NeuroRehabilitation - Volume 37, issue 4

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-151276

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 489-491, 2015

Authors: Guàrdia-Olmos, Joan | Peró-Cebollero, Maribel | Rivera, Diego | Arango-Lasprilla, Juan Carlos

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Within the field of neuropsychology, there is a significant lack of normative data for individuals in Latin America. OBJECTIVE: To describe the methodology utilized to obtain the data and create norms for 10 Spanish-language neuropsychological tests administered in 11 Latin-American countries in a sample of 3,977 healthy individuals between the ages 18 and 90. METHOD: The same data manipulation process was applied to the data collected (regardless of the scale or country) using a regression-based procedure that takes into account sex, age, and educational influences on neuropsychological test scores. CONCLUSIONS: Following this procedure, …we were able to generate age, education, and sex (if relevant) based norms for each test in each of the 11 countries studied. These norms are presented in the 10 articles that comprise this special issue. Show more

Keywords: Psychometric, norms, Latin America, neuropsychological tests

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-151277

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 493-499, 2015

Authors: Olabarrieta-Landa, L. | Rivera, D. | Morlett-Paredes, A. | Jaimes-Bautista, A. | Garza, M.T. | Galarza-del-Angel, J. | Rodríguez, W. | Rábago, B. | Schebela, S. | Perrin, P.B. | Luna, M. | Longoni, M. | Ocampo-Barba, N. | Aliaga, A. | Saracho, C.P. | Bringas, M.L. | Esenarro, L. | García-Egan, P. | Arango-Lasprilla, J.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Objective: To generate normative data on the Boston Naming Test (BNT) across 10 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate. Method: The sample consisted of 3,779 healthy adults who were recruited from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and, Puerto Rico. Each subject was administered the BNT as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. A standardized five-step statistical procedure was used to generate the norms. Results: The final multiple linear regression models explained between 3–32% of the variance in BNT scores. Although t -tests showed …significant differences between men and women for Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Cuba, Guatemala, and Bolivia on the BNT, none of the six countries had an effect size larger than 0.3. As a result, gender-adjusted norms were not generated. Conclusions: This is the first normative multicenter study conducted in Latin America to generate norms for the BNT; this study will have substantial repercussions for the practice of neuropsychology throughout the global region. Show more

Keywords: Normative data, Boston Naming Test, Latin America, denomination

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-151278

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 501-513, 2015

Authors: Olabarrieta-Landa, L | Rivera, D | Galarza-del-Angel, J | Garza, MT | Saracho, CP | Rodríguez, W | Chávez-Oliveros, M | Rábago, B | Leibach, G | Schebela, S | Martínez, C | Luna, M | Longoni, M | Ocampo-Barba, N | Rodríguez, G | Aliaga, A | Esenarro, L | García de la Cadena, C | Perrin, BP | Arango-Lasprilla, JC

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Verbal Fluency Tests across 11 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate. METHOD: The sample consisted of 3,977 healthy adults who were recruited from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and, Puerto Rico. Each subject was administered the Verbal Fluency Test as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. A standardized five-step statistical procedure was used to generate the norms. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models for the letter F explained 8−30% of the variance, 7−32% for …letter A, 8−32% for the letter S, and 16−43% for the animal category in Verbal Fluency Test scores. Although t−tests showed significant differences between men and women on the Verbal Fluency Test, they did not have an effect size larger than 0.3. As a result, gender-adjusted norms were not generated. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first normative multicenter study conducted in Latin America aiming to create norms for the Verbal Fluency Test; this study will have important outcomes for the future of neuropsychology in the region. Show more

Keywords: Normative data, semantic verbal fluency test, phonological verbal fluency test, Latin America, executive functions

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-151279

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 515-561, 2015

Authors: Arango-Lasprilla, J.C. | Rivera, D. | Longoni, M. | Saracho, C.P. | Garza, M.T. | Aliaga, A. | Rodríguez, W. | Rodríguez-Agudelo, Y. | Rábago, B. | Sutter, M. | Schebela, S. | Luna, M. | Ocampo-Barba, N. | Galarza-del-Angel, J. | Bringas, M.L. | Esenarro, L. | Martínez, C. | García-Egan, P. | Perrin, P.B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data on the Modified Card Sorting Test (M-WCST) across 11 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate. METHOD: The sample consisted of 3,977 healthy adults who were recruited from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico. Each subject was administered the M-WCST as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. A standardized five-step statistical procedure was used to generate the norms. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models explained between 2–33% of the variance in M-WCST scores. Although t …-tests showed significant differences between men and women from seven different countries on the M-WCST, the effect sizes were small. As a result, gender-adjusted norms were not generated. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first normative multicenter study conducted in in Latin America aiming to create norms for the M-WCST; this study will have important implications for the future of neuropsychology in the region. Show more

Keywords: Normative data, Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, reference values, Latin America, executive function

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-151280

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 563-590, 2015

Authors: Rivera, D. | Perrin, P.B. | Stevens, L.F. | Garza, M.T. | Weil, C. | Saracho, C.P. | Rodríguez, W. | Rodríguez-Agudelo, Y. | Rábago, B. | Weiler, G. | García de la Cadena, C. | Longoni, M. | Martínez, C. | Ocampo-Barba, N. | Aliaga, A. | Galarza-del-Angel, J. | Guerra, A. | Esenarro, L. | Arango-Lasprilla, J.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data on the Stroop Test across 11 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate. METHOD: The sample consisted of 3,977 healthy adults who were recruited from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and, Puerto Rico. Each subject was administered the Stroop Test, as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. A standardized five-step statistical procedure was used to generate the norms. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models explained 14–36% of the variance in Stroop Word scores, 12–41% of the variance …in the Stoop Color, 14–36% of the variance in the Stroop Word-Color scores, and 4–15% of variance in Stroop Interference scores. Although t-tests showed significant differences between men and women on the Stroop test, none of the countries had an effect size larger than 0.3. As a result, gender-adjusted norms were not generated. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first normative multicenter study conducted in Latin America to create norms for the Stoop Test in a Spanish-Speaking sample. This study will therefore have important implications for the future of neuropsychology research and practice throughout the region. Show more

Keywords: Normative data, Stroop Color-Word Interference Test, reference values, Latin America, selective attention, executive function

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-151281

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 591-624, 2015

Authors: Arango-Lasprilla, J.C. | Rivera, D. | Rodríguez, G. | Garza, M.T. | Galarza-del-Angel, J. | Rodríguez, W. | Velázquez-Cardoso, J. | Aguayo, A. | Schebela, S. | Weil, C. | Longoni, M. | Aliaga, A. | Ocampo-Barba, N. | Saracho, C.P. | Panyavin, I. | Esenarro, L. | Martínez, C. | García de la Cadena, C. | Perrin, P.B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) across 11 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate. METHOD: The sample consisted of 3,977 healthy adults who were recruited from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and, Puerto Rico. Each subject was administered the SDMT as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. A standardized five-step statistical procedure was used to generate the norms. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models explained 29–56% of the variance in SDMT scores. Although there were …gender differences on the SDMT in Mexico, Honduras, Paraguay, and Guatemala, none of the four countries had an effect size greater than 0.3. As a result, gender-adjusted norms were not generated. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first normative multicenter study conducted in Latin America to create norms for the SDMT; this study will have an impact on the future practice of neuropsychology throughout the global region. Show more

Keywords: Normative data, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, reference values, Latin America, processing speed, attention

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-151282

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 625-638, 2015

Authors: Arango-Lasprilla, J.C. | Rivera, D. | Aguayo, A. | Rodríguez, W. | Garza, M.T. | Saracho, C.P. | Rodríguez-Agudelo, Y. | Aliaga, A. | Weiler, G. | Luna, M. | Longoni, M. | Ocampo-Barba, N. | Galarza-del-Angel, J. | Panyavin, I. | Guerra, A. | Esenarro, L. | García de la Cadena, P. | Martínez, C. | Perrin, P.B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data on the Trail Making Test (TMT) across 11 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate. METHOD: The sample consisted of 3,977 healthy adults who were recruited from Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Paraguay, Honduras, Chile, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Bolivia. Each subject was administered the TMT as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. A standardized five-step statistical procedure was used to generate the norms. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models for the TMT-A explained 23– 50% of the variance, and the final …multiple linear models for the TMT-B explained 22– 49% of the variance. Although there were gender differences on the TMT in Mexico, Peru, Paraguay, and Honduras, only Honduras had an effect size greater than 0.3. As a result, gender-adjusted norms were generated for the Trail Making Test-A, but not B, in this country. CONCLUSIONS: The present study is the first to create norms for the TMT in Latin America. As a result, this study will have important implications for the practice of neuropsychology in the future. Show more

Keywords: Normative data, Trail Making Test, reference values, Latin America, executive function

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-151284

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 639-661, 2015

Authors: Rivera, D. | Perrin, P.B. | Aliaga, A. | Garza, M.T. | Saracho, C.P. | Rodrŕguez, W. | Justo-Guillen, E. | Aguayo, A. | Schebela, S. | Gulin, S. | Weil, C. | Longoni, M. | Ocampo-Barba, N. | Galarza-del-Angel, J. | Rodrŕguez, D. | Esenarro, L. | García-Egan, P. | Martínez, C. | Arango-Lasprilla, J.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data on the Brief Test of Attention (BTA) across 11 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate. METHOD: The sample consisted of 3,977 healthy adults who were recruited from Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Paraguay, Honduras, Chile, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Bolivia. Each subject was administered the BTA as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. A standardized five-step statistical procedure was used to generate the norms. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models explained between 11–41% of the variance in BTA scores. Although men …had higher scores on the BTA in Honduras, there were no other significant gender differences, and this one effect size was small. As a result, gender-adjusted norms were not generated. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first normative multicenter study conducted in Latin America to create norms for the BTA; this study will have an impact on the future practice of neuropsychology throughout Latin America. Show more

Keywords: Normative data, Brief Test of Attention, Reference values, Latin America, auditory-divided attention

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-151283

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 663-676, 2015

Authors: Rivera, D. | Perrin, P.B. | Morlett-Paredes, A. | Galarza-del-Angel, J. | Martínez, C. | Garza, M.T. | Saracho, C.P. | Rodríguez, W. | Rodríguez-Agudelo, Y. | Rábago, B. | Aliaga, A. | Schebela, S. | Luna, M. | Longoni, M. | Ocampo-Barba, N. | Fernández, E. | Esenarro, L. | García-Egan, P. | Arango-Lasprilla, J.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data on the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF) across 11 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate. METHOD: The sample consisted of 3,977 healthy adults who were recruited from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and, Puerto Rico. Each subject was administered the ROCF as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. A standardized five-step statistical procedure was used to generate the norms. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models explained 7–34% of the variance in ROCF copy scores and 21–41% …of the variance in immediate recall scores. Although t-tests showed significant differences between men and women on ROCF copy and immediate recall scores, none of the countries had an effect size larger than 0.3. As a result, gender-adjusted norms were not generated. CONCLUSIONS: The present study is the first to create norms for the ROCF in Latin America. As a result, this study will have important implications for the formation and practice of neuropsychology in this region. Show more

Keywords: Normative data, Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure, Latin America, visual perception, visual-spatial constructional ability, visual memory

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-151285

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 677-698, 2015