing the risk for neck injury. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, craniovertebral angle, forward head posture, ophthalmologist, optometrist

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205141

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 181-188, 2022

Authors: Alam, Md Sarfaraz | Sharma, Milap | Salve, Urmi Ravindra

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The hot and humid environment inside the kitchen is a cumulative sign of health impact that deteriorates the well-being and productivity of cooking workers, which could be a barrier to thermal comfort. As the cooking task progresses throughout the day, uncomfortable thermal conditions inside a kitchen work environment may diminish the work quality of the kitchen workers. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of the study were to evaluate the measured environmental factors of thermal comfort during various cooking periods [morning, day, evening, night] and examine the occupant’s perception votes followed by further investigating the worker’s thermal comfort conditions using …PMV, PPD, SET, WBGT, and TSI indices. METHODS: The study was carried out inside the kitchen of the university canteen at IIT Guwahati, India. The objective and subjective measurements were accomplished during the summer season, while CBE thermal comfort software was employed for calculating the thermal comfort indices like PMV, PPD, and SET. RESULTS: The results of this study revealed that during entire cooking time, the recorded environmental factors of thermal comfort were found outside the recommended limits as per ASHRAE-55 standard, which indicates very hot prevalent conditions. Also, cook’s perception vote (TSV, TCV) for the existing environment did not follow the central three categories of votes (+1, 0, –1), even the cooking workers were also not satisfied with the prevailing environmental conditions, as 88% subjects responded dissatisfaction with the thermal environment. While, estimated values of thermal comfort indices (PMV, PPD, and SET) designated morning time cooking period slightly comfortable than the other cooking periods, but still not accordance with the ASHRAE-2017 standard. The WBGT index designated day cooking period as hazardous, with rest of cooking periods under severe risk level. In contrast, the TSI index indicated entire cooking periods under “slightly warm” thermal sensation. CONCLUSION: The assessment of this study showed that the existing kitchen environment of the university canteen is not conducive for workers. Improper ventilation design may cause the overheating inside the kitchen, which may increase the dissatisfaction rate of the employed workers and also affects the energy savings in the kitchen environment, which helps maintain thermal comfort. Further studies are required to improve the thermal comfort of the kitchen occupants by providing proper design interventions based on heating and cooling air ventilation systems. Show more

Keywords: Thermal sensation, cooking, PMV index, environmental ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205174

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 189-199, 2022

Authors: Valentim, Daniela Pereira | Freitas Carvalho, Nathalia Nascimento | Lopes de Carvalho, Talita | Paula de Souza, Leticia | Padula, Rosimeire Simprini

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: An analysis of workers’ exposure to biomechanical risk factors in the workplace with a high methodological quality allows for stronger evidence of the relationship between risk factors and musculoskeletal disorders. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the measurement properties of non-explicit observational methods. METHODS: Psychometric study design that included 50 workers in an analysis of occupational tasks (n  = 50 video tasks) using a non-explicit observational method, the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method, and a workers’ self-report on their perception of their biomechanical occupational exposure. The reliability was tested by a non-explicit method and the REBA method. The …validity of the non-explicit method was tested using the REBA method and the workers’ self-report, according to COSMIN guidelines. RESULTS: The intra- and inter-evaluator reliability of the non-explicit observational method ranged from moderate to strong (ICC2.1  = 0.45 to 0.87), and the agreement was acceptable (SEM = 0.60 to 2.79), expect for neck region. The REBA method showed intra-evaluator reliability to be moderate to excellent (ICC2.1  = 0.50 to 1.00), inter-evaluator reliability to be poor to strong (ICC2.1  = –0.17 to 0.83), and intra- and inter-evaluator agreement to be poor to moderate (SEM = 0.00 to 0.74). The concurrent validity between the non-explicit and REBA methods showed a strong positive correlation. CONCLUSION: The non-explicit observational method of biomechanical exposure analysis presented reproducible and valid measurement properties. Methods that present better measurement properties provide professionals with a better basis for analysis and assist in decision-making to reduce or eliminate risk exposure. Show more

Keywords: Occupational health, risk factors, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205190

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 201-210, 2022

Authors: Shin, Jeonghoon | You, Myoungsoon

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The negative consequences of job loss on financial and psychological quality of life have been well documented. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the level of unemployed individuals’ embitterment and the mechanism by which negative life experiences increase embitterment by lowering the belief in a just world (BJW). METHODS: A survey was administered to 1,074 unemployed Korean adults who visited a regional Center for Employment and Welfare. Question items included the Korean version of posttraumatic embitterment disorder (PTED) self-rating scale, the BJW (personal and general) scale, negative life events, and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Only 45.9% …of the participants were categorized as being in a ‘normal state,’ indicating that many of the unemployed were emotionally embittered. There was a positive direct effect of an increase in negative life events on embitterment. Negative life events also significantly and indirectly affected embitterment through personal BJW. CONCLUSIONS: Embitterment was prevalent among the unemployed participants and embitterment was a reactive emotion following personal downgrading, not so much related to conditions in the world at large. Thus, we recommend developing a screening program to detect extreme embitterment and an interventional program to help people better cope with emotional stress due to job loss. Efforts should be made to restore their violated expectation and trust that they would be treated in a just and fair way. Show more

Keywords: Job loss, embitterment, posttraumatic embitterment disorder (PTED), belief in a just world (BJW), multiple mediation model

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205228

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 211-220, 2022

Authors: Shin, Gee Won | Lee, Yura | Park, Taezoon | Cho, Insook | Yun, Myung Hwan | Bahn, Sangwoo | Lee, Jae-Ho

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite the benefits of using electronic medical record (EMR) systems, existing studies show that many healthcare providers are uncertain regarding their usability. The usability issues of these systems decrease their efficiency, discourage clinicians, and cause dissatisfaction among patients, which may result in safety risks and harm. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to collect and analyze EMR system usability problems from actual users. Practical user interface guidelines were presented based on the medical practices of these users. METHODS: Employing an online questionnaire with a seven-point Likert scale, usability issues of EMR systems were collected …from 200 emergency department healthcare providers (103 physicians (medical doctors) and 97 nurses) from South Korea. RESULTS: The most common usability problem among the physicians and nurses was generating in-patient selection. This pertained to the difficulty in finding the required information on-screen because of poor visibility and a lack of distinctiveness. CONCLUSIONS: The major problems of EMR systems and their causes were identified. It is recommended that intensive visual enhancement of EMR system interfaces should be implemented to support user tasks. By providing a better understanding of the current usability problems among medical practitioners, the results of this study can be useful for developing EMR systems with increased effectiveness and efficiency. Show more

Keywords: EMR user interface, design guidelines, clinical workflow

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205262

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 221-238, 2022

Authors: Elvis, Chiboyiwa | France, Ncube | Patience, Erick

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Welding tasks involve the use of awkward working postures and repetitive movements and therefore pose a risk for developing work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs). OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the prevalence, severity and risk factors for WRMDs among welders in the informal sector. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 128 welders (33±10.5 years) were purposively selected from three urban centers in Zimbabwe. WRMDs were assessed using a Modified Cornell Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (MCMQ). The Quick Exposure Check (QEC) and the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) were used for postural risk analysis. P  < 0.05 was considered significant. …RESULTS: Analyses showed a high prevalence of pain in the lower back (78%), right shoulder (66%), left hand wrist (62%) and right hand wrist (61%). With regards to the severity of lower back pain, 4% reported low pain, 24% mild pain and 48% were severe cases of pain. Elevated grand REBA scores were significantly associated with self-reported in various body regions. Multinomial regression analyses showed that smoking, prolonged working hours and not engaging in physical activities were significant predictors for pain. High job satisfaction and taking adequate work-rest breaks were protective factors for WRMDs (p  < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence of WRMDs among welders due to individual and work-related risk factors. Ergonomics education is required to address the risk factors for and progression of WRMDs among welders. Show more

Keywords: Informal sector, QEC, REBA, welders, work-related musculoskeletal disorders

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205275

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 239-252, 2022

Authors: Kwon, Il-Ho | Shin, Won-Seob

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The incidence of work-related musculoskeletal disease is increasing despite automated manufacturing processes. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of a customized on-site exercise program on pain, posture, body function, body composition, and work-related health status of workers at an auto-parts factory. METHODS: Fifty-six participants were randomly divided into one of two groups: experimental (EG), which received a customized exercise program that included manual and exercise therapy from physiotherapy at the workplace; and control (CG), which received customized exercise sheets for a self-directed program at home. The program was performed 3 times per week for 12 weeks. …Assessments were performed according to numerical rating scale (NRS), Exbody, Selective Functional Movement Assessment (SFMA), InBody, Short-Form-12 version 2 (SF-12v2), and Work Ability Index (WAI), which were evaluated before and after the program. RESULTS: The EG exhibited significant within-group changes in NRS, Exbody, SFMA, SF-12v2, and WAI; the CG exhibited significant within-group changes only in NRS and SFMA (p  < 0.05). There were significant between-group differences in NRS, Exbody, SFMA, and WAI (p  < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: An on-site program including manual and exercise therapy directed by a physiotherapist among workers at an auto-parts manufacturer was effective in improving pain levels, posture, body function, and work-related health status. Show more

Keywords: Work-related musculoskeletal disease, workers, exercise therapy

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205287

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 253-261, 2022

Authors: Marks, Daniel | Merrigan, Justin J. | Martin, Joel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Law enforcement officers experience high stress levels and perform various physical tasks. Thus, law enforcement academies emphasize physical fitness training and assessment. OBJECTIVE: To examine fitness test-performances and determine which entry-level fitness components best predict likelihood of successful law enforcement academy graduation. METHODS: Recruits (151 males, 42 females) completed initial academy fitness testing: one-repetition maximum bench press, push-ups, sit-ups, pull-ups, sit-and-reach, 1.5-mile run, and work performance test. Chi-square and t -tests were used to examine gender differences. Correlation coefficients assessed relationships, while logistical regression determined the best fitness components for predicting graduation (p  < 0.05). …RESULTS: Males had greater fitness performances except pull-ups, sit-ups and sit and reach (p  < 0.05). Distributions of below average fitness performances were similar between genders with majority of recruits performing below average on all tests. Gender, age, push-ups, and pull-ups explained 18% of the variance in graduation rates (p  < 0.05). Males were 4.68 (p  < 0.05) times more likely to graduate, but other predictors were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: No single fitness test predicted the likelihood of graduation and majority of performances were below average, suggesting the importance for proficiency across multiple fitness components. Considering lower fitness performances and graduation rates, females may further benefit from training programs prior to academy entrance. Show more

Keywords: Occupational health, police, fitness assessment, tactical fitness, recruit, strength, endurance

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205310

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 263-269, 2022

Authors: Moody, Valerie | Brady, Elise | Callis, Isabella

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Smokejumpers are required to parachute from planes, carry gear weighing more than 50 kg, and hike on steep terrain. With a majority of injuries sustained to the lower extremity, it is imperative to understand the influence a weighted pack may have on functional performance. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of external load on functional movements in Smokejumpers. METHODS: Using repeated measures design, ten Smokejumpers completed two trials consisting of 3 movements in weighted (50 kg) and unweighted conditions. Nine males and one female (age of 40.1±8.4 years, mass 81.1±8.3 kg) performed overhead squat, hurdle step and anterior reach. …Movements were scored based on established guidelines. The mean of three trials was recorded for anterior reach on both limbs. RESULTS: Differences between weighted and unweighted scores in the overhead squat (p  = 0.001), ND hurdle step (p  = 0.005), D hurdle step (p  = 0.000) and overall composite scores (p  = 0.006) were found to be significantly different. Differences were also noted in D (p  = 0.035) and ND (p  = 0.045) anterior reach. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of a weighted pack negatively influences functional movements in Smokejumpers, which may lead to greater injury risk. Implementation of injury prevention strategies to reduce occupational injury risk should be explored. Show more

Keywords: Wildland firefighter, tactical athlete, injury prevention

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205314

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 271-277, 2022

Authors: Fidelis, Obinna P. | Ogunlade, Babatunde

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Classroom furniture designs have been implicated in musculoskeletal disorders among school age persons due to high level mismatches between the furniture dimensions and users’ anthropometrics. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to analyze classroom furniture ergonomics at selected primary, secondary and tertiary educational institutions in Nigeria and to understand if there are noticeable patterns in the match/mismatch. METHOD: Anthropometric measures relevant to furniture design were obtained from primary and secondary school children as well as from university undergraduates. The dimensions of classroom furniture available to the participants were also taken and an assessment of …the suitability of the furniture was completed. RESULT: The ergonomic evaluation of the classroom furniture available to the study participants revealed enormous discrepancies between the furniture dimensions and the anthropometric measures of the users. In addition, a pattern was observed in the way the matches/mismatches occurred. The furniture dimensions that matched majority of the users tend to match across the three categories and those that did not match majority of the students, also followed the same pattern. CONCLUSION: The study presents remarkably high levels of mismatches between classroom furniture and users’ anthropometrics and therefore calls for a review of the policies for classroom furniture design in Nigeria, if at all any policy exists. Show more

Keywords: Anthropometry, ergonomic design, mismatch, musculoskeletal disorders

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205317

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 279-289, 2022

Authors: Li, Kai Way | Lu, Yong | Li, Nailiang

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have created safety problems for the publics. Assessments of the mental workload for UAV operations are essential to realize the causes of UAV accidents. OBJECTIVE: To test the following hypotheses: i. mission difficulty in UAV operation affects both subjective and objective measures of mental workload; ii. mission difficulty affects number of failures in UAV operation. METHODS: Fourteen male adults participated as UAV operators after attending a UAV training course. They performed four flight missions of different difficulty levels. During their flight missions, their heart rate and inter-beat interval (IBI) were collected. …Upon completing each flight mission, the participants gave subjective ratings of mental workload using three commonly adopted assessment tools. The time of flight and number of failures in flight operations were also recorded. RESULTS: The results showed that mission difficulty affected the scores of all three assessment tools significantly. Mission difficulty also affected number of failures and IBI significantly. The scores of the three assessment tools were highly correlated (ρ = 0.7 to 0.83, p  < 0.001) with one another. The results of the three subjective ratings were also consistent with that of the IBI data. CONCLUSIONS: High mental workload in UAV operation could lead to poor flight performance. Show more

Keywords: Unmanned vehicle, mission difficulty, NASA TLX, heart rate variability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205318

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 291-301, 2022

Authors: De Dios Pérez, Blanca | Radford, Kate | das Nair, Roshan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Supporting people with multiple sclerosis (MS) at work can be challenging due to the unpredictable nature and myriad of disease-related symptoms, and issues related to the work environment. OBJECTIVE: To explore, amongst people with MS in employment, their experiences of and need for vocational rehabilitation (VR), and perceived barriers and facilitators to implementing VR. METHODS: We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with people with MS, employers, and healthcare professionals. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed using the framework method. RESULTS: We identified nine themes reflecting the main MS symptoms (e.g. cognition, fatigue), and environmental …factors such as support provided at work (e.g. change of working hours) and workplace characteristics. Providing support tailored to the individual’s needs and early intervention were seen as important attributes for the intervention. The barriers identified referred to lack of resources and confidentiality issues; however, having flexibility in the content and delivery of the intervention were seen as facilitators. CONCLUSION: The impact of environmental factors (e.g. attitudes towards disability) on employment difficulties is equal to or greater than disease-related factors. Environmental changes in the attitudes of co-workers and workplace flexibility can enable people with MS to remain in work for longer. Show more

Keywords: MS, vocational rehabilitation, job retention, return to work, employment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210012

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 303-313, 2022

Authors: Tariah, Hashem Abu | Nafai, Said | Alanazi, Amal Aani | Alobathani, Hayouf | Alotaibi, Latifah Mutlaq | Almutairi, Shouq Sulaiman

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Job satisfaction is a critical factor that must be considered in every profession. It is important for both the employees and the institutions they work for. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to identify the level of job satisfaction of occupational therapists working in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This is a cross sectional descriptive study. A validated job satisfaction questionnaire composed of 44 items was distributed and collected from licensed occupational therapists working in 4 hospitals in Saudi Arabia, with at least one year of experience in direct patient care. The sampling was a …non-probability purposive sampling. RESULTS: A total of 48 occupational therapists responded to the questionnaire, most of which reported high overall satisfaction level. Occupational therapists showed satisfaction with coworkers, care provided to clients, and autonomy. On the other hand, occupational therapists showed dissatisfaction with salary compared to the work efforts, lack of reimbursement for continuing education, and lack of opportunities for career advancement. CONCLUSION: The overall level of satisfaction of the occupational therapists was high. Efforts must be directed towards maintaining this level of satisfaction. Human resources are encouraged to support areas of satisfaction and find solutions to areas of dissatisfaction. Show more

Keywords: Job satisfaction, job dissatisfaction, occupational therapists, working conditions, occupational therapy

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210034

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 315-322, 2022

Authors: Anzar, Wajiha | Qureshi, Ambrina | Afaq, Ashar | Alkahtany, Mazen F. | Almadi, Khalid H. | Ben Gassem, Afnan A. | AlRefeai, Mohammad H. | Naseem, Mustafa | Vohra, Fahim | Abduljabbar, Tariq

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Dental practitioners can be prone to stress because of the long working hours, high patient expectations, and work environment. OBJECTIVE: To investigate dimensions of occupational stress among dental practitioners leading to burnout and to model its causality with job satisfaction. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted for five months. A sample of 302 practicing dental practitioners was selected using the consecutive sample technique. This sample included dental practitioners working in clinical and non-clinical departments of public and private sector universities as well as those doing private general practice. A self-administered structured questionnaire based on …the Work Stress Questionnaire was sent using Survey Monkey. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Spearman correlation was applied between stress scores and job satisfaction. A Chi-square test was applied to look into the association between stress levels and different categories. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed. RESULT: The prevalence of overall occupational stress was high among dental practitioners (83.4%). Occupational stress was greatest in females (55.8%), dental practitioners in the private sector (55.7%), and general dental practitioners (GDPs) (47%). The overall prevalence of job satisfaction among dental professionals was 30%. Occupational stress was significantly associated with burnout and job dissatisfaction in dentistry. Stress levels and working hours were statistically and positively associated, whereas the association between stress levels and job satisfaction was inversely and significantly associated. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of occupational stress among dental practitioners was high and the level of job satisfaction was moderate. The model between these variables was well-fitted. Show more

Keywords: Employee workload, dentists, professional burnout, job satisfaction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210555

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 323-331, 2022

Authors: Özdinç, Sevgi | Pekçetin, Serkan | Can, Hilal | Ata, Hilal | Süslü, Buket | Birtane, Murat

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire (ÖMPSQ) is one of the most recognized and widely used instruments for identifying the risk of pain chronicity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to provide the reliability and validity of the Turkish ÖMPSQ-Short Form (ÖMPSQ-SF). METHODS: Fifty-seven acute and subacute low back pain patients were included in the study. ÖMPSQ short form and long form, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI), fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaires were applied simultaneously for validation. The ÖMPSQ-SF was re-applied after 7–10 days to determine test-retest reliability. The data were analyzed by …the paired-samples t test, correlation analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 39.05±15.68 years. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.723, and the ICC was 0.84. There were moderate to strong correlation among the ÖMPSQ-SF and the ODI, CSI, ÖMPSQ-long form, Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire work subscale (r  = 0.72, r  = 0.353, r  = 0.648, r  = 0.457 respectively). CONCLUSION: The results show that the Turkish version of the ÖMPSQ–SF is a valid and reliable questionnaire and could be used in clinical and scientific studies. Show more

Keywords: Pain, musculoskeletal disorders, psychosocial factors, yellow flags, chronicity

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213632

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 333-341, 2022

Authors: Nivon, Charlotte | Fontana, Luc | Trombert-Paviot, Béatrice | Bally, Jean Noel | Pelissier, Carole

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Mental distress at work is a complex multifactorial phenomenon liable to impact health and personal life. OBJECTIVE: To assess the proportion of general practice consultations for mental distress at work and determine how general practitioners (GPs) manage these patients and the factors leading to consultation. METHODS: The frequency of consultations for mental distress at work was assessed on a self-administered questionnaire sent to the general practitioners (GPs) of the Loire administrative Département (France). Information on factors leading to consultation on management was obtained by a self-administered questionnaire in a sample of GPs and patients. …RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were included by 16 GPs. 27% of patients were referred to an occupational physician. The frequency of consultations for mental distress at work was about 2%. Patients may wait several weeks or months before consulting, although a majority reported an impact on family life and health. A triggering event was often present, but no work accident procedure was undertaken. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the importance of better identifying adverse experience of working conditions and impaired mental health and reporting this to an occupational physician who can undertake preventive measures. Communication between occupational physician, employee and GP needs to be improved. Show more

Keywords: Medical consultations, psychosocial risk factors, work-related common mental disorders

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213633

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 343-350, 2022

Authors: Lee, Yushin | Kim, Yong Min | Pyo, Sujin | Yun, Myung Hwan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Today, sedentary lifestyles are very common for children. Therefore, maintaining a good posture while sitting is very important to prevent musculoskeletal disorders. To maintain a good posture, the formation of good postural habit must be encouraged through posture correction. However, long-term observation is required for effective posture correction. Additionally, posture correction is more effective when it is performed in real time. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study is to classify nine representative sitting postures of children by applying a machine learning technique using pressure distribution data according to the sitting postures. METHODS: In this study, …a customized film-type pressure sensor was developed and pressure distribution data from nine sitting postures was collected from seven to twelve year-old children. A convolutional neural network (CNN) was applied to classify the sitting postures and three experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the model in three applicable usage scenarios: usage by familiar identifiable users, usage by familiar, but unidentifiable users, and usage by unfamiliar users. RESULTS: The results of our experiments revealed model accuracies of 99.66%, 99.40%, and 77.35%, respectively. When comparing the recall values for each posture, leaning left and leaning right postures had high recall values, but good posture, leaning forward, and crossed-legs postures had low recall values. CONCLUSION: The results of experiments indicated that CNN is an excellent classification method to classify the posture when the pressure distribution data is used as input data. This study is expected to contribute a development of system to aid in observing the natural sitting behavior of children and correcting poor posture in real time. Show more

Keywords: Classification, pressure distribution, machine learning, sensing cushion

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213634

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 351-366, 2022

Authors: Chakradeo, Anant | Mishra, Wricha | Rai, Sunil

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Rowing requires synchronized, forceful and repetitive muscular movement to propel the boat towards the finish point. This makes rowers prone to musculoskeletal discomfort. The etiology of such musculoskeletal discomfort is multifactorial in nature. Therefore, risk assessment is essential for encouraging enhanced performances. OBJECTIVE: The present study was undertaken to decipher the prevalent areas of discomfort, identify risk factors contributing to discomforts among young Indian rowers and propose a model for the causative factors of discomfort to monitor their performances. METHODS: A self-constructed questionnaire was framed and administered at state level competition. To identify the likely …commonalities, the response matrix was subjected to Factor Analysis (FA). Subsequently, Principal Component Regression (PCR) was carried out to identify the influence of ergonomic risk factors with rowing performance parameters. RESULTS: The study identified three major factors: Imprecision Related Factors’ (ImRF), ‘Occupation Related Factors’ (ORF) and ‘Individual Related Factors’ (IRF). The study suggests changes to the training strategies for reducing discomforts from ergonomics risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: The study quantifies major risk factors with the highest loading and proposes an interpretive model. This will be beneficial for formulating the training frameworks and to prepare guidelines for rowers to refrain from discomforts consequently, enhancing performance. Show more

Keywords: Occupational discomfort, training, musculoskeletal disorders

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213635

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 367-372, 2022

Authors: Dimou, Vasiliki | Basilios, Molis | Kitikidou, Kyriaki

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The development of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) associated with forestry operations is an alarming issue. OBJECTIVE: In the present paper, an attempt was made to assess the location and the prevalence of the MSDs in timber harvesting tasks. METHODS: The analysis of logging-related risk factors was carried out by observing working postures with the use of the assessment tool RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) during harvesting jobs. In addition, the standardised Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used in order to record self-reported MSDs symptoms. RESULTS: Results revealed that, in all work stages, risk levels …were extremely high. According to the results of the RULA analysis, 77.5% of the working postures adopted by the left side of the body and 61.25% of postures involving the right side belong to the very high-risk level. According to the results of the questionnaire, a high percentage of loggers (34%) reported that they were facing problems in their backs and knees. CONCLUSIONS: Training and informing operators about the correct positions and the manual movement techniques, as well as increasing the mechanisation level of harvesting operations could reduce physiological work hardship. Show more

Keywords: RULA, NMQ, musculoskeletal disorders, postures’ assessment, logger

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213640

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 373-393, 2022