Work - Volume 41, issue Supplement 1

Authors: Gangopadhyay, Somnath | Das, Tamal

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract It is a well recognized fact that manual material handling (MMH) entails enormous physical labor and associated discomfort feeling, which invariably culminate into musculoskeletal disorders. However mental fatigue, in such instances, becomes an unexplored parameter that needs definite attention during assessment of work status of MMH workers. The present study is being performed among 75 porters of a central market in Kolkata to ascertain the extent of physical and mental exhaustion among them. SF-12 health status questionnaire followed by another questionnaire involving psychosocial questions were performed among them. The analysis of both the questionnaires clearly revealed that most of …the porters are under severe physical exertion as they alone carry about 120 kg load at a time and such activity is repeated at least 40 times throughout the day. They always suffer from pain and discomfort feeling at different body parts and this interferes with their normal work activity to a great extent. Moreover absenteeism means no financial return and even a day’s rigourous work fetches meagre income. The inability to support family convincingly even after performing such hazardous tasks makes them feel low. Monotony, boredom, fatigue and mental trauma form an integral part of their daily work schedule. Show more

Keywords: physical health, mental health, informal sector

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0482-2467

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2467-2471, 2012

Authors: Arvidsson, Inger | Simonsen, Jenny Gremark | Balogh, Istvan | Hansson, Gert-åke | Dahlqvist, Camilla | Granqvist, Lothy | Ohlsson, Kerstina | Axmon, Anna | Karlson, Björn | Nordander, Catarina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Disorders in the musculoskeletal system have been associated with a high physical workload as well as psychosocial and individual factors. It is however not obvious which of these factors that is most important to prevent. Musculoskeletal disorders in neck and upper extremity was assessed by interview and clinical examination in 79 teachers and 93 assisting nurses, all females. Psychosocial work environment was assessed by questionnaire. The physical workload was recorded by technical measurements of postures, movements and muscular load, in 9 teachers and 12 nurses. The physical workload was lower among the teachers, but they had a more demanding psychosocial …work environment. Among the nurses, but not in the teachers, the neck-shoulder disorders were associated with a high body mass index (BMI). The teachers reported neck-shoulder complaints to a higher extent than the nurses, but had much lower prevalence of diagnoses in the clinical examination (12% vs. 25%; POR 0.3 CI 0.1 – 1.2; adjusted for age and BMI). The results suggest that adverse psychosocial conditions among the teachers give rise to a different kind of pain in the neck-shoulder region than from physical overload, troublesome but not as severe as the one afflicting the nurses. Show more

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, clinical examination, technical measurements

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0483-2472

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2472-2475, 2012

Authors: Motmans, R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Forklift drivers in warehouses are often exposed to whole body vibration (WBV) during the total day. There is however an association between working as a forklift operator and the development of low back pain. In this study the exposure to WBV was measured in five forklift drivers who performed a standardised order picking task during 10 minutes. The effect of driving surface (uneven concrete vs. new flat concrete), driving speed (15 km/h vs. 8 km/h) and seat suspension (mechanical suspension vs. air suspension) was investigated. Improving the driving surface was the most effective preventive measure by reducing the whole body …vibration with 39%, from 1.14 to 0.69 m/s2. Lowering the speed limit resulted in a reduction of WBV with 26% (1.05 vs. 0.78 m/s2). An air suspension seat was 22% more effective compared to mechanical suspension (1.02 vs. 0.80 m/s2). On uneven concrete an air suspension seat performed even better by reducing the WBV by 29% (1.33 vs. 0.95 m/s2). A combination of a new driving surface, limiting the maximum speed and the introduction of an air suspension seat reduced the whole body vibrations below the action limit of 0.5 m/s2 as mentioned in the European directive. None of the interventions were effective enough on their own. Show more

Keywords: whole body vibration, forklift driver, driving surface, air suspension seat, driving speed

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0484-2476

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2476-2481, 2012

Authors: do Nascimento Júnior, Leonildo Santos | da costa Santos Pessoa, Juliana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract This study had as objective to evaluate the workstation of the responsable for the collection of urban garbage in relation to the factors associates with the appearance or aggravation of WMRD, as well as identifying signals and symptoms of these illnesses in the related professionals. For this, was developed a form with open and closed questions, that approached item relative to the identification of the searched, to the organization and execution of the work and to the signals and symptoms of WMRD, e that was applied in 44 agents in a company of collection of urban residues in a …Brazilian metropolis. As the results can be evidenced that between the factors that the cleanness’ agents are susceptible to the appearance of WMRD can detach the lack of orientation of these professionals as the positions adopted in the work, the lack of training and qualification, as well as the repetitivity of tasks and not use of individual protection equipment. However, yet with the existence of innumerable factors of risk, evidenced a small incidence of pain. Show more

Keywords: working conditions, WMRD, cleanness agent

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0485-2482

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2482-2486, 2012

Authors: Torres, Yaniel | Viña, Silvio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study was conducted in a warehouse at a vaccine production centre where improvement to existing storage and working conditions were sought through the construction of a new refrigerated store section (2-8C°). Warehousing tasks were videotaped and ergonomics analysis tools were used to assess the risk of developing MSDs. Specifically, these tools were the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) and the NIOSH equation. The current plant layout was sketched and analyzed to find possible targets for improvement trough the application of general work space design and ergonomics principles. Seven of the eight postures evaluated with REBA had a total score …between 8 and 10, meaning a high risk, and only one was at a medium risk level. Nine of the eleven manual material handling tasks analyzed with the NIOSH equation had a Lifting Index between 1.14 and 1.80 and two had a recommended weight limit of 0kg, indicating a need for job redesign. Solutions included the redesign of shelves, the design of a two-step stair and a trolley with adjustable height; also, changes in work methods were proposed by introducing a two-workers lifting strategy and job rotation, and, finally, a restructuring of plant layout was completed. Show more

Keywords: ergonomic intervention, lifting strategies, plant layout, NIOSH equation, REBA

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0486-2487

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2487-2491, 2012

Authors: Moriguchi, Cristiane Shinohara | Carnaz, Leticia | de Miranda Junior, Luiz Carlos | Marklin, Richard William | Gil Coury, Helenice Jane cote

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Loading/unloading a ladder on vehicles are frequent tasks and involve overhead handling that may expose workers to risk factors of shoulder musculoskeletal disorders. The objective of the present study was to evaluate posture, forces required and perceived exertion when loading and unloading the ladder on a utility truck. Thirteen male overhead line workers from an electric utility in Brazil participated in this study. Shoulder elevation angle was measured using inclinometers. The required force to load/unload the ladder was measured by dynamometer. Subjective assessment of the perceived exertion was recorded to compare the exertion reported during the test conditions to the …field conditions. The task of loading/unloading the ladder presented risks of shoulder musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) to workers because it requires high levels of force (approximately 60% of the maximal force) combined with overhead posture of the shoulders (more than 100° from the neutral posture). Age and height presented to interfere in biomechanical risks presented in load/unload task. There was no significant difference between the subjective exertion during the test conditions and handling the ladder in the field. Ergonomic intervention is recommended to reduce these risks for shoulder MSDs. Show more

Keywords: overhead workers, biomechanics, musculoskeletal disorders, shoulder

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0487-2492

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2492-2495, 2012

Authors: Silva-Júnior, J.S. | Correa, L.R.C. | Morrone, L.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are responsible for important amount of declining productivity among workers. Its economic impact is considered important because, in some aspects, such as sickness absence, it can cause increase in costs for employers. This paper aimed at identifying whether the activities that the hotel maids perform during working hours may lead to the development of musculoskeletal disorders. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in a hotel in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Performed an ergonomic analysis of the job application with a checklist consisting of risk assessment of low back pain. Results: The maids are responsible for the …cleaning of hotel rooms, including to lean in order to clean the bathroom. The activity is associated with ergonomic risk for poor posture, manual transport of loads and use of physical force in the upper limbs. This job presents a moderate risk of low back pain according to checklist for assessing the ergonomic situation. Conclusions: Negative ergonomic aspects are associated with the development or aggravation of musculoskeletal disorders in these workers. We suggest modification in work organisation. Another possibility is decreased the weight of the carts, keeping areas of replacement material on each floor. Show more

Keywords: low back pain, occupational health, ergonomics, absenteeism

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2496-2498, 2012

Authors: Cristancho, María Yanire León

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The objective of this paper was to control ergonomic risks among female cashiers working in a department store belonging to the retail market. This study was conducted between May and November 2010. Participatory ergonomics was applied through knowing and understanding how the company works, establishing the work team (Ergo group), training the team in ergonomics-related topics, and making decisions and interventions. The sample was composed of 71participants –mostly female cashiers–, and all of them have a musculoskeletal compromise, declaring pain or discomfort mainly in the neck, lower back, right wrist and shoulders. Among others, following problems were found: postural overload, …repetitive work, manual load handling, mental fatigue, environmental discomfort, variable work schedules, extended working days, and absence of breaks. In the intervention, the main implemented changes were the redesign of workstation, complete change of chairs and keyboards, and the implementation of a rotation system, as well breaks for compensatory exercises. After that, an evident improvement of found problems was observed, therefore it can be concluded that participatory ergonomics is an attractive methodology, appropriate and efficient for solving and controlling ergonomic risks and problems. Show more

Keywords: Participatory Ergonomics Intervention, Female Cashiers, Retail Market, Ergo Group

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0489-2499

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2499-2505, 2012

Authors: Cândido, Paula Emanuela Fernandes | Teixeira, Juliana Vieira Schmidt | Moro, Antônio Renato Pereira | Gontijo, Leila Amaral

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The work of the goldsmiths consists in the manufacture of jewelry. The piece, be it an earring, bracelet or necklace, is hand-assembled. This task requires precision, skill, kindness and patience. In this work, we make use of tools such as cuticle clippers and rounded tip, beads or precious stones and also pieces of metal. This type of activity requires a biomechanical stress of hands and wrists. In order to quantify the biomechanical stress, we performed a case study to measure the movements performed by an assembly of pieces of jewelry. As method for research, filming was done during assembly of …parts to a paste, using a Nikon digital camera, for 1 (one) hour. The film was edited by Kinovea software, and the task was divided into cycles, each cycle corresponds to a complete object. In one cycle, there are four two movements of supination and pronation movements of the forearm. The cycle lasts approximately sixteen seconds, totaling 1800 cycles in eight hours. Despite the effort required of the wrists, the activity shows no complaints from the employees, but this fact does not mischaracterizes the ability of employees to acquire repetitive strain injuries and work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Show more

Keywords: biomechanics, ergonomics, repetitive movements, manual labor

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0490-2506

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2506-2509, 2012

Authors: Chaiklieng, Sunisa | Suggaravetsiri, Pornnapa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Prolonged posture, static works and repetition are previously reported as the cause of repetitive strain injuries (RSIs) among workers including teachers. This cross-sectional analytic study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of RSIs among school teachers. Participants were 452 full-time school teachers in Thailand. Data were collected by the structural questionnaires, illuminance measurements and the physical fitness tests. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics which were Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used. Most teachers in this study were females (57.3%), the mean years of work experience was 22.6 ± 10.4 years. The six-month prevalence of RSIs …was 73.7%. The univariate analysis identified the related risk factors to RSIs which were chronic disease (OR=1.8; 95% CI = 1.16-2.73), history of trauma (OR=2.0; 95% CI = 1.02-4.01), member of family had RSIs (OR=2.0; 95% CI = 1.02- 4.01), stretch to write on board (OR=1.7; 95% CI = 1.06-1.70) and high heel shoe >2 inch (OR=1.6; 95% CI = 1.03-2.51). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that chronic diseases and high heel shoe >2 inch significantly related to developing of RSIs. The poor grip strength and back muscle flexibility significantly affected RSIs of teachers. In conclusions, RSIs were highly prevalent in school teachers that they should be aware of health promotion to prevent RSIs. Show more

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, ergonomics, prevalence

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0491-2510

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2510-2515, 2012

Authors: Coluci, Marina Zambon Orpinelli | Alexandre, Neusa Maria Costa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The study aimed to conduct a literature review as a step of the development of a new questionnaire about the nursing workers’ perception of job factors that may lead to musculoskeletal symptoms. An information synthesis was achieved by collecting data from studies that fitted the search criteria. The results showed that despite the existence of several job factors related to musculoskeletal symptoms, no specific questionnaire that evaluates this relationship was found. Therefore, this literature review presents important topics for developing the first questionnaire to analyze work activities that may contribute to pain and discomfort among nursing personnel.

Keywords: work-related musculoskeletal disorders, job factors, nursing

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0492-2516

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2516-2520, 2012

Authors: Iqbal, Rauf | De, Amitabha | Mishra, Wricha | Maulik, Shreya | Chandra, AM

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The study was taken up to investigate the effects of heel heights on lumbar kinematics and the risk of Low Back Disorder (LBD) in females. Nineteen female university students (24.5±3.36 yrs) volunteered in the study. Lumbar kinematics was measured by using Industrial Lumbar Motion Monitor (iLMM). The volunteers were asked to walk for a distance of 50 meters in 3 different given conditions i.e bare foot (Heel 0), with flat heels (Heel 1) and with high heels (Heel 2). Heights of Heel 1 and Heel 2 were 1.5±0.84 cm and 5.5±1.70 cm respectively. The Lumbar kinematic parameters studied were- Average …Twisting Velocity (ATV), Maximum Sagital Flexion (MSF) and Maximum Lateral Velocity (MLV). It was observed that all the above mentioned Lumbar kinematics - ATV, MSF and MLV increases with increase of heel heights, which in turn increases the risk of LBD. As a result of increase in Lumbar kinematic values with increase in heel heights, LBD risk has also increased. Mean and SD of the LBD risk with Heel 0, Heel 1 and Heel 2 were 16.79±6.04%, 19.00±7.38% and 22.11±6.98% respectively. Lower stature with high heels showed higher risk of LBD than the higher stature with high heels. Show more

Keywords: iLMM, high heel, Lumbar kinematics, LBD

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1026-2521

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2521-2526, 2012

Authors: Srinivasan, Divya | Mathiassen, Svend Erik

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Several recent reviews have reported that ‘repetitive movements’ is a risk factor for occupational musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in the neck, shoulder and arm regions. More variation in biomechanical exposure is often suggested as an effective intervention in such settings. While increasing variation using extrinsic methods like job rotation may not always be possible in an industrial context, the intrinsic variability of the motor system may offer an alternative opportunity to increase variation. Motor variability (MV) refers to the natural variation in postures, movements and muscle activity observed to different extents in all tasks. The current review explores the state of …the art in MV research from motor control, sports and occupational biomechanics literature to answer whether MV is important to consider in an occupational context, and if yes, whether this literature stimulates further studies to test if MV can be manipulated as a deliberate intervention for increasing biomechanical variation without jeopardizing production. Show more

Keywords: Work-related musculo-skeletal disorders, exposure variability, motor variability, occupational health, performance, kinematics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0493-2527

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2527-2534, 2012

Authors: Hanvold, Therese N | Wærsted, Morten | Veiersted, Kaj Bo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim was to analyze the relationship between periods with uninterrupted neck muscle activity for ≥4 min and neck and shoulder pain. The trapezius muscle activity was recorded bilaterally on 40 young workers and students during a full shift. Neck and shoulder pain, mechanical work load and decision control were reported at the same time as the muscle activity recording and 6 months later. A dose-response relationship was found between uninterrupted muscle activity and neck and shoulder pain, with a ten-fold higher risk for the group with more than half, compared to less than a third, of the shift with …uninterrupted muscle activity. Self-reported mechanical work load showed a small but protective effect related to pain. Gender and decision control did not emerge as important risk factors in this model. In conclusion, this study indicates that work or other exposures that contains long periods with uninterrupted neck muscle activity of 4 min duration or longer should be minimized to reduce risk of neck and shoulder pain. Show more

Keywords: prospective, motor control, sustained muscle activity, neck and shoulder pain

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0494-2535

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2535-2538, 2012

Authors: Fallentin, Nils | Maikala, Rammohan | Banks, Jacob | Obrien, Niall | Rivard, Amanda

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A fatigue-related decrease in quality and accuracy of the proprioceptive feedback from muscle spindles in the back (e.g. stretch reflexes) may lead to a deterioration of spinal stability, thereby making the spine more vulnerable to external perturbations. Endurance time, tissue oxygenation, reflex latency and blood pressure response were studied in twenty subjects during a submaximal endurance test of the back extensors (20 % MVC) performed as either a position task (supporting a weight stack while maintaining trunk position) or a force task (exerting a force against a dynamometer). Mean endurance time was 8.91 (± 2.79) min for the force task …and 10.86 (± 6.93) min for the position task. This result is in striking contrast to what has previously been reported from limb muscles, and suggests that back muscles are especially well suited for postural tasks. An increased reflex latency found after the position task indicates that the disadvantage of the prolonged endurance time is a deterioration of the afferent input from the muscle spindles that may potentially hamper the protection of the spine Show more

Keywords: Back muscle fatigue, reflex responses, cumulative trauma disorders, heavy lifting

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0495-2539

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2539-2544, 2012

Authors: Cho, Young-Jin | Kim, Jung-Yong

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the stationarity of the electromyographic (EMG) signals during isokinetic exertions of the trunk muscle. Six healthy subjects participated in this study. The erector spinae muscles were used to collect the signals. In order to simulate the isokinetic exercises of the trunk, a Cybex system with a trunk modular component was used. All subjects performed sustained exertions with a combination of load (25%, 50% MVC) and angular velocity (0, 15, 30 degree/s). The stationarity of the signals was tested by the reverse arrangements test and modified reverse arrangements test. In the results, the …signal stationarity was high in all conditions in the reverse arrangements test. However, in the modified reverse arrangements test it was relatively low at about the 30 degree/s angular velocity. In the analysis of variance, the effect of angular velocity was statistically significant at the 0.05 significance level in the modified reverse arrangements test and Tukey’s HSD grouping showed that the stationarity of 30 degree/s angular velocity was significantly different from 0, 15 degree/s condition. These results indicate that the stationarity of the EMG signals showed no difference between isometric and isokinetic conditions when the angular velocity was equal to 15 degree/s. Show more

Keywords: lifting, spectral analysis, low back pain, muscle fatigue

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0496-2545

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2545-2548, 2012

Authors: de Souza Moraes, Geraldo Fabiano | Mendes, Davidson Passos | Papinni, Adriana Antunes

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the electromyographyc activity of the muscles of the leg and spine associated with different types of shoes and barefoot, in the various plans of locomotion, in the situations before and after fatigue. Methods: Is a cross-sectional study, which was used a sample of convenience with 15 young women, aged between 18 and 35 years, sedentary. The examined muscles were tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis and erector spinae. The muscular activity was assessed during locomotion on flat surface, up and down stairs and in an inclined surface. The shoes were a high-heeled, …small heeled, tennis, slipper and barefoot. Results: The results of electromyographyc analysis showed that the muscles of the leg had greater electromyographyc activity in the position of pre-fatigue of the lower limbs and erector spinae in the postfatigue of the lower limbs, in most of the conditions and situations. Discussion: Adaptive conditions associated with regular use of high shoes, has been widely questioned in relation to the incidence of injuries. Conclusion: In post-fatigue of the lower limbs, there was a decline in the activities of the muscles of the leg and increased recruitment of the erector muscles justified by the need for greater stability of the spine and pelvis during the locomotion of young women. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, occupational risk, gait, shoes

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0497-2549

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2549-2555, 2012

Authors: Reis, P. | Moro, A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This research was conducted with slaughterhouse female workers in the municipality of São Miguel do Iguaçu, state of Parana, Brazil. The sample was composed of 103 women aged 25 to 40 ( 7.57 years, and the study aimed to verify the nerve conduction of the median nerve. An esthesiometer consisting of a Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments was used to measure the hand skin sensitivity in the region of the median nerve and a Jamar® hand dynamometer, which was used to determine the handgrip strength. About 81% of individuals had normal sensitivity with 0.05 g and average levels of handgrip strength in dominant …hand (DH) of 35.30 kgf (( 3.10) and in the non-dominant hand (NDH) of 28.30 ( 3.09 kgf. 14% of individuals had reduced sensitivity, with values equivalent to 0.2 g and 2.0 g (blue and violet) and levels of handgrip strength in the DH equal to 28.10 kgf (( 2.90) and in the NDH of 26.40 kgf (( 3.28). 5% of individuals showed bilateral sensitivity deficit (4.0 g) and levels of handgrip strength in the DH of 16.10 kgf (( 2.10) and in the NDH of 18.20 kgf (( 3.28), resulting in a strong correlation between handgrip strength and sensitivity of the median nerve (r = 0.786) between variables dominant hand (DH) and (r = 0.626) for the non-dominant hand (NDH). It could be concluded that assessing the nerve conduction of the median nerve by hand esthesiometry can be an important tool in preventing the Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Show more

Keywords: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, handgrip strength, nerve conduction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0498-2556

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2556-2562, 2012

Authors: de Oliveira, Lilian Becerra | Cajaíba, Franklin | Costa, Wesley | Rocabado, Mariano | Lazo-Osório, Rodrigo | Ribeiro, Sanzia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: There are several instruments of evaluation of the craniocervical equilibrium; the most reliable are the radiographies. This study used the cephalometric analysis of Rocabado to measure the sensibility and specificity of the Cervical Range of Motion (CROM), a goniometer designed to assess cervical movements in degrees, and measure the forward head position in centimeters. This instrument frequently used, has been tested as a reliable instrument to evaluate the cervical movements but not the forward head. The sample consisted of 30 volunteers, 18 females, 12 males, mean age of 24.63 years. All participants were evaluated with CROM and radiographies in the …resting head position and in erect head position. The values considered by the cephalometry consisted in the angle made between the McGregor plane and the vertical line formed by the base of the odontoid process to its apex; the posterior space between C0-C1 and C1-C2 and the hyoid triangle. Results: 30% of the subjects had forward head posture, according to de cephalometry of Rocabado (decreased space between C0-C1, C1-C2) and 43,3% according to CROM. 16,6% had decreased posterior-inferior angle, and 13% had the hyoid triangle facing up. ROC curve of identifying forward head posture yielded area under the curve of 0,778 (95% confidence interval 0,596-0,960). The sensibility of CROM was: 77%. The specificity 71%. Conclusion: This study suggests that CROM has a moderate sensibility and specificity, useful for clinic use, but not for research. Show more

Keywords: cephalometry, CROM, forward head posture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0499-2563

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2563-2568, 2012

Authors: Camargo, C. | Ordorica, J. | De la Vega, E.J. | Olguín, J.E. | López, O.R. | López, J.A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study examines changes in body temperature generated in the wrist area through sensory thermography technique because of highly repetitive movements, proving with this technique that there is a decreased ability to perform muscular work, and thereby assess possible pathologies of Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs). Methods: Two healthy right-handed individuals, who performed repetitive work, emulating an operation of the textile industry for three days, generated DTA in the area of the wrist. The evaluation time was of 3 hours 30 minutes in a controlled temperature between 20 and 25°C, 20 minutes stabilization time at the beginning and end of the …operation. Results: The maximum temperatures reached were on the right wrist (RW) of 35. 078°C over a period of 1 hour 41 minutes 52 seconds; and on the left wrist (LR), 34.663°C over a period of 2 hours 42 minutes 51 seconds, detected discomfort in their right shoulder and wrist in the time range which identified the highest temperatures. It was shown that the data does not fit a normal distribution for RW and LW; the data fit the three- parameters Weibull distribution for WR and LW with a correlation coefficient between 0.93 to 0.99. Show more

Keywords: hand disorders, work assessment, CTDs, CTS, IR

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0500-2569

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2569-2575, 2012

Authors: de Souza Moraes, Geraldo Fabiano | Mendes, Davidson Passos

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The impaired performance of the muscles of the scapular region may result in injuries, fatigue, weakness and pain. The main objective of this research was to analyze the scapular positioning during the abduction of the shoulder movement in the frontal, scapular and sagittal plans. Method: This cross-sectional study comprised a convenience sample of 20 individuals. It was used the disability of the arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire (DASH Brazil), the digital inclinometer was used for measuring the scapular positioning. Having the purpose of regulating and ensuring the correct positioning of the upper limbs Assessed in the plans, it was developed …the bulkhead which was used while the examination was performed. Results: The population study was asymptomatic. No significant difference was found for the right shoulder during the concentric and eccentric contraction at all angles of scapular inclination on the three analyzed plans. Significant difference was found in the left shoulder during the concentric contraction in the scapular angle at 90° and in the eccentric contraction at the scapular angles of 30°, 60° and 90° of inclination in the frontal plan compared to men and women. Furthermore, it was found a decreasing left shoulder in the scapular angle during the eccentric contraction above 90° in the scapular and sagittal plans when compared to men and women. Conclusion: we concluded that in the three plans studied, the scapula behaved differently various angles in the measured and yet it was influenced by the direction of motion. Moreover, it is possible to say that showed that this study there is a difference in the rotational behavior of the scapula relating to women and men due to the anthropometric existed differences between them. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, occupational risk, scapular position, biomechanics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0501-2576

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2576-2581, 2012

Authors: de Souza Moraes, Geraldo Fabiano | Mendes, Davidson Passos | Papinni, Adriana Antunes

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: One of the most prevalent aspects is women with complaints of discomfort in the lumbar region for the use of high heeled shoe. Authors described that there may be a relation between attitude and the present discomfort, often associated with muscular fatigue and increase the forces of reaction soil during the use of such footwear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate possible changes postural associated with the use of different types of shoes and barefoot. Fifteen sedentary women were subjected to a static evaluation posture with the use of the software SAPO. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) repeated measures …was used to investigate differences between the shoes in all variables postural analyzed. The results showed no significant difference in static position with the types of shoes and barefoot. It was concluded that the shoes did not interfere in static position. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, shoes, posture occupational risk, work process

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0502-2582

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2582-2587, 2012

Authors: Kim, Jeong Ho | Johnson, Peter W

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: An exposure-response relationship has been shown between muscle fatigue and its effects on keystroke durations. Since keystroke durations can readily be measured by software programs, the method has the potential as a non-invasive exposure assessment tool. However, the software based keystroke durations may be affected by keyswitch force-displacement characteristics. Thus, this study used a force platform to measure the keystroke durations and compared them to software measured keystroke durations in order to determine whether the software based keystroke durations can be used as a surrogate force exposure measures. A total of 13 subjects (6 males and 7 females) typed for …15 minutes each on three keyboards with different force-displacement characteristics. The results showed that the software based keystroke durations were more sensitive to the keyboard force-displacement differences than the force based measures. Although the digital signal based keystroke durations depend on the force-displacement characteristics, the high correlation between the two measures indicated that the keystroke durations derived from the digital signal approximated the true force derived keystroke durations, regardless of the keyboard force-displacement characteristics. Therefore, the software based keystroke durations could be used as a non-invasive, surrogate force exposure measure in lieu of the more invasive actual force measurements. Show more

Keywords: Computer use, musculoskeletal disorders, exposure assessment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0503-2588

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2588-2590, 2012

Authors: Chiou, Wen-Ko | Chou, Wei-Ying | Chen, Bi-Hui

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the posture, muscle activities, and self reported discomforts of neck pain notebook computer users on three monitor tilt conditions: 100°, 115°, and 130°. Six subjects were recruited in this study to completed typing tasks. Results showed subjects have a trend to show the forward head posture in the condition that monitor was set at 100°, and the significant less neck and shoulder discomfort were noted in the condition that monitor was set at 130°. These result suggested neck pain notebook user to set their monitor tilt angle at 130°.

Keywords: display angles, chronic neck pain, forward head posture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0504-2591

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2591-2595, 2012

Authors: de cassia Clark Teodoroski, Rita | Espíndola, Edilene Zilma | Silva, Enéias | Moro, Antônio Renato Pereira | Pereira, Vera Lucia D.V.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: With the advent of technology, the computer became a working tool increasingly present in companies. Its purpose is to increase production and reduce the inherent errors in manual production. The aim of this study was to analyze the usability of 2D graphics software in creating clothing designs by a professional during his work. The movements of the mouse, keyboard and graphical tools were monitored in real time by software Camtasia 7® installed on the user’s computer. To register the use of mouse and keyboard we used auxiliary software called MouseMeter®, which quantifies the number of times they pressed the right, …middle and left mouse’s buttons, the keyboard and also the distance traveled in meters by the cursor on the screen. Data was collected in periods of 15 minutes, 1 hour and 8 hours, consecutively. The results showed that the job is considered repetitive and high demands physical efforts, which can lead to the appearance of repetitive strain injuries. Thus, the goal of minimizing operator efforts and thereby enhance the usability of the examined tool, becomes imperative to replace the mouse by a device called tablet, which also offers an electronic pen and a drawing platform for design development. Show more

Keywords: Technology, Applicability, Ergonomics, Repetitive Strain

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0505-2596

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2596-2599, 2012

Authors: Vink, P. | Blok, M. | Formanoy, M. | de Korte, E. | Groenesteijn, L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In 2010 15.2% of the work force in the Netherlands works with a computer at another location than at the office or at the clients’ location. 27% of the Dutch working population is not satisfied about the possibility to work at home and 18% is not satisfied on the possibility to plan your own working time. The case control study affirms what has been reported as effects of new ways of work: the experienced productivity by communication and the representativeness of the office interior are improved and attention is needed for workers that need concentration space and need to personalize …their work environment. In implementing new ways of work these issues need attention. Show more

Keywords: new ways of work, office interior, telework, work at home, flexible working time

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1027-2600

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2600-2604, 2012

Authors: Blok, Merle M. | Groenesteijn, Liesbeth | Schelvis, Roos | Vink, Peter

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In the changing modern economy some new factors have been addressed that are of importance for productivity and economic growth, such as human skills, workplace organization, information and communication technologies (ICT) and knowledge sharing. An increasing number of companies and organizations are implementing measures to better address these factors, often referred to as ‘the New Ways of Working (NWW)’. This consists of a large variety of measures that enable flexibility in the time and location of work. Expectations of these measures are often high, such as a reduction in operating costs and an increase of productivity. However, scientific proof is …still lacking, and it is worth asking whether al these implementations actually cause a change in work behavior and effect business outcomes positively. This article describes a case study of three departments (total of 73 employees) that changed from a traditional way of working towards a new way of working. Questionnaires and a new developed objective measurement system called ‘work@task’ were used to measure changes in work behavior (i.e. increased variation in work location, work times and a change towards NWW management style) and the effect on business objectives such as knowledge sharing, employees satisfaction, and collaboration. Show more

Keywords: new ways of working, task facilitating office, knowledge worker, work behavior, business objectives

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1028-2605

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2605-2610, 2012

Authors: Robertson, Michelle M. | Schleifer, Lawrence M. | Huang, Yueng-hsiang

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: With the rising number of teleworkers who are working in non-traditional work locations, health and safety issues are even more critical. While telework offers attractive alternatives to traditional work locations, it is not without challenges for employers and workers. A macroergonomics approach or work system design for telework programs is proposed to address these new challenges. This approach explains the impact of organizational, psychosocial and workplace risk factors on teleworker’s health and safety. A process for managing the health and safety of teleworkers is presented along with preventive strategies to provide an injury-free working environment.

Keywords: telework, macroergonomics, musculoskeletal symptoms, safety, psychosocial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1029-2611

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2611-2615, 2012

Authors: Bazley, Conne Mara | De Jong, Annelise | Vink, Peter

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A human factors specialist researched the expectations of a culturally and professionally diverse team throughout a year long participatory design process of a large processing facility. For a deeper understanding of high-level team expectations and characteristics, the specialist collected data and information through in-situ ethnography and traditional case study methods, personal interviews, and a questionnaire that included a likert scale rating for expectation levels. Results found that expectation levels rated extremely satisfied for individual team members and the overall team itself before and during the participatory process. In contrast, expectations for upper management from the team were satisfied before the …participatory process, but changed to uncertain, to unsatisfied, to extremely unsatisfied during the process. Additionally, the participatory design team exhibited high-level team characteristics to include honesty, competence, commitment, communication, creativity, and clear expectations Show more

Keywords: Expectations, Team Characteristics, Participatory Design Process, Control Room Design, Diversity

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1030-2616

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2616-2624, 2012

Authors: Olsen, Kirsten

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Research suggests that Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) practitioners have difficulty influencing the decisionmaking process because they are placed on the sidelines in the organisation. This paper analyses the strategies that OHS practitioners use to fulfill their job role and the impact they have on the working environment and OHS management systems. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten New Zealand OHS practitioners from mainly large private and public organisations about their job role, OHS tasks, strategies and their impact. The interviews were tape recorded, transcribed, entered into a qualitative data management programme and analysed thematically in relation to their strategies, …barriers and their impact on the OHS management system and working environment. The analysis revealed that these OHS practitioners used multiple strategies - chosen in relation to the situation, the stakeholders and their own resources. They saw themselves as change agents or facilitators. They preferred to use a knowledge strategy, supported by an audit strategy. Their last resort was a regulation strategy. All of the practitioners had a positive impact on stakeholders’ knowledge, attitude and behavior and on OHS management systems. Some practitioners improved the working environment but few were involved in introduction of new technology. Show more

Keywords: Change process, change strategy, management, practitioners, influence

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0506-2625

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2625-2632, 2012

Authors: de Freitas Penteado, Eliane Villas Bôas | de França, Maria Goretti | de Brito Ramalhoto, Ana Maria | de Oliveira, Ana Maria | Machado, Bruno Rangel Cortoppassi | Genipapeiro, Joana Angélica Matos

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article discusses the implementation of ergonomics in a service unit of a major company in the energy sector. From the perspective of management, it analyses the process of implementation of ergonomics programmes in four operational areas. The objective was to diagnose the level of implementation of ergonomics. The study is descriptive, undertaken through the interaction with the technical staff of the operational areas involved, incorporating the perception of these role players concerning their work routines. The results indicated significant differences in the level of implementation of the programmes, especially those concerning structural conditions. Important conquests were registered, such as …the investment in the training of specialists, the establishment of a facilitator network and the improvement of the standard for the directioning and alignment of the execution of initiatives. The linking in of the programmes with those of occupational health management emphasises its contribution to the safety and well-being of the workforce through interventions aimed mainly at eliminating and reducing ergonomic biomechanical risks. However, the need to broaden and deepen the ergonomic approach regarding organizational and cognitive aspects, as well as the insertion of ergonomics in project design of new work spaces and processes were also identified. Show more

Keywords: programme management, occupational health, safety

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0654-2633

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2633-2636, 2012

Authors: Moraes, Berla | Andrade, Valéria Sousa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article aims to describe step-by-step the implementation of an ergonomics administration system in a company from March 2009 till March 2011 by an occupational therapist specialist in ergonomics based on the OSHAS 18001 guidelines and the Regulatory Norms 17 manual. The process began with the definition of five requisites with bases on the manual of application of the Regulatory Norms 17: survey; materials individual transportation and discharge; workplace furniture; workplace equipments; work environment and organization of the work to be managed with bases on the OSHAS 18001 guidelines. The following steps were established: sensitization of the company high administration, …elaboration and institution of an ergonomics politics, development of ergonomics committees, ergonomics analysis of the work with recommendation of ergonomic improvements, implantation of improvements and evaluation or the results. This research experiment suggests the importance not only of a guiding axle but also of a professional qualification and participation of the company on the implementation of an ergonomics management system. Show more

Keywords: Health, Risk, Disease

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0655-2637

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2637-2642, 2012

Authors: Silva e Santos, Marcello

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The discipline and practice of human factors and ergonomics is quite rich in terms of the availability of analysis, development and evaluation tools and methods for its various processes. However, we lack effective instruments to either map or regulate comprehensively and effectively, cognitive and organizational related impacts, especially the environmental ones. Moreover, when ergonomic transformations through design – such as a new workstation design or even an entire new facility – is at play, ergonomics professionals tend to stay at bay, relying solely on design professionals and engineers. There is vast empirical evidence showing that participation of ergonomists as project …facilitators, may contribute to an effective professional synergy amongst the various stakeholders in a multidisciplinary venue. When that happens, everyone wins – users and designers alike –because eventual conflicts, raised up in the midst of options selection, are dissipated in exchange for more convergent design alternatives. This paper presents a method for participatory design, in which users are encouraged to actively participate in the whole design process by sharing their real work activities with the design team. The negotiated results inferred from the ergonomic action and translated into a new design, are then compiled into a “Ergonomic Pattern Manual”. This handbook of ergonomics-oriented design guidelines contains essential guidelines to be consulted in recurrent design project situations in which similar patterns might be used. The main drive is simple: nobody knows better than workers themselves what an adequate workplace design solution (equipment, workstation, office layout) should be. Show more

Keywords: ergonomic methodology, ergonomic design, participatory ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0507-2643

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2643-2650, 2012

Authors: Coelho, Denis A. | Ferrara, Patricia R. | Couvinhas, Ana F. | Lima, Tânia M. | Walter, Jake K.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper revisits three reports on ergonomic aspects of development initiatives taking place in Industrially Developing Countries (IDCs). These include a macro-ergonomics intervention in a habitation community in Cape Verde (aimed at designing solutions contributing to sustainable development), the evolution of poultry growers’ control strategies as an integrative broiler operation is introduced in Mozambique, and a set of macro-ergonomic considerations related to the Agro Forestry Village Project in Mozambique. The paper seeks to set the reviewed development endeavors against the backdrop of the goals of ergonomics interventions. This reflection may inform development agents in future processes of design and implementation …of integrated community and work systems transformation. Show more

Keywords: Industrially developing countries, sustainability, systems approach, community centered design, ergonomic goals

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1031-2651

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2651-2655, 2012

Authors: Tosello, Michèle | Lévêque, Françoise | Dutillieu, Stéphanie | Hernandez, Guillaume | Vautier, Jean-François

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This communication presents some elements which come from the experience feedback at CEA about the conditions for the successful integration of HOF in the nuclear safety analysis. To point out some of these conditions, one of the concepts proposed by Edgar Morin to describe the functioning of “complex” systems: the dialogical principle has been used. The idea is to look for some dialogical pairs. The elements of this kind of pair are both complementary and antagonist to one another. Three dialogical pairs are presented in this communication. The first two pairs are related to the organization of the HOF network …and the last one is related to the methods which are used to analyse the working situations. The three pairs are: specialist – non-specialist actors of the network, centralized – distributed human resources in the network and microscopic – macroscopic levels of HOF methods to analyse the working situations. To continuously improve these three dialogical pairs, it is important to keep the differences which exist between the two elements of a pair and to find and maintain a balance between the two elements of the pairs. Show more

Keywords: dialogical pairs, complex systems, human and organizational factors, nuclear safety

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0508-2656

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2656-2660, 2012

Authors: Gaudart, Corinne | Garrigou, Alain | Chassaing, Karine

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents an ergonomic intervention in the petrochemical sector. The scheduled shutdown of one of the gas production sites has led the management to reduce the number of personnel on site, and then to get new recruits and experienced technicians from other sites as the policy for leaving personnel had not been properly planned, resulting in understaffing on site. Workers with seniority on the site, and who are also the most experienced do not accept the way newcomers are induced on site, whereas the management accuses them of resisting change. The intervention consisted in reconnecting local and corporate management …through making the work activity visible and linking two sets of data that they held separately. Different types of analyses were made, work demography, decision making processes and tools used by the management, analysis of the building of career and work logics. Those different levels of analysis are gathered in macro-ergonomics, while showing the possible combinations between top down and bottom up approaches. The intervention resulted in concrete changes: HR simulation tool, training organisation, feedback. Show more

Keywords: macroergonomics, reliability, high hazard industry, activity ergonomics four, demography of work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1032-2661

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2661-2667, 2012

Authors: Soares, Eva Bessa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The investigative focus of this paper is the issue of non-use of PPE (personal protective equipment) in a trading company of chilled and frozen food products. To conduct the study we have used an ergonomic work analysis that allowed us to highlight important organizational aspects that contribute to the non-use of such equipment. In conclusion, there are suggestions for minimizing problems.

Keywords: ergonomics, occupational exposure to cold

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0509-2668

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2668-2674, 2012

Authors: Zülch, Gert | Stock, Patricia | Schmidt, Daniel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Many companies currently strive to support their employees’ work-life balance through appropriate measures in order to improve employees’ loyalty towards the company and to recruit new employees. In this context, flexibility in the area of working times is a measure that can influence employees’ private lives immensely. This is why the individualisation of working time arrangements has been accorded high importance in current discussions on work-life balance. In this area, best practice examples can be found showing how working-time arrangements can improve the situation of the employees. It should be noted, however, that there is not one single perfect working-time …model. A working-time model must always be adapted specifically to the actual situation of the company and the employees. Therefore, a targeted analysis of the challenges facing the company and the demands on the employees is essential for the creation of an appropriate working time policy. In particular, the employees’ working-time preferences must be appropriately taken into account. Owing, however, to a combination of organisational complications and legal data protection restrictions, it is for the most part impossible to meet these working-time preferences in their entirety. This paper, which is based on an employee survey, illustrates the strain on employees in the retail sector and identifies different types of working-time preferences. Show more

Keywords: Working-time configuration, work-life balance, retail stores

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0510-2675

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2675-2682, 2012

Authors: Blomé, Mikael

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim of the study was to visualize design regulations of furniture by means of interactive technology based on earlier studies and practical examples. The usage of the visualized regulations was evaluated on two occasions: at the start when the first set of regulations was presented, and after six years of usage of all regulations. The visualized regulations were the result of a design process involving experts and potential users in collaboration with IKEA of Sweden AB. The evaluations by the different users showed a very positive response to using visualized regulations. The participative approach, combining expertise in specific regulations …with visualization of guidelines, resulted in clear presentations of important regulations, and great attitudes among the users. These kinds of visualizations have proved to be applicable in a variety of product areas at IKEA, with a potential for further dissemination. It is likely that the approaches to design and visualized regulations in this case study could function in other branches. Show more

Keywords: Learning tool, human computer interaction, participatory ergonomics, product design, visualization

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0511-2683

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2683-2685, 2012

Authors: Bitencourt, Rosimeire Sedrez | de Macedo Guimarães, Lia Buarque

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article presents the analysis of the effect of two different types of work organization (the traditional and a new mechanized, more segmented one) in the packing sector of a luminary manufacturing company in Curitiba, Brazil. A macroergonomic analysis was conducted to evaluate the workers satisfaction with the job; the possible associated postural risk, the level of body pain/discomfort and to compare the two models (traditional and mechanized). The mechanized model showed to involve higher postural risk, to generate more pain and less satisfaction, even in relation to the temperature, illumination, uniform and salary, which are the same for the …two groups. Excluding job rotation that was well evaluated and should be adopted for all workers, the new model proved to be worse than the traditional although it also needs improvements. Show more

Keywords: participative ergonomics, macroergonomics, packing, luminary

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0512-2686

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2686-2694, 2012

Authors: Herrera, Sandra Mejias | Huatuco, Luisa Huaccho

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article presents a conceptual model that combines Macroergonomics and Supply chain. The authors combine their expertise on these individual topics, building on their previous research. The argument of the paper is that human factors are key to achieve effective supplier-customer collaboration. A conceptual model is presented, its elements and their interactions are explained. The Content-Context-Process is applied as a departing point to this model. Macroergonomics aspects considered are: a systemic approach, participatory ergonomics, formation of ergonomics teams and evaluation of ergonomics projects. The expected outcomes are: (a) improvement of production and productivity levels, (b) improvement of the product quality, …(c) Reduction of absenteeism, (d) Improvement in the quality of work life (from the employees’ perspective), and (e) increase in the employees’ contribution rate of ideas for improvement. A case study was carried out at a vitroplant production organisation incorporating environmental aspects to obtain sustainable benefits. Show more

Keywords: Macroergonomics, supplier-customer collaboration, effectiveness

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0513-2695

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2695-2700, 2012

Authors: Scariot, Cristiele A. | Heemann, Adriano | Padovani, Stephania

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this study, the role of collaboration in design is discussed, placing emphasis on how to include end-users in the development process. The study is based on a literature review focusing on aspects of collaboration in design, usability and human factors. Thereby, it introduces, compares and contrasts the characteristics of both collaborative and user-centered design perspectives, leading to the collaborative-participatory design approach. Finally, the advantages, disadvantages and precautions of implementing collaborative and participatory models are pointed out.

Keywords: Collaboration, participation, user, design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0656-2701

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2701-2705, 2012

Authors: Perez Toralla, M.S | Falzon, P. | Morais, A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The proponents of lean production have pointed to the positive effects of the work organization on employees in terms of autonomy, enhanced skills and empowerment mainly by their participation into the continuous improvement of work process. But studies that have examined this issue suggest that the increase in autonomy is not sufficient to compensate for increases work intensity. Participatory design has grown extensively in manufacturing since the 1980’s under the impulsion of the Scandinavian socio-technical system approach and it’s central in the model of lean production performance. Its main objectives are to improve quality, increase productivity and safety through employee’s …participation to the reduction of non-value added activities, such as defined by lean production. In the line of the studies on participatory design and continuous improvement the present study examines the functioning of work groups, based on the kaizen model, the aim of which was to improve the proportion of “value-added activities” and working conditions, essentially physical constraints. The main results are consistent with the literature and show that accelerated forms of re-conception activities give employees limited room for maneuver to elaborate solutions based on the analysis of the real activity. This study is part of a broader initiative that goes in the direction of continuous improvement of the design process itself so that it integrates the real constraints of work and propose changes bases on work as it actually takes place, beyond pre-established performance goals bases on the reduction of “non added value activities”. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, Lean management, participatory design, continuous improvement

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0514-2706

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2706-2712, 2012

Authors: Bolis, Ivan | Brunoro, Claudio | Sznelwar, Laerte Idal

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Based on the concepts of sustainability and knowledge management, this article seeks to identify points of contact between the two themes through an exploratory study of existing literature. The first objective is to find, in international literature, the largest number of papers jointly related to the theme of knowledge management and sustainability. In these documents, the authors looked at the kind of relationship existing between the two themes and what the benefits introduced in organizations are. Based on an ergonomic point of view, the second objective of this article is to analyze the role of the worker (whether at the …strategic or operational level) and his importance in this context. The results demonstrate that there is very little literature that addresses the two themes together. The few papers found, however, can be said to show the many advantages of introducing sustainability policies supported by adequate knowledge management. Very little has been studied with regards to the role of workers, which could be interpreted as meaning that little importance is given to the proactive role they may play. On the other hand, there is a high potential for future research in these areas, based on the high level of consideration of workers in knowledge management and sustainability literature, as well as in literature in the areas of ergonomics and sociology. Show more

Keywords: knowledge management, sustainability, worker

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0515-2713

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2713-2720, 2012

Authors: Vidal, Mario Cesar | Guizze, Carmen Lucia Campos | Bonfatti, Renato José | Silva e Santos, Marcello

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper aims at the application of an ergonomic maturity model (EMM), in order to assess the ergonomic sustainability outreach of ergonomic actions. This proposition was motivated by the widespread sensation that the development of the discipline, its educational devices and related practices depends on the attitude of ergonomics practitioners rather than environmental macroergonomic conditions. Maturity modeling in this paper is undertaken as a tool for ergonomic practitioners. Thus, its foundations were uprooted from diverse fields: Clinic Psychology, Quality Management and Project Management. The paper brings about a detailled explanation of this ergonomic maturity tool. The empirical part is fulfilled …by the examination – using the EMM – of four emblematic cases excerpted from our research lab ergonomic portfolio. Show more

Keywords: Macroergonomics, Strategy, Maturity, Sustainability, Conversational analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0516-2721

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2721-2729, 2012

Authors: Helali, Faramarz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper describes the different strategic understanding from getting ergonomics intervention programmes’ conversations to ‘Tip’, including minimizing strategies; tipping point strategies; and maximizing strategies from building ergonomics intervention techniques. Those have indicated to different recognitions: 1) when amplification of the ‘problem’ is necessary; 2) when amplification of the ‘tipping point’ is necessary, and 3) when amplification of the ‘success’ is necessary. The practical applications and implications of the ergonomics intervention techniques are drawn from the findings of framing positive questions: 1) what is successful ergonomics intervention technique right now (Appreciative)? 2) What do we need to change for a better …future (Imagine)? 3) How do we do this (Design)? 4) Who takes action and with what consequences (Act)? This requires re-framing of the ergonomics intervention techniques in an appreciative way, because of, the future action needs to be inspired by those things that participants feel are worth valuing, worth celebrating and sustaining. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics ‘know-how’ transfer management, Strategic understanding, Re-framing, Sustainable improvements, Industrial Developing Countries

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0517-2730

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2730-2735, 2012

Authors: Merlin, Fabrício Kurman | do Valle Pereira, Vera Lúciaduarte | Júnior, Waldemar Pacheco

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Organizations are part of an environment in which they are pressured to meet society’s demands and acting in a sustainable way. In an attempt to meet such demands, organizations make use of various management tools, among which, ISO standards are used. Although there are evidences of contributions provided by these standards, it is questionable whether its parameters converge for a possible induction for sustainable development in organizations. This work presents a theoretical study, designed on structuralism world view, descriptive and deductive method, which aims to analyze the convergence of management tools’ parameters in ISO standards. In order to support the …analysis, a generic framework for possible convergence was developed, based on systems approach, linking five ISO standards (ISO 9001, ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001, ISO 31000 and ISO 26000) with sustainable development and positioning them according to organization levels (strategic, tactical and operational). The structure was designed based on Brundtland report concept. The analysis was performed exploring the generic framework for possible convergence based on Nadler and Tushman model. The results found the standards can contribute to a possible sustainable development induction in organizations, as long as they meet certain minimum conditions related to its strategic alignment. Show more

Keywords: Sustainable Development, Management, Systems, ISO Standards, Organizations, Strategic Alignment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0518-2736

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2736-2743, 2012

Authors: Bolis, Ivan | Brunoro, Claudio | Sznelwar, Laerte Idal

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The present action research article is linked to an ergonomics project in a university hospital. The author's proposal is to focus action on the effective worker involvement required for the creation of spaces / mechanisms within organizations where people can enhance cooperation and deliberation on matters relating to work. For this purpose, a committee was introduced to assist in finding problems and solutions directly in work situations, so that workers could experience relative autonomy allowing them to develop procedures and choose tools appropriate to their own real needs. Based on this organizational implementation and on subsequent interviews, the practical results …are analyzed and related to employee involvement. One can conclude that workers in all areas of the organization can be active elements for improving working conditions and productivity in companies. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics committee, emancipation, macroergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0519-2744

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2744-2752, 2012

Authors: Blewett, Verna | Dorrian, Jill

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Worker involvement in decision-making about the workplace can improve safety, health, productivity and the quality of organizational outputs. Australian work health and safety (WHS) legislation mandates worker involvement and gives elected Health and Safety Representatives (HSRs) specific powers, but there has been limited research about the impact of that regulatory framework on the nature, quality and outcomes of worker involvement. As part of a wider review of worker representation in WHS, we investigated the role and impact (positive and negative) of elected HSRs on WHS] in South Australia using a newly-constructed survey instrument. This paper reports on the development of …the instrument and the initial findings of the research. The initial survey dimensions and items were developed from earlier research on consultation in South Australia and were refined and validated through this research. The survey has 9 constructs and 61 items and has both face validity and high internal consistency. This research is a step forward for researchers and policy makers seeking a means of determining the effectiveness of worker participation in WHS. It provides an instrument, pilot baseline data and a method that could be used internationally to enable this assessment. Show more

Keywords: workforce participation, participation survey, multi-method research, health and safety representatives

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0520-2753

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2753-2756, 2012

Authors: Perott, André | Schader, Nils | Bruder, Ralph | Leonhardt, Jörg

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH, the German Air Navigation Service Provider, follows a systematic approach, called HERA, for investigating incidents. The HERA analysis shows a distinctive occurrence of incidents in German air traffic control in which the visual perception of information plays a key role. The reasons can be partially traced back to workstation design, where basic ergonomic rules and principles are not sufficiently followed by the designers in some cases. In cooperation with the Institute of Ergonomics in Darmstadt the DFS investigated possible approaches that may support designers to implement ergonomic systems. None of the currently available tools were found to …be able to meet the identified user requirements holistically. Therefore it was suggested to develop an enhanced software tool called Design Process Guide. The name Design Process Guide indicates that this tool exceeds the classic functions of currently available Knowledge Management Systems. It offers “design element” based access, shows processual and content related topics, and shows the implications of certain design decisions. Furthermore, it serves as documentation, detailing why a designer made to a decision under a particular set of conditions. Show more

Keywords: Knowledge Management Systems, Ergonomics, Design Process, Air Traffic Control

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0521-2757

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2757-2764, 2012

Authors: Yazdani, Amin | Wells, Richard

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The purpose of this systematic review was to identify and summarize the research evidence on prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD) within Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHSMS) and Integrated Management Systems (IMS). Databases in business, management, engineering and health and safety were systematically searched and relevant publications were synthesized. The number of papers that could address the research questions was small. However, the review revealed that many of the techniques to address MSD hazards require substantial background knowledge and training. This may limit employees’ involvement in the technical aspects of the risk assessment process. Also these techniques did not …usually fit into techniques used by companies to address other risk factors within their management systems. This could result in MSD prevention becoming a separate issue that cannot be managed with company-wide tools. In addition, this review also suggested that there is a research gap concerning the MSD prevention within companies’ management systems. Show more

Keywords: Occupational health and safety management systems, integrated management systems, musculoskeletal disorders, risk assessment, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0522-2765

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2765-2767, 2012

Authors: Cristiane, A.A.Z. | Danielle, M.D. | Vanessa, C.B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: From of Macroergonomic Analysis of Work were diagnosed the main ergonomics demands in a furniture company in the city of Cambé, Paraná. Through this method we could identify the most problematic points of the analyzed environment for posterior solutions of improvement with the objective of increasing the working and phsychological quality of the employees, motivating their good performance and satisfaction.

Keywords: Macroergonomics, furniture company, solutions, improvement, quality

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0657-2768

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2768-2775, 2012

Authors: Village, Judy | Greig, Michael | Salustri, Filippo A. | Patrick Neumann, W.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: For human factors (HF) to avoid being considered of “side-car” status, it needs to be positioned within the organization in such a way that it affects business strategies and their implementation. Tools are needed to support this effort. This paper explores the feasibility of applying a technique from operational research called cognitive mapping to link HF to corporate strategy. Using a single case study, a cognitive map is drawn to reveal the complex relationships between human factors and achieving an organization’s strategic goals. Analysis of the map for central concepts and reinforcing loops enhances understanding that can lead to discrete …initiatives to facilitate integration of HF. It is recommended that this technique be used with senior managers to understand the organizations` strategic goals and enhance understanding of the potential for HF to contribute to the strategic goals. Show more

Keywords: Cognitive mapping, Strategic goals, Human Factors

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0523-2776

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2776-2780, 2012

Authors: Onkham, Wilawan | Karwowski, Waldemar | Ahram, Tareq Z.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Financial costs of investing in people is associated with training, acquisition, recruiting, and resolving human errors have a significant impact on increased total ownership costs. These costs can also affect the exaggerate budgets and delayed schedules. The study of human performance economical assessment in the system acquisition process enhances the visibility of hidden cost drivers which support program management informed decisions. This paper presents the literature review of human total ownership cost (HTOC) and cost impacts on overall system performance. Economic value assessment models such as cost benefit analysis, risk-cost tradeoff analysis, expected value of utility function analysis (EV), growth …readiness matrix, multi-attribute utility technique, and multi-regressions model were introduced to reflect the HTOC and human performancetechnology tradeoffs in terms of the dollar value. The human total ownership regression model introduces to address the influencing human performance cost component measurement. Results from this study will increase understanding of relevant cost drivers in the system acquisition process over the long term. Show more

Keywords: Human Performance Estimation, Human Total Ownership Cost

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0524-2781

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2781-2788, 2012

Authors: Viola, Elaine | Vidal, Mario Cesar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents a protocol for work distress assessment. Work distress is defined as a merge between nonergonomic related aspects, in tasks or environment, and adversely conditions perceived for a worker, in a certain work situation. This frame requires an approach that can treat individuals and organizational factors in the same way, at the same time. For this, we elaborate a psycho-ergonomics method, associating concepts and practices from cognitive-behavioral techniques and work ergonomic analysis, which we named CEWAT – Cognitive-Behavioral Work Analysis Technique. This paper presents CEWAT’s foundations and structure, in steps. An application to a complex and dangerous system …illustrates its benefits in the ergonomics action. Show more

Keywords: Stress, ergonomics, cognitive-behavioral techniques, participatory design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0525-2789

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2789-2794, 2012

Authors: Trierweiller, Andréa Cristina | Peixe, Blênio César Severo | Tezza, Rafael | do Valle Pereira, Vera Lúcia Duarte | Pacheco Jr, Waldemar | Bornia, Antonio Cezar | de Andrade, Dalton Francisco

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to measure the effectiveness of the organizations Information and Communication Technology (ICT) from the point of view of the manager, using Item Response Theory (IRT). There is a need to verify the effectiveness of these organizations which are normally associated to complex, dynamic, and competitive environments. In academic literature, there is disagreement surrounding the concept of organizational effectiveness and its measurement. A construct was elaborated based on dimensions of effectiveness towards the construction of the items of the questionnaire which submitted to specialists for evaluation. It demonstrated itself to be viable in measuring organizational …effectiveness of ICT companies under the point of view of a manager through using Two-Parameter Logistic Model (2PLM) of the IRT. This modeling permits us to evaluate the quality and property of each item placed within a single scale: items and respondents, which is not possible when using other similar tools. Show more

Keywords: item response theory, two-parameter logistic model, information and communication technology sector, strategy

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0526-2795

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2795-2802, 2012

Authors: de Carvalho, Paulo Victor Rodrigues | de Souza, Alan Pinheiro | Gomes, Jose Orlando

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The concepts developed by resilience engineering allow the understanding and monitoring the functioning of organizations and, particularly, to map the role of human activities, in success or in failure, enabling a better comprehension about how people make decisions in unexpected situations. The capture of information about human activities in the various organization levels gives managers a deeper real-time understanding of what is influencing the people performance, providing awareness of the factors that influence positively or negatively the organizational goals initially projected. The monitoring is important because the correct functioning of complex systems depends on the knowledge that people have to …perform their activities and how the system environment provides tools that actually support the human performance. Therefore, organizations should look forward through precursors in operating signals to identify possible problems or solutions in the structure of tasks and activities, safety, quality, schedule, rework, and maintenance. We apply the concepts of resilience engineering to understand the organization by the analysis of cognitive tasks and activities. The aim is the development of a computerized system to monitor human activities to produce indicators to access system resilience. The validation of the approach was made in a real organization and the results show the successful applicability of the system. Based on findings obtained after the experiment of the system in a real organization, and managers and workers opinions, it was possible to show that the use of system provided an anticipated (real-time) perception about how activities are effectively being performed, allowing managers and workers to make decisions more consistent with daily problems, and also to anticipate solutions to cope with unexpected situations. Show more

Keywords: Cognitive Tasks Analysis, performance monitoring, safety control, resilience engineering

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0527-2803

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2803-2809, 2012

Authors: Huber, Gilbert Jacob | Gomes, Jose Orlando | de Carvalho, Paulo Victor Rodrigues

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The main objective of this work is to propose a method and a tool to support the development of indicators able to inform an organization about the state of its resilience through a cyclical process of identifying its resilience factors, proposing resilience indicators, assessing its organizational resilience followed by assessing and improving the resilience indicators. The research uses concepts from complex adaptive systems and from resilience engineering to establish an initial set of indicators able to assess elements that contribute to organizational resilience, and structures them temporarily as a hierarchy. A software application to support indicator definition and structuring, questionnaire …generation, and result assessment activities was built to assist in speeding up the experiment-adjust cycle. Prototype indicators were instantiated with helicopter operating companies in mind, and were reviewed by a domain expert. Show more

Keywords: resilience engineering, indicators, complex systems

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0528-2810

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2810-2816, 2012

Authors: Bau, Lucy M.S. | Farias, Jean P. | Buso, Sandro A. | Marcon Passero, Carolina R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Organizational ergonomics refers to the optimization of social technical systems, including their organizational structures, policies and processes. The relevant topics include communications, management of resources, work projects, temporal organization of work, team work, participative project, new work paradigms, cooperative work, organizational culture, network organizations and quality management (IEA, 2000). The purpose of this study was the reorganization of the methods and processes of the occupational health sector (SMS/SO – Portuguese acronym of the area) of a petrochemical company. The work involved thirty professionals: a coordinator, two occupational physicians, one cardiologist, one occupational dentist, two occupational nurses, eleven occupational health technicians, …one social worker, one nutritionist, one phonoaudiologist, one ophthalmologist, one biochemist, two ergonomists, three administrative assistants, one administrator and one psychologist, during a six-month period. The methodology that was used sought to establish a cooperative alliance focused on change, transformation and acquisition of skills, reflecting directly on the attitudes and performance of the leaderships and their work teams. In addition to the feedback practice, the following supporting tools were used for the study’s success: “Functional Polyvalence Matrix”, “Management of Failures”, 5W2H”, “6M”, “5 Why” and “process mapping”. The intended results after the organization ergonomics restructuring process will allow the leader to help his or her team to make a diagnosis of the problems, identify options, develop strategies, establish targets and action plans, remove barriers, review contexts and implement the business management fundaments: planning, organization, management, coordination and control. The transformation possibilities allow us to consider some hypothesis: Before: Focus only on results. After: Engage collaborators to create sustainable results. Before: Operating profile. After: Tactical/strategic profile. Before: Find errors. After: Value effort and development. Before: Listen to what is being said. After: Understand what is being said. Before: Create fears of the consequences. After: Create room for risk. Before: Be the one who approves and decides. After: Be the cooperative support. Show more

Keywords: reliability, health management, user satisfaction, leadership

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0529-2817

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2817-2821, 2012

Authors: Santos, R.M. | Sassi, A.C. | Sá, B.M. | Miguez, S.A. | Pardauil, A.A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper aims to present the benefits achieved in the ergonomics process management with the use of the TPM methodology (Total Productive Maintenance) in Tucuruí Hydropower Plant. The methodology is aligned with the corporate guidelines, moreover with the Strategic Planning of the company, it is represented in the TPM Pillars including the Health Pillar in which is inserted the ergonomics process. The results of the ergonomic actions demonstrated a 12% reduction over the absenteeism rate due to musculoskeletal disorders, solving 77,0% of ergonomic non-conformities, what favored the rise of the Organizational Climate in 44,8%, impacting on the overall performance of …the company. Awards confirmed the success of the work by the achievement of the Award for TPM Excellence in 2001, Award for Excellence in Consistent TPM Commitment in 2009 and more recently the Special Award for TPM Achievement, 2010. The determination of the high rank administration and workers, allied with the involvement/dynamism of Pillars, has assured the success of this management practice in Tucuruí Hydropower Plant. Show more

Keywords: TPM, Hydropower Plant, Health Pillar

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0530-2822

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2822-2830, 2012

Authors: Vitório, Daiana Martins | Masculo, Francisco Soares | Melo, Miguel O.B.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Electrical systems can be categorized as critical systems where failure can result in significant financial loss, injury or threats to human life. The operators of the electric power control centers perform an activity in a specialized environment and have to carry it out by mobilizing knowledge and reasoning to which they have adequate training under the terms of the existing rules. To reach this there is a common mental request of personnel involved in these centers due the need to maintain attention, memory and reasoning request. In this sense, this study aims to evaluate the Mental Workload of technical workers …of the Control Centers of Electrical Energy. It was undertaken a research on operators control centers of the electricity sector in Northeast Brazil. It was used for systematic observations, followed by interview and application of the instrument National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index known as NASA-TLX. As a result there will be subsidies for an assessment of mental workload of operators, and a contribution to improving the processes of managing the operation of electric utilities and the quality of workers. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, electric control centers, fatigue, mental workload

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0531-2831

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2831-2839, 2012

Authors: Alm, Håkan | Osvalder, Anna-Lisa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to make a review of studies concerning problems with alarm systems and to make a theoretical analysis of these problems. The aim is also to show some general design ideas to improve alarm presentation in process descriptions. Using research results from situation awareness and decision making a number of suggestions for further development of alarm systems are presented. Recommendations include providing operators of complex systems feedback that can support their mental models and situational awareness. Furthermore a recommendation is to design alarm systems that can learn from experience.

Keywords: Alarm systems, dynamic decision making, process control, complex systems

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0532-2840

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2840-2844, 2012

Authors: Pikaar, Ruud N.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Process operators supervise and control complex processes. To enable the operator to do an adequate job, instrumentation and process control engineers need to address several related topics, such as console design, information design, navigation, and alarm management. In process control upgrade projects, usually a 1:1 conversion of existing graphics is proposed. This paper suggests another approach, efficiently leading to a reduced number of new powerful process graphics, supported by a permanent process overview displays. In addition a road map for structuring content (process information) and conventions for the presentation of objects, symbols, and so on, has been developed. The impact …of the human factors engineering approach on process control upgrade projects is illustrated by several cases. Show more

Keywords: Process control, power graphic, permanent overview display

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0533-2845

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2845-2852, 2012

Authors: Hsieh, Min-Han | Hwang, Sheue-Ling | Liu, Kang-Hong | Liang, Sheau-Farn Max | Chuang, Chang-Fu

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The study was conducted from the perspective of human factors engineering in order to compare the process that operators originally used to diagnose potential and actual faults with a process that included an expert system for diagnosing faults. The results of the study indicated that the existence of an expert system for fault diagnosis makes the task of fault diagnosis easier and reduces errors by quickly suggesting likely Abnormal Operating Procedures (AOPs)

Keywords: Nuclear Power Plant, Fault diagnosis, Expert system

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0534-2853

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2853-2858, 2012

Authors: Bligård, L.-O. | Andersson, J. | Osvalder, A.-L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In a thermal power plant the operators’ roles are to control and monitor the process to achieve efficient and safe production. To achieve this, the human-machine interfaces have a central part. The interfaces need to be updated and upgraded together with the technical functionality to maintain optimal operation. One way of achieving relevant updates is to study other domains and see how they have solved similar issues in their design solutions. The purpose of this paper is to present how interface design solution ideas can be transferred from domains with operator control to thermal power plants. In the study 15 …domains were compared using a model for categorisation of human-machine systems. The result from the domain comparison showed that nuclear power, refinery and ship engine control were most similar to thermal power control. From the findings a basic interface structure and three specific display solutions were proposed for thermal power control: process parameter overview, plant overview, and feed water view. The systematic comparison of the properties of a human-machine system allowed interface designers to find suitable objects, structures and navigation logics in a range of domains that could be transferred to the thermal power domain. Show more

Keywords: Thermal power plant, human-machine system, human-machine interface, graphical user interface

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0535-2859

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2859-2865, 2012

Authors: Wang, Lingyan | Lau, Henry Y.K.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: It is a well recognized understanding that workers whose voice needs to be heard should be actively encouraged as full participants and involved in the early design stages of new ergonomic work system which encompass the development and implementation of new tools, workplaces, technologies or organizations. This paper presents a novel participatory strategy to evaluate three key psychological factors which are respectively mental fatigue, spiritual stress, and emotional satisfaction in work system design based on a modified version of Participatory Ergonomics (PE). In specific, it integrates a PE technique with a formulation view by combining the parallel development of PE …strategies, frameworks and functions throughout the coverage of the entire work system design process, so as to bridge the gap between qualitative and quantitative analysis of psychological factors which can cause adverse or advantageous effects on worker’s physiological and behavioral performance. Show more

Keywords: Participatory ergonomics, psychological factors, work system design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0658-2866

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2866-2871, 2012

Authors: Sharan, Deepak | Ajeesh, P.S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: ‘Workstyle’ can be described as a mechanism by which ergonomic and psychosocial risk factors interact to affect the development, exacerbation and/or maintenance of upper limb pain and functional limitations. Workstyle is associated with the increase in the work demand. In today’s life use of computer in the workplace is very common and it causes to increase the work demand among the workers who are working with computer. As work demand increase, according to the characteristic of workstyle, risk of the development of musculoskeletal disorders also increased. This study aimed at to findout the association between ergonomics risk factors, workstyle and …WRMSD. Two hundred IT professionals participated in this study. Result revealed that most prevalenet body regions were lower back (20%), Upper back (16%) and shoulder (14%). Study result says that there is a positive association between workstyle score with musculoskeletal pain (r=0.85). Also it revealed that posture and regional pain is associated (r=0.62), per day use of computer and musculoskeletal pain (r=0.46), micro breaks and pain (r=0.87) and productivity and the pain (r=0.95). This study further validates these observations and extends support for the assessment of working postures and workstyle behaviors during the design of WMSD treatment. Show more

Keywords: workstation information, working posture information, workstyle questionnaire

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0536-2872

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2872-2875, 2012

Authors: Buzanello, Márcia Rosângela | Moro, Antônio Renato Pereira

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The cold environment is an indispensable for slaughtering and processing in the poultry industry In field studies it was observed that a large percentage of workers of this sector have hand contact with the cold chicken and / or frozen, have high complaints prevalence of pain and discomfort, mostly in the hands. The contact of human skin with a cold surface may cause pain, numbness and risk of skin damage. Currently, although the use of infrared thermal imaging has been useful in identifying normal and abnormal patterns of heat distribution on the surface of the body. However your use for …work tasks and to assess the potential development of injuries related to it has been limited. Based on the physiological responses can be objectively evaluate the effects of the task demands of work and thus contribute to the development of effective strategies for ergonomic intervention. The methodology will be used to evaluate the subjective thermal sensation with analogue scale of ASHRAE and the infrared thermography in the dorsal and palmar hands. Thus the objective of this research is to propose reference values for thermographic hands within limits of comfort. Show more

Keywords: Artificial cold, Ergonomic, Infrared thermography

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0537-2876

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2876-2881, 2012

Authors: Gorunova, L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The paper deals with the application of the activity theory in describing psychological determinants of the information searching activity. The notions of information behavior, information retrieval, information competence, information retrieval activity given in Russian and English scientific literature are compared. The research approach to the information retrieval activity based on the principles developed in the Russian theory of activity is described; and the fundamentals of G. Sukhodolsky’s generalized conception of activity are presented for the first time. Analysis of empirical researches showed that specific features of information search depend on how the user evaluates information resources, information, conditions and results …of search. Psychological determiners of information search may be detected as the system of evaluative alternatives, which is generated by the user during the process of his experience growth. We discovered that user’s evaluation system is also related to his individual typological and personal regulative features and determines the choice of the search strategy. Show more

Keywords: Information searching, activity theory, subjective representation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0538-2882

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2882-2886, 2012

Authors: Diniz, Thiago Bernardes | Silva-Costa, Aline | Griep, Rosane Harter | Rotenberg, Lúcia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: We aimed at analyzing whether Minor Psychiatric Disorders (MPD) is associated to night work either currently or in the past. A cross-sectional study was conducted at three public hospitals in Brazil, with female nursing workers. Data collection (N=1,134) was based on a comprehensive questionnaire that included the self-reported questionnaire (SRQ-20) for screening of MPD. Former night workers were subdivided into three groups according to their reasons for leaving night work: (i) directly related to work, (ii) related to better reconcile with studies or another job, and (iii) related to health, sleep, fatigue or stress. Binomial logistic regression was performed, with …adjustment for potential confounders. A dose response gradient was observed between current night work and MPD (OR=1.5; 95% CI: 1.1–2.2 and OR=2.1; 95%CI: 1.5–3.1 for those who worked up to five nights and six or more nights per 2-week span, respectively). Potential detrimental effects of night work were confirmed. The association between working at night and MPD was not restricted to current night workers as workers who left night work for health/fatigue/sleep/strain also showed higher chances of reporting MPD (OR=1.8;95%CI:1.14-2.90). Results contribute to the scientific debate on the impact of night work on health and wellbeing. Show more

Keywords: Night Work, Mental Health, Nursing, Work Organization, SQR-20

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0539-2887

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2887-2892, 2012

Authors: Evstigneeva, Maria | Aleksandrov, Aleksandr | Mathiassen, Svend Erik | Lyskov, Eugene

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Performance of certain cognitive tasks either during physical load or in rest pauses between boosts might lead to slowing of muscle fatigue and fatigue related decline in performance. Seventeen right-handed healthy volunteers (age 24±1.4, 8 males) participated in this study, aiming to investigate the effect of the level of the cognitive information processing – 1) passive perception of audio stimuli, 2) active stimuli discrimination, 3) active stimuli discrimination following motor response - on motor task performance (handgrip test 30% and 7% of MVC) and muscle fatigue development. Cognitive tasks show the following effects on motor work: i) Perceived fatigue during …30 % MVC (fatiguing) condition developed slower if participant pressed button in response to deviant acoustic stimuli, as compared to passive listening. Counting task, an active task without motor component, took the intermediate position and did not differ significantly from two other cognitive tasks. ii) MVC after 30% MVC (fatiguing) condition tended to decrease stronger when accompanied with passive listening in comparison with both active tasks. iii) Motor task performance during 30% MVC (fatiguing) condition was better for active cognitive task with motor component than for passive task. Active task without motor component took the intermediate position and did not differ significantly from both the other cognitive tasks. Show more

Keywords: Handgrip test, dual task paradigm, cognitive information processing, central fatigue

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0540-2893

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2893-2896, 2012

Authors: Mehta, Ranjana K. | Agnew, Michael J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Mental demands have been associated with increased risk of injuries; however, its influence on muscle fatigability remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of mental workload and physical workload on muscle fatigability during repetitive shoulder work. Twelve young participants, balanced by gender, performed shoulder abduction exercises until exhaustions at three levels of physical workload (low (5% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)), moderate (35% MVC), and high (55% MVC)) in the absence and presence of a mental arithmetic test. Endurance time and rate of strength decline were employed as indicators of muscle fatigue. Concurrent physical and mental …processing was found to adversely decrease muscle endurance by ~25% at the moderate intensity level. Furthermore, concurrent demands were associated with faster rate of strength decline compared to the control, irrespective of the physical intensity level. Findings from the current study provide evidence of the adverse effects of mental workload on muscle capacity (i.e., endurance and fatigue). It is therefore important to consider potential changes in worker capacity with concurrent physical and cognitive demands before designing work tasks/products. Show more

Keywords: physical workload, mental workload, fatigue, endurance

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0541-2897

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2897-2901, 2012

Authors: Bruno, Thiers | Abrahão, Julia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study examines the actions taken by operators aimed at preventing and combating information security incidents at a banking organization. The work utilizes the theoretical framework of ergonomics and cognitive psychology. The method is workplace ergonomic analysis. Its focus is directed towards examining the cognitive dimension of the work environment with special attention to the occurrence of correlations between variability in incident frequency and the results of sign detection actions. It categorizes 45,142 operator decisions according to the theory of signal detection (Sternberg, 2000). It analyzes the correlation between incident proportions (indirectly associated with the cognitive efforts demanded from the …operator) and operator decisions. The study demonstrated the existence of a positive correlation between incident proportions and false positive decisions (false alarms). However, this correlation could not be observed in relation to decisions of the falsenegative type (incorrect rejection). Show more

Keywords: Cognitive ergonomics, Information security, Signal detection, Alarms, Rejections

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0542-2902

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2902-2907, 2012

Authors: Santana, Ângela Maria C. | Gomes, Josiane Keila V. | De Marchi, Dione | Girondoli, Yassana M. | de Lima Rosado, Lina E.F.P. | Rosado, Gilberto Paixão | de Andrade, Isabel Maria

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between stress, working conditions and the nutritional status of 53 military police officers in a Southeast city of Brazil. In order to evaluate the symptomatology and the stress phase, the Inventory of Stress Symptoms Lipp for Adults – ISSL was utilized. The assessment of the working conditions was performed by means of socio-demographic questionnaire, direct observation and interviews. The nutritional and health conditions were assessed through anthropometric measures, biochemical tests, blood pressure measurements and cardiovascular disease risk calculator. The sample is of the male gender (92.5%) and aging below 40 years old (73.6%). …From these, 35.8% showed stress and 68.4% were in the resistance phase, with 31.6% almost burned out. Through the calculation of Chi-square we could find positive association between the BMI and tiredness (P = 0.0188), between the BMI and irritation (P = 0.0005) and the BMI and the appearance of nervous system problems or emotional problems (P = 0.0304), indicating that these statuses or problems could be related to work. We can conclude then, the stress is present among military police officers. No case of critical stress was found, and the stress phases identified are still susceptible to intervention. Show more

Keywords: Psychological stress, Working conditions, Police, Nutritional status

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0543-2908

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2908-2914, 2012

Authors: Laugaland, Kristin | Aase, Karina | Barach, Paul

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: When a patient’s transition from the hospital to home is less than optimal, the repercussions can be far-reaching – hospital readmission, adverse medical events, and even mortality. Elderly, especially frail older patients with complex health care problems appear to be a group particularly at risk for adverse events in general, and during transitions across health providers in particular. We undertook a systematic review to identify interventions designed to improve patient safety during transitional care of the elderly, with a particular focus on discharge interventions. We searched the literature for qualitative and quantitative studies on the subject published over the past …ten years. The review revealed a set of potential intervention types aimed at the improvement of communication that contribute to safe transitional care. Intervention types included professionoriented interventions (e.g. education and training), organisational/culture interventions (e.g. transfer nurse, discharge protocol, discharge planning, medication reconciliation, standardized discharge letter, electronic tools), or patient and next of kin oriented interventions (e.g. patient awareness and empowerment, discharge support). Results strongly indicate that elderly discharged from hospital to the community will benefit from targeted interventions aimed to improve transfer across healthcare settings. Future interventions should take into account multi-component and multi-disciplinary interventions incorporating several single interventions combined. Show more

Keywords: Transitional care, elderly, patient safety, adverse events, interventions

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0544-2915

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2915-2924, 2012

Authors: Meyer, Travis S. | Muething, Joseph Z. | Lima, Gustavo Amoras Souza | Torres, Breno Raemy Rangel | del Rosario, Trystyn Keia | Gomes, José Orlando | Lambert, James H.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Radiological nuclear emergency responders must be able to coordinate evacuation and relief efforts following the release of radioactive material into populated areas. In order to respond quickly and effectively to a nuclear emergency, highlevel coordination is needed between a number of large, independent organizations, including police, military, hazmat, and transportation authorities. Given the complexity, scale, time-pressure, and potential negative consequences inherent in radiological emergency responses, tracking and communicating information that will assist decision makers during a crisis is crucial. The emergency response team at the Angra dos Reis nuclear power facility, located outside of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, presently conducts …emergency response simulations once every two years to prepare organizational leaders for real-life emergency situations. However, current exercises are conducted without the aid of electronic or software tools, resulting in possible cognitive overload and delays in decision-making. This paper describes the development of a decision support system employing systems methodologies, including cognitive task analysis and human-machine interface design. The decision support system can aid the coordination team by automating cognitive functions and improving information sharing. A prototype of the design will be evaluated by plant officials in Brazil and incorporated to a future trial run of a response simulation. Show more

Keywords: Preparedness, disaster, human factors, organizational behavior, risk management, cognitive engineering

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0659-2925

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2925-2932, 2012

Authors: Melles, M. | Freudenthal, A. | de Ridder, H.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study investigates how future informatics applications can support and challenge intensive care nurses (ICU nurses) to grow and learn continuously. To this end a research-and-design tool is introduced which is based on a model of the nursing process that starts from the idea that a nurse fulfills three different roles: the role of practitioner (using information immediately to base actions upon), the role of scholar (using information later on to learn from) and the role of human (coping with stress and dealing with emotions). In this paper the focus is on the scholar role. Twenty-eight intensive care staff members …from six different hospitals were asked to recount an imposing experience from the perspective of each role. Regarding the scholar role, the participants mentioned 77 learning strategies they adopt for individual as well as organizational learning. Individual learning concerned reflection on former patient cases, reflection on current patient cases to anticipate a change in the patient’s condition and reflection on personal behavior and decisions. Organizational learning concerned reflection on former patient cases. Examples of specific strategies were formal team evaluations focused on procedure and understanding the perspective of team members, being present at autopsies, and giving feedback on the nursing skills of colleagues. Based on these strategies design implications are defined for future nursing informatics applications, which will be presented. Show more

Keywords: intensive care nursing, learning, design, nursing informatics application

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0545-2933

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2933-2940, 2012

Authors: Toccafondi, Giulio | Albolino, Sara | Bellandi, Tommaso | Venneri, Francesco

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Patient safety practices for enhancing the quality and safety of handover are context sensitive interventions. In this article we explore the use of cultural probes as a qualitative technique with a twofold objective: eliciting implicit activity pattern and tools that may constitute resources for the design of effective handover solutions and prompting health care practitioners’ participation and involvement.

Keywords: handover, human factors, design, participation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0660-2941

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2941-2945, 2012

Authors: Moreira, Helenara Salvati Bertolossi | Talini, Bruna | Galvão, Isabele Maia | Vilagra, José Mohamud | Leivas, Eduardo Gallas | de Oliveira Júnior, Abel Santos

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: To be distinguished from other companies, organizations are searching norms of certifications, such as ISO 9001, OHSAS 18001 and BS 8.800 to become more competitive in the work market, offering health and safety to the worker and quality to the customer. This extends the performance field of the Physiotherapist, who can use their knowledge to favor the processes of implementation of these certifications. The present work aims to identify the performance of the Physiotherapist in such processes of certification, as well as to verify their knowledge concerning the norms of certification and the performance in the occupational environment. Methodology: The …population was constituted by the physiotherapists who had participated at the 4° FISIOTRAB, the sample was composed by 30 physiotherapists, a questionnaire with pertinent questions to the study was applied. Results: 34% of the interviewed did not know what OHSAS 18001 and ISO 14001 were, 66% did not know about the BS 8,800 certification. 76% of the interviewed had never participated in the implementation of certification norms; among those who had participated 28% were present during the implementation of ISO 9001, 57% at the implementation of OHSAS 18001 and 15% at that of both OHSAS and ISO 14001 together. Given that, from the 24% that had already acted in such implementations, 70% possess a specific formation in Occupational Physiotherapy. Conclusion: It was verified that the least part of physiotherapists have acted during the implementation of certification norms, and that even when they work in the Occupational Physiotherapy field many do not possess a deep knowledge on the different practical performances. Show more

Keywords: Occupational Physiotherapy, Certification in Quality, Certification in Security and Health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1033-2946

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2946-2949, 2012

Authors: Boscolo, Paolo | Forcella, Laura | Reale, Marcella | Vianale, Giovina | Battisti, Uliano | Bonfiglioli, Roberta | Cortini, Michela | Di Giampaolo, Luca | Di Donato, Angela | Salerno, Silvana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The immune system, in cooperation with neuroendocrine functions, defends from cancer and infections mainly by the activity of blood natural killer (NK) cells. Blood NK activity may be influenced by the type of employment since work is the central part of life; moreover, job stress is a situation affecting both neuroendocrine and immune systems. This study examines anxiety (by STAI 1 and 2), job strain (by the Karasek’s JCQ) and blood NK activity (by an in vitro radio-isotopic method) of 134 male workers. These men, over 38 years old with stable employment, were working in factories, in construction yards, in …offices, as hospital attendants or as self-employed craftsmen. Workers in factories and in construction yards, with high job strain, showed lower NK activity, while office employees, with low job demand, and craftsmen with low anxiety and elevated decision latitude, showed higher NK activity; the level of NK activity of the hospital attendants was between the other groups. In conclusion, this study confirms that the type of employment, related to job stress, affects blood NK activity. Moreover, blood NK activity may be used in the bio-monitoring of workers at high risk. Show more

Keywords: occupational stress, anxiety, NK activity

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0546-2950

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2950-2954, 2012

Authors: Adaramola, Samson Sunday

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract This paper examines mental and physical pressures that workers bear at work. The authors discuss how onthe-job stress affects a person’s capabilities and productivity, and how such pressures lend to higher incidences of accidents at work. The paper also discuses methods of reducing job-related stress and increasing productivity. An intervention was conducted amongst workers in a private firm. It shows mental and emotional pressure can affect performance and productivity of a worker on the job. One of the biggest influences of today’s worker is onthe-job stress. Job stress occurs when the requirements of the job do not match …the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker. This consequently affects how a person would normally deal with customer service problems, grievances, violence, conflict, and decisions on the job. Stress is an inevitable part of everyday life, and is therefore a distinct part of a person’s job. To properly control the outcome of stress, there are certain precautions and methods that should be taken that will boost productivity Show more

Keywords: “Illness”, “Pressure”, “Intervention” “Performance”

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0547-2955

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2955-2958, 2012

Authors: Castro, M | Araujo, L

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Introduction: At the same time that there are increased demands we have become more sedentary, increasing risk factors for new diseases. All this reflects on our quality of life with special emphasis upon a particular syndrome called Burnout. Aviation is no exception and packed into its processes each day more expeditious, promotes a perfect environment for the development and spread of the syndrome. Aim: To evaluate the quality of life, organizational climate, and the level of physical activity among employees of a Brazilian airline. Methods: A cross-sectional design was conducted with 8 subjects. Results: Total score on the WHOQOL quality …of life questionnaire was 64.7 (SD 10.8), and the environmental field showed the lowest score. Nevertheless, the sedentary risk factor was performed in 25% of the sample. About the organizational climate, it can be seen that 6.12% of the sample was framed in “Professional Exhaustive”, 29.60% in the condition of “Warning”, and 64.37% in the condition of “Professional Efficiency”. Conclusion: the study found a low quality of life, especially in the environmental category, sedentary people and a large proportion of employees in this Brazilian airline with negative scores on the Organizational Climate. Show more

Keywords: Quality of Life, Organizational Climate, Environmental Work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0548-2959

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2959-2962, 2012

Authors: Padula, Rosimeire Simprini | Chiavegato, Luciana Dias | Cabral, Cristina Maria Nunes | Almeid, Talita | Ortiz, Thais | Carregaro, Rodrigo Luiz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The occupational stress is associated with dissatisfaction, excessive demand at work and personal factors. Those factors can reduce work performance and can predispose workers to various diseases. Workers’ health may be protected if there is encouragement to face challenges, which may lessen the impact on psychological and somatic stress and thus have greater personal and professional satisfaction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between occupational stress and work engagement. Participated in this study 457 male and female workers of a metallurgical industry. Subjects answered personal data, and the Job Stress Scale and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale …were applied. Results showed an association between occupational stress and work engagement (P=0,001). The way the individual deals with his frustrations, or rather the work engagement, is associated with the occupational stress. Show more

Keywords: Enviroment, Mental Health, Ergonomics, Work engagement, Workplace

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0549-2963

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2963-2965, 2012

Authors: Forcella, Laura | Bonfiglioli, Roberta | Cutilli, Piero | Antonucci, Andrea | Di Donato, Angela | Siciliano, Eugenio | Cortini, Michela | Violante, Francesco Saverio | Boscolo, Paolo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Psychosocial discomfort may amplify job-related risk factors. The aim of this study is to evaluate job stress in a high fashion clothing company with upper limb biomechanical overload due to repetitive and forceful manual activities. Biomechanical risk was analyzed and in part reduced using the OCRA Check list. A total of 518 workers (433 females and 85 males) were investigated to determine anxiety (by STAI 1 and 2), occupational stress (using the Italian version of the Karasek Job Content Questionnaire) and perception of symptoms. Final biomechanical assessment did not reveal high risk jobs, except for cutting. Although the perception of …anxiety and job insecurity was within the normal range, all the workers showed a high level of job strain (correlated with the perception of symptoms) due, probably, to very low decision latitude. It was suggested that job strain may increase the perception of symptoms. Moreover, the result of this study indicates that musculoskeletal overload has to be further analyzed since its low level is not in agreement with the level of discomfort due to the repetitive tasks. Show more

Keywords: occupational stress, anxiety, NK activity

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0550-2966

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2966-2970, 2012

Authors: Costa, Susana | Arezes, Pedro

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The international standard ISO 9612:2009, regarding the determination of occupational noise exposure through an engineering method, establishes a methodology for evaluating the exposure of workers to occupational noise, through the specification of three different strategies, namely: task-based measurement (TBM); job-based measurement (JBM) and; fullday measurement (FDM). In this work, questions are raised, “resulting in a literature review regarding the need to test the functionality of the three strategies, through the systematic comparison between them and analysis of their application impact at several levels. There is a need to test the compare these three strategies, since there are no peer-review studies …in this domain. In fact, there are still no studies that systematically do the comparison between them and analyze the impact of their application at various levels, such as the precision and accuracy of the results, the required equipment, time spent and, most important, the estimation of the uncertainty associated to the measurements. Show more

Keywords: Acoustics, uncertainty, accuracy, ISO

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0551-2971

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2971-2973, 2012

Authors: Zunjic, Aleksandar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Work in an industrial environment is often associated with high levels of noise. For measuring and evaluating of noise levels, sometimes it is necessary to use several instruments. These instruments can be very expensive and require qualified personnel. Medium and small-sized firms often lack sufficient financial resources to ensure continuous measurement and assessment of noise levels. For this reason, a new SCANAM method for assessing the levels of noise is designed. This method involves the use of cheap and accurate sound level meter and specially designed software for assessing the effects of noise. Application of this method is very simple. …Based on a noise sample in duration of eight hours, the accuracy of the SCANAM method was confirmed. Application of this method is significantly cheaper than an approach based on the use of expensive multi-function devices, or separate devices for measuring and assessing noise at the workplace. Show more

Keywords: SCANAM method, noise, noise assessment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0552-2974

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2974-2981, 2012

Authors: Barkokébas Jr., Béda | Vasconcelos, Bianca M. | Lago, Eliane Maria G. | Alcoforador, Aline Fabiana P

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In the civil construction industry sector, it has been observed that the increasing use of machines has made tasks noisier and consequently caused hearing loss and had other adverse effects on workers. The objective of this study was to identify and assess the physical risks of noise present in activities undertaken in a construction company in order to propose control measures which will contribute to the management of health and safety within the company’s organization. The methodology applied was based on verifying the characteristics of exposure to noise on construction sites, from an observation of sources which generated noise and …making measurements of sound pressure levels emitted by these sources. The data was then analyzed and compared with the recommended performance levels established in control measures. As a result, it was found that some machines and equipment used in civil construction often generate noise above the acceptable levels and as such, in these cases, various control measures have been proposed. It is believed that the use of management techniques is the most effective way to assess risk and to implement the preventive and corrective actions proposed, and allows for the analysis of sound pressure levels on an ongoing basis. Show more

Keywords: Construction, Health and Safety at Work, Noise

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0553-2982

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2982-2990, 2012

Authors: Tokars, Eunice | Moro, Antonio Renato Pereira | Cruz, Roberto Moraes

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The working activity in traffic of the big cities complex interacts with the environment is often in unsafe and unhealthy imbalance favoring the binomial work - health. The aim of this paper was to analyze the relationship between work and health of taxi drivers in Curitiba, Brazil. This cross-sectional observational study with 206 individuals used a questionnaire on the organization’s profile and perception of the environment and direct observation of work. It was found that the majority are male, aged between 26 and 49 years and has a high school degree. They are sedentary, like making a journey from 8 …to 12 hours. They consider a stressful profession, related low back pain and are concerned about safety and accidents. 40% are smokers and consume alcoholic drink and 65% do not have or do not use devices of comfort. Risk factors present in the daily taxi constraints cause physical, cognitive and organizational and can affect your performance. It is concluded that the taxi drivers must change the unhealthy lifestyle, requiring a more efficient management of government authorities for this work is healthy and safe for all involved. Show more

Keywords: Work, health, taxi driver, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0554-2991

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2991-2997, 2012

Authors: Schmidt, Lisa | Sjöström, John | Antonsson, Ann-Beth

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract Occupational health service in Sweden is often described as an important and strategic resource to reduce work-related diseases, improve work ability and successfully assess improvement of the workplace. However, not much research has been done on how OHS contribute to reduced absence due to work-related illness or improvement of the work ability of employees. In our study, the ambition has been to describe how OHS can contribute and give effects in client companies. Fifteen companies considered to be good examples were selected in cooperation with the social partners. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with representatives of the company and …OHS. The results show that efficient collaboration depend strongly on the relationship between the OHS and the company, and were highly correlated with a continuously dialogue and contact. Good occupational safety and health management at company level was a key factor for effective use of OHS. The strategic collaborations also often led to that OHSs contribution was gradually shifted from a reactive or medical focus to a more proactive approach. Several of the interviewed OHSs also held this strategy to work more with prevention, and focusing on “treating the organization”, not the individual, leaving the executive measures to the company. Show more

Keywords: Keyword: Occupational health services, relationship, dialogue, occupational safety and health management, strategic collaborations

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0555-2998

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2998-3001, 2012

Authors: Kluth, Karsten | Baldus, Sandra | Strasser, Helmut

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The sales figures of chilled and frozen food have been rising steadily over the years. Naturally, this has also led to an increase in the number of jobs related to these goods. While these workplaces are becoming more and more important there are, nevertheless, only a few investigations into the effects of working in deep cold on humans. Order-picking in a cold environment represents a high workload. Especially working at −24°C with wearing heavy cold protective clothing leads to explicitly higher strain. Since performance decreases with age, varying physical strain between younger and older employees can hypothetically be expected. In …order to quantify the physiological responses to working in the cold, 15 subjects of two female age groups, each, (20− to 35-year-olds and 40− to 65-year-olds) were asked to carry out whole working day tasks in a chill room (+3°) and in a cold store (−24°C). Simultaneously, heart rate and other physiological relevant parameters were measured. Show more

Keywords: Field Study, Severe Environmental Conditions, Age-adjusted Strain

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0556-3002

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3002-3009, 2012

Authors: Baldus, Sandra | Kluth, Karsten | Strasser, Helmut

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: So far, it was unclear to what extent working in deep cold-storage depots has an influence on female order-pickers body core temperature and skin surface temperature considering different age groups. Physiological effects of order-picking in a chill room (+3°C) and cold store (−24°C) were examined on 30 female subjects (Ss), classified in two age groups (20− to 35− year-olds and 40− to 65-year-olds). The body core temperature was taken every 15 min at the tympanum and the skin surface temperature was recorded continuously at seven different positions. Working in the chill room induced a decrease of the body core temperature …up to 0.5K in comparison to the value at the outset for both age groups which could be compensated by all Ss during the breaks. Working in the cold store caused a decline up to 1.1K for the younger Ss and 1.3K for the older Ss. A complete warming-up during the breaks was often not possible. Regarding the skin surface temperature, working in the chill room can be considered as unproblematic, whereas significantly lower temperatures at nose, fingers and toes, associated with substantial negative subjective sensations, were recorded while working in the cold store. Show more

Keywords: Field Study, Manual Material Handling, Age, Physiology, Severe Environmental Conditions

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0557-3010

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3010-3017, 2012

Authors: Reiman, Teemu | Pietikäinen, Elina | Oedewald, Pia | Gotcheva, Nadezhda

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to illustrate the development and application of the Design for Integrated Safety Culture (DISC) framework for system modeling by evaluating organizational potential for safety in nuclear and healthcare domains. The DISC framework includes criteria for good safety culture and a description of functions that the organization needs to implement in order to orient the organization toward the criteria. Three case studies will be used to illustrate the utilization of the DISC framework in practice.

Keywords: Safety culture, modeling, system safety, evaluation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0558-3018

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3018-3025, 2012

Authors: Aytaç, Serpil | Dursun, Salih

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Violent incidents in the workplace which negatively affect employees’ health and safety present an important problem of health and safety at work. This study aimed to determine the effects of the violence prevention climate on employees’ job satisfaction and stress by determining how they perceive the dimensions of the violence climate. The participants in this study were 240 employees in various sectors (health, service, etc.) in Turkey. The study used the 18 item Violence Prevention Climate scale developed by Kessler et al (2008) translated into Turkish. The mean age of the participants was 32.3±9.53, mean working years 9.1±8.02. According to …the correlation analysis results, the violence prevention climate dimensions of policies, practices and pressure for unsafe practices were found to have a positive significant relationship with job satisfaction. A significant negative correlation was determined between policies and practices and depression. A significant negative correlation was determined between practices and stress. The stepwise regression analysis results determined a significant relationship between pressure and job satisfaction. The stepwise regression analysis results also determined a significant relationship between the dimension of practices and depression. However, the established regression model was found not to be statistically significant in terms of stress and anxiety dependent variables. Show more

Keywords: Organizational aggression, Job satisfaction, Work related stress, Anxiety and depression

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0559-3026

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3026-3031, 2012

Authors: Lindberg, Per | Vingård, Eva

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to systematically review the scientific literature and search for indicators of healthy work environments. A number of major national and international databases for scientific publication were searched for research addressing indicators of healthy work environments. Altogether 19 768 publications were found. After excluding duplicates, non-relevant publications, or publications that did not comply with the inclusion criteria 24 peer-reviewed publications remained to be included in this systematic review. Only one study explicitly addressing indicators of healthy work environments was found. That study suggested that the presence of stress management programs in an organization might serve …as indicator of a ‘good place to work’, as these organizations were more likely to offer programs that encouraged employee well-being, safety and skill development than those without stress management programs. The other 23 studies either investigated employee´s views of what constitute a healthy workplace or were guidelines for how to create such a workplace. Summarizing, the nine most pronounced factors considered as important for a healthy workplace that emerged from these studies were, in descending order: collaboration/teamwork: growth and development of the individual; recognition; employee involvement; positive, accessible and fair leader; autonomy and empowerment; appropriate staffing; skilled communication; and safe physical work. Show more

Keywords: Healthy work, healthy workplace, healthy organization, guidelines, employee

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0560-3032

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3032-3038, 2012

Authors: Costa, N. | Arezes, P.M. | Melo, R.B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) exposure on professional drivers were predicted using a 45 subjects sample of healthy volunteers from both genders. These volunteers preformed a visual/motor accuracy evaluation test, the ‘omega test’, inside a vehicle (van) under three different WBV exposure conditions, van halted, van performing a circuit on asphalt, and on cobblestone. WBV levels of the stated conditions were statistically different and impairment upon subjects’ performance was found. The statistical significant difference encountered between the subjects performance under the two whole-body vibration profiles (asphalt and cobblestone), seems to indicate that the vibration levels also represent a variable to …be taken under consideration. No gender related difference was found. Show more

Keywords: Whole-body vibration, acuity, aptitude, performance

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0561-3039

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3039-3042, 2012

Authors: Wiig, Siri | Tharaldsen, Jorunn Elise

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The role of trust has been argued to play an increasingly important role in modern, complex, and ambivalent risk societies. Trust within organizational research is anticipated to have a general strategic impact on aspects such as organizational performance, communication and knowledge exchange, and learning from accidents. Trust is also an important aspect related to regulation of risk. Diverse regulatory regimes, their contexts and risks influence regulators use of trust and distrust in regulatory practice. The aim of this paper is to discuss the relationship between risk regulation and trust across diverse risk regulation regimes. By drawing from studies of risk …regulation, risk perception, and trust the purpose is to discuss how regulation and trust are linked and used in practice to control risk across system levels in socio-technical systems in high risk industries. This paper provides new knowledge on 1) how functional and dysfunctional trust and distrust are grounded in the empirical realities of high risk industries, 2) how different perspectives on trust and distrust act together and bring new knowledge on how society control risk. Show more

Keywords: trust, distrust, risk, regulation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0562-3043

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3043-3050, 2012

Authors: Benchekroun, Tahar Hakim | Pierlot, Sandrine

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Our world of industry and technology has, over the years, has seen undeniable successes in terms of safety and reliability. But major catastrophes and dramatic accidents continue, even today, to cause major human and material losses and to threaten the environment with pollution on a massive scale. Could these disasters and these accidents have been foreseen and avoided? Would it have been possible to anticipate their occurrence by detecting signals of potential hazards? It is unsettling to notice, through retrospective analysis of such events, that warnings had been issued long before the catastrophe or accident took place. This raises several …questions, which we will attempt to address in this paper. Why are whistleblowers often not listened to, threatened, or simply ignored? Why are their warnings viewed as “bad omens” instead of essential resources to ensure safety? Do whistleblowers stand idly by, or do they implement individual and collective strategies to make themselves heard? Which managerial and organizational conditions are conducive to developing empowerment in whistleblowers? Based on four case studies, we attempt to address these questions, and offer a first level of analysis and explanation by proposing and defining two new concepts: operative resilience and strategic resilience. Show more

Keywords: Whistleblowers, operative resilience, strategic resilience, risks

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0563-3051

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3051-3061, 2012

Authors: Nunes, Isabel L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Subcontracting of specialized functions to external companies (e.g. cleaning or maintenance) is actually very common within several industries. These external companies’ are called contractors and their contracting is often designated as outsourcing. Frequently contractors involve other companies (the sub-contractors) to assist them in fulfilling the contract, resulting in a complex chain of organizations focused on interchange of work - the contracting chain. Therefore in the same work site can coexist workers form the client-company and workers from the contractors and/or subcontractors. Since contractors perform their job in client’s facilities, they can be exposed to hazards that are unknown to them. …On other hand, workers of the client company can also be exposed to hazardous situations derived from the work performed by the contractors. The paper discusses how adequate occupational safety and health conditions can be assured when dealing with this kind of dynamic labor networks. Two case-studies and several examples coming from international literature will be presented. Show more

Keywords: Supply Chain, Outsourcing, Contractor workers, Occupational Safety and Health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0564-3062

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3062-3068, 2012

Authors: Wachs, Priscila | Righi, Angela Weber | Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Training in non-technical skills (NTS) does not usually question the design of the work system, and thus focuses narrowly on workers as the unit of analysis. This study discusses how the identification of NTS, a major step for developing an NTS training program, might be re-interpreted from the perspective of resilience engineering (RE). This discussion is based on a case study of identifying NTS for electricians who perform emergency maintenance activities in an electricity distribution power line. The results of the case study point out that four data analysis procedures might operationalize the RE perspective: (a) identifying factors that make …the work difficult and which could be integrated into NTS training scenarios; (b) identifying recommendations for re-designing the system, in order either to reduce or eliminate the need for NTS; (c) classifying the NTS into pragmatic categories, which are meaningful for workers; and (d) regarding the identification of NTS as an opportunity to give visibility to adaptations carried out by workers. Show more

Keywords: Non-technical skills, resilience engineering, safety at work, electricians

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0565-3069

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3069-3076, 2012

Authors: da Silva, Vania Eugênia | Mafra, Simone Caldas Tavares | Mafra, Cláudio Lísias | de Souza, Amaury Paulo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study looked for to lift information regarding laundries inserted in industries of animal products origin, to understand the activities developed in the section and to structure a Manual of Planning and Technical Information for laundries to industries of animal products origin, with the intention of subsidizing the planning, structuring and control of this work place, because norms or regulations that supervise don’t exist or aid their managers and workers as for the operation of this work place.

Keywords: Laundries to industries of animal products origin, Manual, Orientations and technical information

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0566-3077

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3077-3084, 2012