Work - Volume 74, issue 4

Authors: Shariat, Ardalan | Hajialiasgari, Fatemeh | Alizadeh, Ali | Anastasio, Albert Thomas

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The rise of virtual medicine through the use of e-Health technology was accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic and remains a vital part of health care delivery today. Telehealth, a virtual health care delivery system through either electronic or telecommunication technology, may improve the ability to deliver care in resource poor areas or where barriers to access occur. Despite the obvious advantages to telehealth, the efficacy of virtual visits when compared to face-to-face health care interactions is a topic of much debate, especially with regards to areas of medicine which rely heavily on physical examination or demonstration of therapeutic exercises and …movements. In this commentary, we review the efficacy of telehealth with a focus on prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal pain conditions, and explore areas for future research. Show more

Keywords: Telehealth, musculoskeletal discomforts, new normal, e-Health, office workers, COVID-19

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220524

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1261-1264, 2023

Authors: Nasr, Cassandra | Bou Sanayeh, Elie | Nasr, Cynthia | Merheb, Georges | Massoud, Marcel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Burnout among medical students has always been a major concern. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in the prevalence rates of burnout among Lebanese pre-final and final year medical students while taking into consideration the impact of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) on both the academical and clinical experiences. METHODS: This is a multi-centered, survey-based, cross-sectional study conducted in October 2021. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory questionnaire was used on 120 medical students from three different medical schools in Lebanon. RESULTS: The overall burnout prevalence was 40.01%. When further dividing it into domains, 39.36% of students had personal …burnout, 41.52% had work-related burnout, and 39.16% had pandemic-related burnout. Theoretical learning and clinical training were reported to be affected in respectively 66.70% and 71.70%. However, only 10.00% of the students have regretted choosing medicine and 67.50% felt comfortable to get to the next academic level. CONCLUSION: High levels of burnout were reported among pre-final and final year medical students with a subsequent negative impact on their academic life and clinical training. Medical schools should start adopting a conscious view of how to guide medical students in finding adequate coping mechanisms during these times of crisis. Show more

Keywords: Burnout, clinical training, coronavirus, medical learning, medical students

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220243

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1265-1276, 2023

Authors: Ateş, Rumeysa | Yakut, Hatice

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers belong to an occupational group that is at high risk during the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The increased workload of healthcare workers and the accompanying psychosocial stress caused by the pandemic can affect musculoskeletal system disorders, physical activity status, sleep quality, and fatigue in this group. OBJECTIVE: To investigate musculoskeletal system disorders, physical activity level, sleep quality, and fatigue in healthcare workers with and without a COVID-19. METHODS: A total of 200 healthcare professionals aged 18-65 years with and without a history of COVID-19 were in the study. Data were collected between January …and March 2021. A “Preliminary Evaluation Form”, “Extended version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal System Questionnaire (NMQ-E)”, “the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF)” and “the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used for data collection”. RESULTS: It was determined that musculoskeletal system disorders did not differ significantly between healthcare workers with and without a COVID-19 history (p  > 0.05). It was found that the number of people with problems in the low-back region was higher in those with a COVID-19 history (p  = 0.002). In the sleep duration component, the scores of those who did not have a COVID-19 history were found to be significantly higher than those who did (p  = 0.10). In other comparisons, it was determined that there was no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that the number of people with problems in the low-back region was higher in those with a COVID-19 history. Those without a COVID-19 history had higher scores in sleep duration parameter. Show more

Keywords: Coronavirus, health personnel, low back pain, physical condition

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220283

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1277-1287, 2023

Authors: Hult, Marja | Välimäki, Tarja

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a need to shift from biomedical and pathogenic approaches to salutogenic approach. OBJECTIVE: To validate the Finnish version of the SHIS by testing its psychometric properties in care workers and to assess the SHIS score over time. METHODS: We first conducted a survey in 2020 (T1) and tested the psychometric properties of SHIS among care workers. We repeated the survey in spring 2022 (T2) among the same subjects. We analyzed the changes in SHIS, self-rated health (SRH), work ability (WAS), sickness absence and occupational calling between T1 and T2. Thereafter, we compared changes …between health care sectors’ and the other sectors’ care workers. RESULTS: The results showed an increase in positive health measured with the SHIS and the occupational calling, a decrease in the SRH, and an increase in the number of sickness-related absences among all the care workers between T1 and T2. There was no change in their WAS. The health care workers had a lower SHIS than the other sectors’ care workers in both T1 and T2, but the increase in their SHIS was parallel to that of the other workers. CONCLUSION: SHIS is a useful and reliable measure of positive health and can be used in studies when determining subjective health instead of, or in addition to, diagnoses. It was able to detect the health changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. SHIS is capable of capturing the underlying salutogenic approach of health promotive resources. Show more

Keywords: Care worker, COVID-19, nurse, salutogenesis, Salutogenic Health Indicator Scale

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220383

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1289-1298, 2023

Authors: Arnout, Boshra A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Cancer patients suffer from different losses. Studies have focused on examining grief resulting from cancer diagnosis and grief among caregivers of cancer patients and parents who lost their child to cancer. However, there are no studies on the grief resulting from losing a loved one in cancer patients. OBJECTIVE: This study examined female breast cancer patients’ grief and aimed to reveal how palliative care can help breast cancer who experience the grief of losing a loved one. METHODS: The study applied the qualitative case study design conducted with 10 women with breast cancer; their ages …ranged from 47 to 54 years. Data were collected during 18 in-depth interviews by asking semi-open-closed questions. RESULTS: Thematic analysis found that losing a partner negatively affected breast cancer patients’ mental health. The grief experience among breast cancer patients has many symptoms: sadness, severe anxiety, sleep disturbance, loneliness, and isolation. Results also indicated many risk factors that increase grief symptoms among breast cancer patients, such as quarantine procedures during the COVID-19 outbreak, extreme emotional attachment to a partner, guilt, self-blame, and social relations. Patients with breast cancer can face grief experienced by coping strategies such as: resorting to God, prayer, patience, and reading the Holy Qur’an. The results also emphasize the importance of integrating palliative care with treatment for breast cancer patients who experience the grief of loss. CONCLUSION: The grief of loss among breast cancer patients is a complex experience. These findings have many applied aspects that benefit planning counseling and psychological programs to increase positive coping strategies for those patients with breast cancer suffering from grief of loss disorder and provide psychological services that protect them from risk factors and reduce grief symptoms which reduce the effectiveness of cancer treatments due to the symptoms of traumatic loss of a partner. These findings also emphasize the importance of palliative care for cancer patients with complex distress. Show more

Keywords: Grief, breast cancer, palliative care, qualitative case study design, COVID-19

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220400

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1299-1308, 2023

Authors: Kurt, Mehmet Emin | Çapar, Haşim | Çakmak, Cuma | Türken, Askeri | Menteş, Nurettin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The measures developed to fight the COVID-19 pandemic caused fear, stress and anxiety in people over time. It was reported that pandemic fatigue, associated with the gradual loss of motivation to follow the implemented protective measures, emerged in societies. OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional-methodological study aimed to validate the Turkish version of the Pandemic Fatigue Scale, developed by Lilleholt et al. (2020). METHODS: A web-based questionnaire was conducted to examine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the PFS. 1149 participants from all regions in Turkey participated. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis …(CFA) were performed. RESULTS: As a result of the KMO and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity, the scale was suitable for the factor analysis. According to EFA, the scale has two sub-factors. The first sub-factor explained 48.7%, and the second sub-factor explained 16.7% of the total variance. Factor loadings of items varied between 0.67 and 0.89. CFA shows that acceptable fit values were obtained for the RMSEA, GFI, AGFI, CFI, NFI and IFI fit indices. CONCLUSIONS: The results support that PFS is a valid and reliable screening tool that can be used to measure the phenomenon of pandemic fatigue. Show more

Keywords: Pandemic fatigue scale, COVID-19, reliability, validity, Turkey

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211438

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1309-1319, 2023

Authors: Almhdawi, Khader A. | Alrabbaie, Hassan | Arabiat, Alaa | Almahdawi, Sawsan | Alhammouri, Ahmad T. | Nadar, Mohammed Shaban | Al-Tamimi, Feda | Obeidat, Donia | Alazrai, Alza | Jaber, Hanan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Nurses worldwide were exposed to increased levels of occupational stress during the COVID-19 pandemic which could have hindered their level of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). OBJECTIVES: This project investigated HRQoL level in nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic and its health and occupational predictors. METHODS: A cross-sectional design was adopted and targeted full-time nurses in Jordan. Study collected data included demographics, 12-item Short Form health survey (SF-12) to measure HRQoL, Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), nurses’ evaluation of work conditions during COVID-19, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS21). Data was analyzed descriptively to summarize main outcome …measures and using multiple linear regression model to identify factors significantly associated with HRQoL. RESULTS: In total 245 nurses successfully completed the survey, 39.6% were males with a mean age of 35±6 years. Participant SF-12 scores were 65.94±17.85 for physical component and 50.09±19.36 mental component. The statistical model significantly explained 53.2% of variance in HRQoL (r2  = 0.534, F  = 57.849, p  < 0.001). Better sleep quality self-evaluation was significantly associated with higher HRQoL levels, while increased levels of depression, musculoskeletal pain, and financial burden on family were significantly associated with worse HRQoL level. CONCLUSION: Jordanian nurses’ HRQoL level was relatively low during COVID-19. Sleep quality, mental health status, musculoskeletal health status, and financial status were identified as factors possibly influenced HRQoL among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nurses’ quality of life along with their mental and physical health should be considered by healthcare administrators in the remaining period of COVID-19 and in future similar emergencies. Show more

Keywords: Quality of life, occupational health, COVID-19, depression, stress, musculoskeletal pain

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211318

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1321-1329, 2023

Authors: Lundqvist, Daniel | Wallo, Andreas | Reineholm, Cathrine

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a need for more knowledge regarding the importance of managerial leadership for fostering well-being in the workplace and how context has been accounted for in previous research. OBJECTIVE: To carry out a literature review of previous research that empirically examines the importance of leadership for well-being in a Nordic working life context. METHODS: A rapid literature review was conducted with narrative analysis in 5 steps: establish focus, research questions, and inclusion criteria; literature search; relevance screening; quality assessment; data analysis. The search identified 4566 unique studies where 35 quantitative and five qualitative met …the relevance and quality criteria. RESULTS: Findings from quantitative and qualitative studies are presented. Transformational and supportive leadership are recurrently associated with employee well-being, although the qualitative studies also highlight adaptive leadership and leaders being available and providing space. Some connections are made to the Nordic context in the reviewed studies, but these connections are not fully elaborated. CONCLUSION: Leadership is related to employee well-being, although this relationship seems to be indirect, mediated by other factors in the working environment. The review identifies the need for more well-designed studies addressing the contextual factors of this relationship, and how leadership should be exercised in practice. Show more

Keywords: Manager, supervisor, employee, health, Nordic countries

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210063

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1331-1352, 2023

Authors: Nyman, Jennie | Ekbladh, Elin | Björk, Mathilda | Johansson, Peter | Sandqvist, Jan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a need for simple and suitable tools for assessing sleep in a natural home environment. OBJECTIVES: This study explores the feasibility in terms of implementation and acceptability of a new homebased ballistocardiographic (BCG) tool for objective sleep-assessment in a real-life context. METHODS: The participants included thirty-nine workers, taking part in two seven nights’ sleep-assessment periods. Objective data regarding sleep was collected with BCG. Subjective data regarding sleep was collected with a sleep diary. Implementation was analysed by determining the number of nights with usable signal quality and comparing with the total number of …potential nights and by exploring associations between objective and subjective sleep data. Acceptability was analysed by categorizing the participants’ experiences of how the BCG tool impacted the sleep. RESULTS: In terms of implementation, usable BCG data increased from 40% at assessment phase 1 to 70% during assessment phase 2. Moreover, in assessment phase 2, there was a significant moderate correlation between the ‘time in bed’ assessed by the BCG and in sleep diary by participants in the first five nights. In terms of acceptability, almost one third of the participants did not experience any impact of the BCG on the sleep. Two participants experienced a major negative impact on the sleep. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that the novel BCG tool could be feasible for objective assessing of sleep in workers natural home-environment in the future, but there is still a need for development of the BCG both regarding technology and implementation process. Show more

Keywords: Objective assessment, occupational health, vocational rehabilitation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211312

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1353-1360, 2023

Authors: Hong, Rei Mei | Hsu, Chen Yuan | Hu, Chia Jung

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fatigue in flight attendants is an important issue concerning flight safety and occupational health. It is well known that work-related factors and certain lifestyle habits can cause fatigue. But very few studies have focused on the difference between having work experience flight attendants and no flight experience trainees. OBJECTIVE: The present study was performed to compare and investigate the relationships between fatigue and health-related lifestyle habits among flight attendants and trainees. METHODS: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study with convenience sampling was conducted. A total of 107 flight attendants and 109 trainees were recruited in an international …airline. The research was using a self-developed health-related lifestyle habits questionnaire and the Checklist Individual Strength (CIS) scale. The relationships between health-related lifestyle habits and fatigue were examined by Pearson’s chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. Logistic regression was used to identify factors predicting fatigue among flight attendants and trainees. RESULTS: Nearly half of the participants had fatigue and poor health-related lifestyle habits. Logistic regression showed that trainees with sleeping hours less than 7 hours, had a higher probability of fatigue than those who sleep more than 7 hours. In addition, the flight attendants with an irregular sleep pattern, unbalanced diet, sedentary leisure-time, no use relaxation technique, and an exercise frequency below once a week had a higher probability of fatigue. CONCLUSION: The flight attendants’ sleep patterns, diet, activity, and relaxation had a more significant impact on fatigue than trainees. Therefore, a healthy lifestyle is important in this population for good workplace performance. Show more

Keywords: Fatigue, habits, flight attendant, occupational health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211355

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1361-1369, 2023

Authors: Soyuer, Ferhan | Cankurtaran, Feyzan | Menevşe, Özlem | Zararsız, Gözde Ertürk

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Aging is a process that includes progressive physiological changes. Grip strength is an important indicator of current health in the elderly. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to examine the correlation between dominant-hand grip strength (HGS) and cognitive function, mid-upper arm circumference, muscle-bone mass, balance, mobility, and daily life activities in elderly individuals living in nursing homes and determine the effect rates of these factors on HGS. METHODS: Seventy-two elderly individuals aged over 65 who lived in a nursing home were included in the study. Dominant HGS and mid-upper forearm circumference were measured. Muscle …and bone masses were measured with bioelectrical impedance analysis. Mid-upper arm circumference was measured using a non-elastic tape. HGS was measured using a hand dynamometer. Cognitive function was evaluated with the Standardized Mini-Mental Test (SMMT); mobility and balance were evaluated with the Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS); the Katz Activities of Daily Living Scale (KATZ ADL) was used to evaluate daily life activities. RESULTS: There was a significant correlation between HGS and muscle and bone masses (p  < 0.001). A significant correlation was found between HGS and TUGT, ADL (p  = 0.001, p  = 0.016). There was no significant correlation between HGS and BBS (p  = 0.2). There was a correlation between HGS and SMMT at the statistical significance limit (p  = 0.055). On HGS, the Body Mass Index had a 64.9% effect; the muscle mass had a 30.9% effect; the TUGT had a 27.7% effect. These parameters were found to explain 59.9% of the variance. CONCLUSION: As a global indicator of muscle strength, HGS can be used to predict age-related functional changes. Approaches to increase physical activity levels in elderly can be effective in reducing age-related negativities. Show more

Keywords: Grip strength, geriatric, anthropometric, function, balance, mobility

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205075

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1371-1378, 2023

Authors: Intolo, Pattariya | Dailey, Matthew N. | Rodamporn, Somphop | Sirichaiwatjanadeacha, Kodchanach | Tabhom, Nattamon | Sutaro, Punyavee

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Smartphones are very convenient and accessible communication devices. Smartphone usage over long durations with poor posture can lead to musculoskeletal pain in adult users. OBJECTIVE: To compare pain in the neck, shoulder, upper back, lower back, arm, hand, and eye regions. METHODS: Thirty-five asymptomatic adults aged 18-25 years were divided into two groups: 1. use of an innovative smartphone app for the promotion of ergonomic behaviour (app use) and 2. no use of the innovative smartphone app (no app use). Participants sat upright, holding a smartphone with two hands, eyes 30-40 cm away from the screen, …with frequent breaks consisting of stretching the neck and hand muscles while resting the eyes. The task involved taking part in online social networking for a duration of 45 minutes. A body pain chart and the visual analog scale (VAS) were used to evaluate the location and severity of pain. RESULTS: Pain in the neck, shoulder, upper back, arm, and hand regions in the “app use” condition were significantly lower than in the “no app use” condition at 15, 30, and 45 min (p -value<0.05). However, there were negligible differences between the two groups for eye pain, and lower back pain. CONCLUSION: Pain in the neck, shoulder, upper back, and arm regions in adult users in the “app use” condition was less than in the “no app use” condition. We would recommend that adults use the innovative smartphone app to prevent the risk of musculoskeletal pain potentially caused by smartphone usage. Show more

Keywords: Adults, smartphone app, posture, pain, sitting upright

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210043

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1379-1389, 2023

Authors: Kalteh, Haji Omid | Samaei, Seyed Ehsan | Mokarami, Hamidreza | Ghalenoei, Mehran | Akbarian, Nadali | Taban, Ebrahim

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Job-related psychosocial factors have a substantial effect on the occurrence of adverse events among healthcare professionals. OBJECTIVE: An analytical and descriptive survey was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the occurrence of patient safety incidents and psychological factors. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 177 nurses who were asked about patient safety events over six months. Repetitive patient safety incidents were selected by examining medical records and interviewing specialists. Also, psychological factors were assessed using job content questionnaire (JCQ). RESULTS: Repetitive patient safety incidents were involved medication administration error, pressure ulcer and skin-muscular …injuries, patient falls, inability to CPR patients, blood transfusion reactions, and death due to human error. The findings showed that 92 participants (52%) had at least one case of patient safety incident. Among patient safety incidents, medication administration error and death due to human error had the highest and lowest repletion, respectively. Nurses training, job insecurity and peer support were significant predictors of different aspects of patient safety (p  < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Proper collaboration between new and experienced nurses can have a significant impact to reduce patient safety incidents. In addition, nursing training can be a good way to understand risk points in medical errors. Show more

Keywords: Safety patient, nurse, job content, psychosocial factors, medical errors

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210086

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1391-1399, 2023

Authors: Otte, Thomas | Decuman, Saskia | Gelade, Wouter | Duyver, Corentin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is willingness in Europe to implement the use of a biopsychosocial model such as the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) for assessing work incapacity. OBJECTIVE: A preliminary study was conducted to investigate the perceptions of medical advisers on the value of structuring clients’ biopsychosocial information in an ICF-based report. METHOD: A sample (n  = 101) received a perception questionnaire after watching two comparative videos based on a clinical case. Questions relating to work incapacity were also asked. The data was analysed using quantitative methods. Comments were also collected. RESULTS: Before …knowing the ICF-based report, 61.96% of the respondents believed a return to work seems possible by providing adapted work or a different job. There is an increase of 8.69 pp (p-value: 0.077) after reading the report. Opening up the initial sample to more insurance physicians (n  = 119), the difference is more significant (p-value: 0.012). Also, 71.9% of respondents believe they have a better view of the client’s biopsychosocial situation after reading the report. Respondents recognise the clinical and diagnostic relevance of ICF but say it cannot be used at the moment for various reasons, such as the time required or the need for a multidisciplinary team and effective coordination. Older respondents are less enthusiastic about the appropriateness of using ICF. CONCLUSION: The respondents identify an added value in having a biopsychosocial based-report. After learning about the report, more physicians see opportunities for professional re-integration than before. The medical advisers and their team must be strengthened and receive a clear role in order to empower them. Show more

Keywords: International classification of functioning, disability and health, work capacity evaluation, occupational therapy, vocational rehabilitation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210247

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1401-1418, 2023

Authors: Estrázulas, Jansen Atier | Estrázulas, Jaisson Agne | Gheller, Rodrigo Ghedini | Gadotti, Inae Caroline | Moro, Antônio Renato Pereira | Vieira, Edgar Ramos

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Backpacks used by children is a global concern, because may cause musculoskeletal discomforts and pain. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test the usability and effects on gait kinematics wearing the Trunkpack versus a traditional backpack and no backpack. METHODS: Twenty-four children (9 to 11 years old) from a public school participated in this study. The usability was evaluated after a five-week testing period using a questionnaire. Gait kinematics was evaluated (Vicon) when the children were wearing a standard backpack, an optimized backpack (Trunkpack), and no backpack. Both backpacks were loaded with 10% …of body weight. RESULTS: Was observed more trunk, hip and knee flexion when the children carried a standard backpack in comparison using the Trunkpack and not carrying a backpack (p  < 0.01). The Trunkpack and no backpack were similar. The Trunkpack was well accepted by the schoolchildren (81% positive responses), 79% liked the head opening, 88% liked the waist straps, and 83% liked the facility to put and take objects in and out of the Trunkpack. CONCLUSION: Trunkpack requires less postural adjustments during gait than a standard backpack. Gait kinematics with the Trunkpack was comparable to the gait without carrying a backpack. Show more

Keywords: Usability, biomechanics, ergonomics, children, backpack

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210261

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1419-1427, 2023

Authors: Aladag, Omer | Altinpinar, Ishak

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: New technologies for ships affect many aspects of seafarers’ lives at work. Nowadays, many shipowners provide their ships with internet access for the personal use of the crew. After all these developments, nomophobia is no longer a phenomenon far from seafarers. Nomophobia affects mental health and motivation in seafarers, like all people who can use smartphones. Until now, there has been no study investigating nomophobia in seafarers and its effects on life at sea. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of nomophobia among seafarers and examine the causes and consequences of differences between groups. …METHODS: A previously designed and tested questionnaire was used to determine nomophobia and its effects on seafarers. Three hundred fifty one seafarers participated in the study. ANOVA and T-tests were performed with SPSS 22 package program to find significant differences. RESULTS: Nomophobia differed significantly according to age groups, gender, and education level. Headache and fatigue increased in direct proportion to the level of nomophobia. CONCLUSION: It was found that 65.2% of the seafarers had moderate to severe nomophobia. Show more

Keywords: Mobile phone, addiction, workplace safety, seafarers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210948

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1429-1435, 2023

Authors: Izadi, Nazanin | Saraie, Maryam | Aminian, Omid | Forouzan, Nazanin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Occupational stress is one of the most important factors affecting nurse performance. However, there is a lack of data about the association between occupational stress and performance. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the occupational stress level and its association with job performance in hospital staff. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 hospital staff of Tehran University of medical sciences in 2018. Subjects completed the World Health Organization Health and Work Performance questionnaire (WHO HPQ) for demographic and occupational characteristics, and the Short Form of Copenhagen questionnaire. RESULTS: …The demand and individual interface domain received the highest and the lowest score of occupational stress respectively. We found that the median for absenteeism distribution was 16 hours and, in our study, less than 10 % of the nurses had low performance. Working in intensive care units, fewer night shifts, higher income, higher levels of vitality, and social support could decrease absenteeism. In addition, staff who felt more supported and reported lower emotional demands had higher performance. CONCLUSION: Since higher levels of social support could have positive influences on reducing absenteeism and improving performance, it is recommended that hospital managers should be encouraged to use educational programs, coping behaviors, and effective interventions to improve social support. Financial incentives are a factor that could also be used to reduce absenteeism. Show more

Keywords: Occupational stress, nurse, work performance, absenteeism, presenteeism

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211015

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1437-1445, 2023

Authors: Buuck, Sabine | Voll, Stefan | Jansen, Petra

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The findings of the effectiveness of physical activity on adults’ cognitive abilities have not yet been transferred into corresponding fields of application. OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluates a motor-cognitive coordination programme in a company to improve employees’ cognitive performance in the short and medium term. METHODS: A total of 67 employees — 32 men and 35 women aged between 19 and 61 years — participated in this study, and 55 completed the study. The sample was randomly divided into an experimental group, which received a motor-cognitive coordination training, and a control group, which received a …relaxation and mobility training. Both groups met for 15-minute sessions three times a week for eight weeks. Before and after the intervention, working memory, attention, information-processing capacity, divergent thinking, and mood were measured. In addition, acute effects regarding attention and mood were tested. RESULTS: The results showed that the motor-cognitive coordination break improves working memory and divergent thinking after eight weeks of intervention, whereas neither the mood nor the information processing speed improved more for the experimental group compared to the control group. The results on the acute increase in attention performance failed to reach significance. CONCLUSION: The new approach of this study was not only the derivation and development of targeted exercises, but also their testing and evaluation in the field of application. Motor-cognitive coordination exercise in the workplace might play an important role in both occupational health management and personnel development, especially for companies that are under highly competitive and innovative pressure. Show more

Keywords: Exercise, workplace health promotion, coordination training, cognition, executive functions, working memory, divergent thinking

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211206

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1447-1460, 2023

Authors: Dewangan, K.N. | Patel, Thaneswer | Vidhu, K.P. | Khumukcham, B.S. | Lusang, I. | Sumpi, N. | Yudik, L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The hand anthropometric data is the baseline for design of hand tools and equipment. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to generate the hand anthropometric database of male and female agricultural workers and compare it with the hand anthropometric data of other regions of India. The use of collected data is illustrated to design hand tools and protective gear. METHODS: Hand anthropometric data were collected from 228 male and 198 female agricultural workers of northeast India. A total of 35 hand dimensions, stature and body mass from different tribes in the age group of 18–60 years were …precisely measured. Measured data were statistically analysed to study the effects of gender, ethnicity, and age on hand dimensions. Correlation coefficients were determined among hand dimensions and linear regression equations were developed between highly correlated dimensions. RESULTS: The results show that all hand dimensions of the male and female subjects are significantly different (p  < 0.01). Most of the hand dimensions were significantly different (p  < 0.05) among different tribes for the male subjects. However, less number of hand dimensions were significantly different among tribes for the female subjects. Age of the subjects has significant effects (p  < 0.01) on dimensions related to thickness, depth and circumference of fingers. The use of these data in the ergonomic design of hand tools and personal protective gear is illustrated to increase safety and comfort as well as efficiency of operators. CONCLUSION: There is a difference in the hand dimensions of different tribes of northeast India. This needs to be considered when designing agricultural hand tools and equipment. Show more

Keywords: Hand anthropometric survey, hand dimensions, gender and ethnic variations, farmers, design of hand tools, PPE

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211238

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1461-1480, 2023

Authors: Karatrantou, Konstantina | Gerodimos, Vassilis

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: One of the most important steps for the successful designing, execution, and sustainability of a workplace wellness program is the evaluation stage. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this research was to create a comprehensive wellness profile through selected and reliable testing protocols used for the evaluation of health, functional capacity, and physical fitness in office employees. METHODS: One hundred office employees (32–55year-old) were evaluated to create a comprehensive wellness profile. Health indices (body composition, blood pressure, respiratory function, lipidemic profile), musculoskeletal pains, functional capacity, physical fitness (cervical, handgrip, back, leg strength, cardiorespiratory fitness), and lifestyle behaviors …(physical activity levels, viewing habits, smoking, alcohol consumption) were measured. Thirty of the participants performed two assessment sessions to examine the reliability of functional capacity and physical fitness indices. RESULTS: A significant proportion of employees were overweight (40.7%) and obese (18.5%). The largest percentage of employees (78%) presented musculoskeletal problems in various areas of the body (higher rates in lower back, neck, and/or hip). A large percentage of the employees (40–65%) showed low-moderate levels in selected indices of health, physical activity (<6000 steps/day), functional capacity and physical fitness, and high levels of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors. The test-retest reliability for the assessment of functional capacity and physical fitness profile was high for all testing variables (ICC = 0.92-0.99; SEM%  = 2.5–4.5). CONCLUSION: The testing protocols are reliable and can be used in conjunction with the reference values created to evaluate selected health and wellness indicators in office-employees. Show more

Keywords: Physical activity, workplace, lifestyle behaviors, testing – evaluation, productivity

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211292

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1481-1489, 2023

Authors: Nuñez-Castillo, Saul | Martínez Alcántara, Susana | Zamora-Macorra, Mireya

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fatigue and sleep disturbances are among the most common disorders suffered by transport drivers. OBJECTIVE: To identify and analyze working conditions for Mexican federal transportation truck and bus drivers, and their connection with sleep disorders and fatigue. METHODS: A cross-sectional, quantitative study was performed with a convenience sample of 172 drivers (84 truck and 88 bus) by applying the Survey Evaluation and Monitoring of Workers Health (PROESSAT in Spanish) and the Yoshitake Fatigue questionnaire. RESULTS: Night work and performing hazardous work increased the prevalence of sleep disorders (PR = 3.9 and PR = 6.9, respectively). Poor lighting …and being paid per trip increased the prevalence of fatigue (PR = 2.8 and PR = 2.5, respectively). CONCLUSION: Several conditions were found to impact health, including long work shifts, strenuous physical effort, night work, little social support, being paid by distance, strict quality controls, and risk of crimes such as extortion, robbery, attacks, and kidnapping. Show more

Keywords: Working conditions, transport truck drivers, bus drivers, fatigue, sleep disorders.

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211298

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1491-1496, 2023

Authors: Hoshino, Aiko | Shirato, Aki | Kutsuna, Ichiro | Uemura, Jun-ichi | Chishima, Makoto

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In Japan, women’s participation in the workforce has been increasing. However, there are few studies about gender differences in stress factors in the workplace. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to clarify gender differences in psychosocial factors in the workplace related to severe stress. METHODS: In total, 930 male and 339 female employees working in a construction company in Japan participated in this study. We used individual responses to the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire (BJSQ) conducted by their company for the most recent year between 2016 and 2019. Data were categorized by gender, and we extracted the factors …contributing to severe stress using logistic regression. RESULTS: We identified 142 men and 32 women who had severe stress. Logistic regression analysis showed that six factors (“Qualitative job overload”, “Job control”, “Interpersonal conflict”, “Poor physical environment”, “Supervisor’s support”, and “Job satisfaction and life satisfaction”) were significantly associated with the presence of severe stress in men. In women, five factors (“Qualitative job overload”, “Job control”, “Interpersonal conflict”, “Suitable work”, and “Job satisfaction and life satisfaction”) showed a significant association with severe stress. CONCLUSION: Factors associated with severe stress were “Poor physical environment” and “Supervisor’s support” in men, and “Suitable work” in women. Show more

Keywords: Workplace, occupations, gender role, mental health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211307

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1497-1506, 2023

Authors: Iqbal, Muhammad Umer | Ahmad, Naveed | Khan, Zunaira Saif Ullah | Awan, Maryam | Zafar, Ibraheem | Safdar, Ghalia | Altaf, Shafaq | Sajjad, Abdul Ghafoor | Kiyani, Mubin Mustafa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In the recent era, musculoskeletal disorders have affected millions of people worldwide. Chefs and other workers of the catering industry are at high risk of physical stresses, which makes them susceptible to develop various musculoskeletal pains and disorders. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to examine the frequency of musculoskeletal symptoms among chefs working in restaurants of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 307 chef participants from the restaurants of the twin cities. The participants were included via convenient sampling and data was collected through Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), …Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) and Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) from February to July 2021. RESULTS: Out of 307 participants, 285 were males and 22 were females with a mean age of 32.87±7.03 years. The working duration of 192 chefs were 9–12 hours while 106 and 9 chefs worked only for 4–8 and more than 12 hours, respectively. A total of 101 chefs reported lower back and knee pain. The chefs presented with pain in the shoulders, upper back and ankle as well as feet areas were 98, 93 and 26 respectively. CONCLUSION: Chefs can develop musculoskeletal symptoms including pain as a result of increased physical stress on their bodies during their work, specifically in the lower back and knee area. Show more

Keywords: Fatigue, low back pain, musculoskeletal pain, nordic questionnaire, restaurant chef

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211321

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1507-1513, 2023

Authors: Meng, Qian | Jia, Wenxiu

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The dropping out of university students is a serious problem faced by higher education all over the world. Studies have shown that academic hardiness is a positive psychological variable to prevent students from dropping out of university and academic burnout. Psychological hardiness can reduce the dropping out by increasing university students’ academic engagement and academic achievement. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to discover the influence of psychological hardiness on university student’s academic achievement and the mediating role of academic engagement in the relationship between psychological hardiness and academic achievement. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 615 participants. …METHODS: Pearson correlation coefficients were conducted to analyze the relationships between psychological hardiness, academic engagement and academic achievement. Mediation analysis was used to evaluate the mediating role of academic engagement in the relationship between psychological hardiness and academic achievement. RESULTS: The research indicated a closely significant association between psychological hardiness, academic engagement and academic achievement. Psychological hardiness can directly predict academic achievement and can also indirectly predict academic achievement through the intermediary effect of academic engagement. CONCLUSION: This study could have important implications for research by linking psychological hardiness and academic achievement. The results suggest that universities should pay attention to the positive role psychological hardiness plays in improving university students’ academic achievement. This study also benefits the university administrators, especially, those dealing with university students at the risk of dropping out and high academic stress. Show more

Keywords: University students, psychological hardiness, academic engagement, academic achievement, students dropouts

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211358

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1515-1525, 2023

Authors: Fernandes, Kelly | Sá dos Reis, Cláudia | Serranheira, Florentino

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) are a significant occupational health concern in radiographers. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe radiographers’ WRMSDs symptoms prevalence and severity, exploring associations with occupational risk factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore WRMSDs symptoms and occupational risk factors in radiographers of Western Switzerland using an online survey, based on the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). Descriptive statistics were conducted to analyze the collected data, and associative statistics to identify the risk factors related to symptoms. RESULTS: Participants (n  = 359) presented a high prevalence of WRMSDs symptoms in the …last 12 months (94.7%), with a related absenteeism rate of 15.6%. In the last 7 days, symptoms prevalence was 67.7%. The most affected anatomical regions, over both time periods, were the neck (73.0%, 36.8%) and low back (67.4%, 35.7%). Associative statistics underlined risk factors affecting significantly radiographers’ health (OR >2) were the “awkward postures” (OR = 2.86; 95% CI 1.78–4.58) and “feeling anxiety/stress at work” both for low back (OR = 2.38; 95% CI 1.39–4.08), and being a woman for the neck (OR = 2.64; 95% CI 1.51–4.61). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high WRMSDs symptoms prevalence in Western Switzerland radiographers. Radiographers’ work demands namely for awkward postures increases the odds for WRMSDs symptoms presence, affecting predominantly neck, upper and lower back. Our data suggest that further research is needed to implement adapted prevention to this specific context. Show more

Keywords: Occupational diseases, work-related musculoskeletal disorders symptoms, nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire, diagnostic imaging, risk assessment and management

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211379

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1527-1537, 2023

Authors: Maleki-Ghahfarokhi, Azam | Azghani, Mahmood-Reza | Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad | Dianat, Iman

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Using both hands is regularly needed for force/torque exertions in many activities, especially when using hand tools. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of tool grip span, workpiece orientation, moving direction, and working height on two-handed wrist U/R deviation torque strength, usability, comfort, and discomfort while using locking pliers. METHODS: Participants (n  = 22) took part in an experimental study which evaluated the effects of tool grip span (4.5–6.5 cm), workpiece orientation (transverse/sagittal), moving direction (clockwise (CW)/counterclockwise (CCW)), and working height (shoulder/elbow/knuckle) on two-handed wrist U/R deviation torque, (dis)comfort, and usability while using locking pliers. RESULTS: …The results showed no significant effect of tool grip span on wrist U/R deviation torque strength, but the locking pliers with 4.5 cm handle grip span led to more comfort and better usability. The two-handed wrist U/R deviation torque strengths were significantly higher in sagittal plane than in transverse plane, and in CW direction than in CCW direction. The highest values of two-handed wrist U/R deviation torque strength in sagittal and transverse planes were exerted in knuckle and elbow heights, respectively. CONCLUSION: The findings can be used to develop guidelines and recommendations with regard to daily and occupational activities which require the use of both hands for force exertion with manual hand tools. Show more

Keywords: Hand tools, locking pliers, two-handed torque, usability, wrist torque

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211397

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1539-1549, 2023

Authors: Simal, Eduardo | Catalá, Joaquín | Arnal, José M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The weak preventive culture among workers in the construction sector leads to the underestimation of risks posed by the presence or handling of chemical agents on-site and, consequently, harms workers’ health. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this paper are to classify exposure to chemical agents present or used on-site, determine workers’ perception of said agents and establish the influence that socio-demographic variables have on chemical agent exposure and the perception of such exposure. METHODS: A total of 490 workers in the Spanish construction sector participated in this study. The data were gathered through a self-administered questionnaire …that explored socio-demographic characteristics, the degree of exposure to chemical agents, attitudes toward exposure and the prevention of consequences. The underlying dimensions of perception were researched using an adapted version of the questionnaire used by the Paul Slovic group to apply the psychometric paradigm. RESULTS: The levels of exposure to and handling of chemical agents found in the sample were high and moderate, respectively. The participants were found to have advanced knowledge about the effects of exposure, with the majority of the workers considering the probability of suffering a serious disease to be low. Statistically significant associations were found between the socio-demographic variables identified in the sample and the various exposure characteristics. A factor analysis performed on the underlying dimensions of perception provided a final version of the instrument comprising two factors. CONCLUSION: Measures are needed to improve the preventive culture among workers in the construction sector and reinforce on-site preventive measures aimed at preventing or minimising the consequences of exposure to chemical agents. Show more

Keywords: Construction workers, occupational disease, psychometric paradigm, perceived risk

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211420

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1551-1561, 2023

Authors: Alangari, Hessa M. | Alrashed, Abeer M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In recent times, Saudi Arabia has experienced growing industrialisation and more opportunities for business requires more human capital if it is to become one of the largest economies in the world and such growth brings with it some health issues. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to provide analytical illustration of occupational injuries among the workforce in Saudi Arabia. To accomplish the study purpose, four measurements were carried out, the occurrence of occupational injuries, the severity of occupational injuries, the patterns in occupational injuries, and the occupational injuries in relation to the demography of the injured employees. …METHODS: A retrospective study was designed based on a secondary data of occupational injuries (OI) that was obtained from the General Organization for Social Insurance. Descriptive analysis was used to describe the occurrence and the outcome of OI. Multivariate regression was applied to the patterns in OI and to those injuries in relation to the demography of the injured employees. RESULTS: Within two years, Riyadh Province had the highest occurrence of OI (30.6%). Construction and Elementary occupations had the highest occurrence of OI (36.3% and 45.7% respectively). Injuries’ occurrence differed significantly between months. Fridays significantly associated with low injuries. Among demography, injuries differed significantly in relation to the employees’ age. CONCLUSIONS: There was no noticeable decrease in death cases from an earlier local study while they were less compared to other nations (Turkey and South Korea). Compared to other nation, Islamic holidays that are characterized by heat waves were not associated with increased OI. Preventive measures are insufficient. Show more

Keywords: Occupational accidents, work related injury, Saudi Arabia

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211424

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1563-1576, 2023

Authors: Hesari, Reza Zandavar Javad | Rasoulzadeh, Yahya | Mohammadian, Yousef | Nasirzadeh, Nafiseh

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Years ago, the use of asbestos in construction materials was common. Although asbestos has been recently banned in many countries, exposure to asbestos during old building demolition is not unexpected. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the concentration of exposure to asbestos and estimate its cancer risk among old building demolition workers. METHODS: In this study, personal air samples were collected during building demolition. The number of asbestos fibers in collected samples were determined according to the NIOSH-7400 standard method. Chemical compositions of fibers were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The …carcinogenic risk of exposure to asbestos was determined based on the recommended United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) method and Monte-Carlo simulation used to estimate the probability of cancer. RESULTS: Chemical analysis confirmed the presence of asbestos in collected air samples, and 67% of counted fibers were asbestos. In a number of buildings, workers had exposed to asbestos that was higher than occupational exposure limit (0.10 f/ml). Results of cancer risk estimation showed that cancer risk were considerable among workers. CONCLUSION: Implementation of asbestos risk management program such as separation of asbestos containing material, personal protective equipment’s and use of wet method in demolition could minimize asbestos exposure during old building demolition. Show more

Keywords: Airborne asbestos, building, demolition, cancer risk, occupational exposure

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211433

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1577-1584, 2023

Authors: Gany, Francesca M. | Meraji, Nujbat Nasim | Narang, Bharat | Wu, Minlun | Leng, Jennifer

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: New York City’s (NYC’s) taxi/for-hire vehicle (FHV) drivers have occupational and demographic characteristics associated with food insecurity (low income, comorbidities, minority race/ethnicity). OBJECTIVE: To analyze food insecurity rates in a sample of NYC drivers and to identify associated factors. METHODS: At health fairs, we recruited a cross-sectional sample of licensed taxi/FHV drivers willing to receive study text messages. Most lacked a primary care provider. Food insecurity prevalence and associations with health and economic indicators were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 503 participants who completed a 2-item food security screener, 39.2% were food insecure. Significantly fewer …food insecure than food secure drivers reported a doctor visit within the past year (48% vs 25%; P  < .001). Food insecure drivers had greater weekly traffic ticket expenditure ($34 vs $24; P  = .02) and were more likely to report insufficient household income (61% vs 39%; P  < .001) and history of depression (14% vs 7%; P  = .02), to have elevated (>200) measured total cholesterol (50% vs 37%; P  = .02), and to have Perceived Stress Scale scores indicating greater stress than food secure drivers (14 vs 11; P  = .002). In a binary logistic regression analysis, drivers who reported that their total household income was enough to meet their basic needs had significantly lower odds of being food insecure (0.695 odds ratio; P  = .016). CONCLUSION: Food insecurity was high in this group of taxi/FHV drivers. Food insecurity interventions are needed and could be occupationally based, with worksite screening and resource navigation. Policies should address improving wages and healthcare access. Show more

Keywords: Workplace, stress, psychological, food insecurity, primary health care, ethnicity

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211471

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1585-1594, 2023

Authors: Ruennusan, Metta | Chaikittiporn, Chalermchai | Taptagaporn, Sasitorn | Boonshuyar, Chaweewon

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Most ergonomics assessment tools for repetitive task have been used in industries which are mainly focused on assessing the biomechanical risk factors that affect musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) rather than the psychosocial and work environment risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To develop a tool for Repetitive Task Risk Assessment (RTRA) and Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) that can identify biomechanical, physical stress and psychosocial risk factors, prioritize risk reduction action and systematic record keeping. METHODS: The study consisted of 2 phases; tool development and evaluation of the contents of risk factors by 7 ergonomic experts and intra-rater and …inter-rater reliability and validity tests of the tool by 1 researcher and 9 Thai practitioners to assess 30 repetitive tasks. RESULTS: RULA was modified by adding more biomechanical risk, combining psychosocial and work environment risk factors lead to MSD become the first prototype of RTRA. The Item-Objective Congruence Index (IOC) validated 20 items on usability of each step of the RTRA ranged between 0.64 and 0.93. The examination of the overall intra-rater reliability was 0.932 (95% CI: 0.862–0.967) and the overall inter-rater was 0.956 (95% CI: 0.909–0.978). CONCLUSION: The tool has high test-retest reliability. There is a suggestion for researchers to understand more on the identification of multiple risk factors in one assessment tool and consider a risk-level rating and scoring for prioritizing risk reduction. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics risk assessment tool, observation method, risk prioritization

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220039

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1595-1611, 2023