Work - Volume 72, issue 4

Authors: Davenport, Katie E. | Morgan, Nicole R. | McCarthy, Kimberly J. | Bleser, Julia A. | Aronson, Keith R. | Perkins, Daniel F.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Underemployment is a challenge for the civilian workforce and a particular risk for veterans as they transition from military service to civilian employment. Workers’ economic and demographic characteristics factor into underemployment risk. Veterans may be at greater risk due to specific economic and demographic factors, transitional factors (e.g., geographic relocation), and characteristics of their military service (e.g., military skill alignment with civilian jobs). OBJECTIVES: Describe underemployment experiences in employed post-9/11 veterans three years after their military transition to the civilian workforce. METHODS: The current study uses self-reported underemployment experience data from a longitudinal study of …transitioning veterans. This study compares average perceptions of veteran underemployment experiences by specific groups (e.g., by race, gender, and paygrade) using analysis of variance and logistic regression. RESULTS: Veterans reported underemployment in their current jobs based on a perceived mismatch between the skills, education, and/or leadership experience they gained during military service. CONCLUSIONS: Veterans who were enlisted rank, identified as non-White, completed a bachelor’s degree, and indicated PTSD symptoms reported higher pervasive underemployment. Intervention implications for the results, such as employer and veteran employment supports, are discussed. Show more

Keywords: Veterans, transition, underemployment, subjective experience, military

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210029

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1349-1357, 2022

Authors: Hennaert, S. | Decuman, S. | Désiron, H. | Alles, T. | Bühne, D. | Braeckman, L. | De Baets, S. | Van de Velde, D.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The assessment of work capacity, workable work and the need for a common language is challenging in labour market policy. Being a specific instrument to facilitate Return To Work (RTW), the Integration von Menschen mit Behinderungen in die Arbeitswelt (IMBA) might facilitate the documentation of the individual’s work capacity, the job-related workload and the match between these two elements. Since the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is worldwide recognized as frame of reference in RTW, this paper presents the linking of IMBA to the ICF, since this is assumed to be beneficial to support RTW. …OBJECTIVE: The establishment of the IMBA-ICF linking in order to study 1) the relationship between IMBA and ICF; 2) the content comparison of IMBA with work-related ICF core sets; and 3) the extent to which the linking addresses the challenges in RTW policy. METHODS: A content comparison of IMBA and ICF was conducted, using a 7- step linking methodology in which the Delphi and Nominal Group Technique are integrated in the implementation of the ICF linking rules. An explorative conversion of the scoring systems of IMBA and ICF was established based on expert opinions. RESULTS: In the main 70 IMBA items, 107 concepts have been identified of which 94 were linked to 87 different ICF categories. Body functions and activities and participation are the most presented ICF components in contrast to the environmental factors. IMBA items regarding occupational safety and work organization are respectively ‘not covered’ and ‘not defined’ in ICF. CONCLUSIONS: An integration of IMBA and ICF addresses the challenges in RTW policy in the assessment of work capacity, workable work and the need for a common language. In order to do so, extension of ICF terminology regarding ‘occupational safety’ and ‘work organization’ is priority. In depth quantitative research is necessary to support the conversion of both scoring systems. Show more

Keywords: Disability evaluation, vocational rehabilitation, return to work, international classification of functioning, disability and health, IMBA, linking rules

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210257

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1359-1380, 2022

Authors: Pallesen, Hanne | Honore, Helene | Aadal, Lena | Kjeldsen, Simon Svanborg

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In 2019, an educational programme was implemented in a sub-acute in-hospital neurorehabilitation clinic for patients with severe acquired brain injury (sABI). The programme was initiated to enhance staff competencies related to identifying and improving active participation among patients with sABI. OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to evaluate the implementation effectiveness of the educational programme. METHODS: Mixed methods were chosen to assess implementation effectiveness as perceived by staff and patients. RESULTS: A survey of the professional’s experience showed an increase in perceived competence after each completed seminar and from before the first seminar to after …the last completed seminar. These results were confirmed and elaborated through staff focus group interviews. The proportion of patients achieving active participation increased from 45% before to 75% after implementation (six of eight patients). CONCLUSION: Exploring the implementation effectiveness of the educational programme seemed clinically valuable and showed a promising and probable effect of an implementation process. Show more

Keywords: Health services research, brain injuries, rehabilitation education, public health professional, professional competence, implementation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205343

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1381-1396, 2022

Authors: Hosseinpouri, Mahdi | Majarshin, Vahid Mirzaei | Sheikhmozafari, Mohammad Javad | Ahmadi, Omran

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Considering that the frequency of a factor contribution to accidents occurrence is not always a reason for the importance of that factor, in addition to studying the participation of basic risk factors (BRFs) in the occurrence of the accidents, their importance must be investigated. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study is to propose a quantitative methodology for monitoring BRFs based on Tripod Beta and Tripod Delta methods. METHODS: In the present study, first, the accidents that took place in the manufacturing companies were analyzed using a reactive approach, ie Tripod Beta. In the second …step, a proactive, ie Tripod Delta was used to identify the weaknesses in the companies using safety performance indicators. Finally, a quantitative methodology for monitoring BRFs was proposed. RESULTS: According to the results of the accident analysis, training with 33 cases, hardware with 30 cases, procedures with 25 cases and error induce conditions with 14 cases were the most frequent contributing basic risk factors to the accidents. The lowest score of the basic risk factor indicators was related to the organization (4.9), design (8.8), training (8.3), procedures (8.3), and hardware (8.7). Based on the results, maintenance management, hardware, and training have the highest weight in the occurrence of accidents, 0.23, 0.179, and 0.125, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: he proposed methodology helps the organization to continuously improve safety performance by identifying system’s weaknesses before the accident and invest optimally in the system’s critical points. Show more

Keywords: Accident analysis, performance indicators, tripod beta, tripod delta

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205313

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1397-1408, 2022

Authors: Kazemi, Morteza | Hushmandi, Kiavash | Vahedian-Azimi, Amir | Moayyed, Majid | Karimi, Leila | Goharrizi, Mohammad Ali Sheikh Beig | Salesi, Mahmood | Parastouei, Karim | Raei, Mehdi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In each community, health problems’ patterns and geographical changes are of prime importance to determine high and low-risk areas. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the Spatial patterning of occupational stress and its related factors in Iranian critical care nurses using a hierarchical Bayesian technique METHODS: The current research was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study. The data includes the number of critical care unit nurses who show a high stress level based on a questionnaire. We used variables such as age, gender, collaboration status, working time, marital status, clinical experience, education, supervisor support, stress score, and …working on holiday days for this study. The survey participants had to be at least 18 years old, a registered nurse, and working in the intensive care unit (ICU). OpenBUGS version 3.2.3 was used to implement the Bayesian hierarchical Poisson model and find partial patterning of occupational stress and its related factors. RESULTS: The final sample size was 17414 nurses. The overall prevalence of occupational stress in ICU nurses was estimated at 70%. The lowest and highest prevalence was 65.8% in the North Khorasan province and 75.2% in Golestan province. Occupational stress had a statistically significant association with collaboration status, but with demographic variables, shift work, supportive supervisor, and working on holidays had no statistically significant association. CONCLUSIONS: According to the findings, it is necessary to eliminate or reduce job stress and increase efficiency in Iranian nurses, encourage teamwork and collaboration as an essential element of a healthy workplace environment. Show more

Keywords: Community health, critical care, nurses, occupational stress, spatial analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210284

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1409-1419, 2022

Authors: İnal, Özgü | Tunçer, Berna

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Lateral epicondylitis (LE) can occur for many different reasons such as compelling repetitive movements in daily readings, incorrect posture use and work-related factors. Although several treatments are available for LE, the optimal evidence-based treatment remains uncertain. Joint protection techniques have been developed as a self-management intervention to reduce pain and disability and improve functionality by applying ergonomic approaches. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effects of telephone-based follow up on top of a home-based joint protection education programme on pain and functionality in individuals with LE. METHODS: Individuals were randomly assigned …into 2 groups; 1) telephone-based group, receiving telephone-based follow-up on top of a home-based joint protection education programme, and 2) home-based group, receiving home-based joint protection education alone. Both groups were given training that increased awareness in LE and home-based exercise programme. In addition, telephone-based group was followed up by telephone three days a week for four weeks. RESULTS: Improvements from baseline to 4th week in Turkish version of the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation-pain (p  = 0.001; effect size = 1.11) and function (p  < 0.001; effect size = 1.77), Upper Extremity Functional Index (p  = 0.001; effect size = 0.85) and The Turkish version of the Joint Protection Behavior Assessment-Short Form (p  < 0.001; effect size = 1.54) in the telephone-based group were significantly higher than the improvements in the home-based group. CONCLUSIONS: Telephone-based follow-up in individuals with LE contributed to the awareness of pain, functionality and joint protection methods. Telephone-based joint protection education programmes can offer a health service within the scope of preventive and protective intervention programmes for LE. Show more

Keywords: Function, occupational therapy, pain, telerehabilitation, tennis elbow

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211002

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1421-1428, 2022

Authors: Kataria, Krishan Kumar | Sharma, Milap | Mohan Suri, Narendra | Kant, Suman | Luthra, Sunil

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are leading cause of injuries among economically backward workers employed under small scale metal casting units especially in developing countries. In India, most casting unit’s falls under small and medium enterprises having inadequacy of advanced technological equipment’s due to several economic constraints and rely intensively on manual labour. Foundry work is very much prone to WMSDs involving much physical interaction of workers with their jobs which includes several risk factors. OBJECTIVE: The study objectives were to analyse the musculoskeletal risk prevalence among small scale casting workers using ergonomic assessment tools and statistical approach. …METHODS: In present study, WMSDs risk prevalence has been examined using Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) and virtual ergonomics. Further, risk evaluations were analysed using Mann–Whitney U test and Taguchi L25 orthogonal array. RESULTS: Results revealed manual handling task as being most vulnerable followed by the fettling section. Statistically significant differences were observed (p -value < 0.05) among all the work-sections except lift-lower task and molding section (p  = 0.361; p  > 0.05) for left side region; and lift-lower task and fettling section (p  = 0.230; p  > 0.05) for the right side region, where differences were not statistically significant. ANOVA results indicated that workstation height followed by population percentile and object weight were dominant factors significantly affecting the response parameter i.e. L4-L5 spine compression (p -value < 0.01); however workstation width (p -value > 0.05) had no significant effect. CONCLUSION: The present study may guide foundry industrialists in analysing the mismatch between the workers’ job profile and redesigning existing workstation layouts in small scale foundries based on minimizing the WMSDs risk severity associated with the work tasks. Show more

Keywords: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders, casting workers, REBA, digital human modelling, Taguchi analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210867

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1429-1442, 2022

Authors: Ramadan, Mohamed Z. | Alferdaws, Fares F.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Manual material handling (MMH) tasks significantly contribute to musculoskeletal disorders in manual workers. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we assessed the physical factors of precision lifting tasks that affect muscular activities (electromyography, EMGs), heart rate, and perceived exertion rating in ten healthy male workers aged 25–35 years, while considering the safety aspect of the common types of safety footwear. METHODS: The independent variables that were assessed are as follows: 1) lifting method (precise and inexact), 2) lifting frequency (one and four liftings/min), and 3) type of safety footwear worn by the worker (light, medium, or heavy). …The response variables data, represented by EMG signals, for four muscular activities (biceps brachii, deltoid, trapezius, and erector spinae), heart rate, and perceived exertion were analyzed using a three-factor within-subjects design. RESULTS: The results showed that wearing heavy safety shoes increases the effort used with precise lifting methods in trapezius and erector spinae muscular activities. We also observed that the heart rate and perceived exertion increased rapidly at four lifts/min compared to one lift/min, regardless of the lifting method. CONCLUSIONS: The advantages of choosing appropriate safety footwear must be carefully assessed before replacing the conventional working safety shoes. Show more

Keywords: Precision tasks, manual materials handling, lifting method, lifting frequency, electromyography, safety shoes

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205151

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1443-1453, 2022

Authors: Ashok, P. | Madhan Mohan, G. | Manojkumar, S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are prevalent and have an impact across occupations. However, there are very few studies that document the prevalence of WMSDs in the pump industry. In manufacturing industries, the common issue for WMSDs and physiological stress among the workers is caused by poor working posture. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the occupational risks at the winding station in the pump manufacturing industry. In addition, this study examined the influence of work-study on mitigating occupational risks. METHODS: Workers who were involved in circular coil winding and insulation testing were considered for the study. Awkward postures …adopted while performing these tasks cause fatigue, injuries and WMSDs. Tasks were evaluated as per the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) standards. A work-study was conducted to better understand the workflow. Virtual ergonomic postural evaluation (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment, RULA) was used to identify the occupational risks. RESULTS: Time taken for making circular windings and insulation testing (7.5 Hp submersible motor) was found to be 4.04 minutes and 0.95 minutes, respectively. A CAD model was used for ergonomic evaluation in the virtual environment. The RULA final score of 2 and 3 is attributed to coil winding and insulation testing. CONCLUSION: For further studies, the whole pump manufacturing process should be taken into account. The ergonomic tools used in this study will considerably reduce the occupation risks at the winding station in the pump manufacturing industry. Show more

Keywords: Occupational risks, process chart, time study, RULA, winding station

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210725

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1455-1467, 2022

Authors: Parent-Lamarche, Annick | Marchand, Alain | Saade, Sabine

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Psychological distress affects between 5 and 27% of the general population [1 ]. Workers facing stressful work conditions are especially at high risk for experiencing psychological distress [1 ]. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between work organization conditions and work performance via psychological distress. While the individual contribution of work organization conditions to psychological distress and work performance has been examined in the scientific literature, their combined influence on work performance remains relatively unknown. METHODS: To adjust for design effects, we relied on cluster sampling (employees working in organizations). MPlus was used to conduct path …analyses [2 ]. RESULTS: While psychological demands, number of hours worked, and job insecurity were positively associated with psychological distress, job recognition was negatively associated with it. In the same vein, irregular work schedules and job insecurity seem to be negatively associated with work performance. On the one hand, skill utilization, decision latitude, recognition, and job promotion, all seemed to be positively associated with employee’s work performance. On the other hand, psychological demands, number of hours worked, and job insecurity were negatively and indirectly associated with work performance. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the indirect association between work variables and workers’ psychological distress could promote their work performance. Understanding this association could help shed light on the difficulties employees with psychological distress face while meeting their job requirements. The results of this study should serve as a reminder to intervene on work organization conditions. Show more

Keywords: Psychological distress, work performance, work organization conditions, path analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210843

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1469-1480, 2022

Authors: Khanehshenas, Farin | Mazloumi, Adel | Jalaldehi, Pourya Ahmadi | Kaveh, Mahdieh

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Drivers’ drowsiness is a significant issue globally known as a contributing factor to crashes in various transportation operations. Although there is evidence that suburban bus drivers experience drowsy driving, most previous studies are quantitative, which means that drivers experiencing drowsiness have not had the opportunity to explain their direct views and thoughts. OBJECTIVES: This qualitative exploratory study subjectively investigates the contextual factors influencing fatigue among suburban bus drivers. METHODS: Collecting data was conducted through 14 in-depth interviews with suburban bus drivers working in Tehran province’s transportation system, Iran. The interview recording was transcribed by the …research team and entered into the qualitative data analysis software. Two independent coders with qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis approach analyzed transcripts. RESULTS: Four themes emerged, including human factors (with categories of individual characteristic and lifestyle), vehicle factors (with categories of design and performance), job factors (with categories of task requirement, quantity and quality of sleep, and circadian rhythm,) and environmental factors (with categories of the physical and economic environment). We found a more significant number of codes and categories and thus more contextual factors associated with job factors. The participants emphasized the importance of sleep deprivation, long driving hours, and even time of the day as factors influencing fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: The study results can provide beneficial information for both ergonomists and car manufacturers in developing more accurate fatigue detection models and effective educational and technical interventions to maintain road user’s health and reduce road accidents and mortality rates due to drowsiness. Show more

Keywords: Interview, road safety, drowsy driving, human factors, traffic

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210755

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1481-1491, 2022

Authors: Brandl, Christopher | Nitsch, Verena

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-223639

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1493-1496, 2022

Authors: Scheepers, Louisa | Kaiser, Saskia | Buchner, Axel | Dragano, Nico | Angerer, Peter

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Digitalisation is reaching German craft enterprises which must increasingly deal with complex software. The usability of the software is crucial for the effective use in everyday work and insufficient usability is associated with increased stress and strain. It thus seems necessary to identify possible usability-related stressors in craft-enterprise software. OBJECTIVE: Here we examine how users evaluate the usability of craft-enterprise software and whether usability is associated with perceived work-related stress. METHODS: To assess the perceived usability of German craft-enterprise software, an online survey was conducted with 161 participants from craft enterprises using a validated usability …questionnaire based on ISO 9241-110. In addition, 26 guideline-based interviews were conducted to identify the experience of managers and employees with craft-enterprise software, possible usability-related stress and strain. RESULTS: Both studies show that craft enterprises use software but only to a limited extend. While back-office administrative processes are routinely supported by software, mobile software support to manage customer service is used less frequently. Increasing complexity of craft-enterprise software is posing growing demands on the users. Software usability was rated to be crucial in the online survey, but the available software is only rated to be acceptable. This was also reflected in the interviews. Participants described usability problems and their relevance as stressors during software use. In consequence, the users experience strain such as feeling overwhelmed and frustrated. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that improving the usability of craft-enterprise software should reduce work-related stress and support craft enterprises to master the digitalisation process. Show more

Keywords: Software ergonomics, work-stress, usability-related stressors, business software

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211257

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1497-1511, 2022

Authors: Mehler, Lisa | Certa, Mathias | Wischniewski, Sascha

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: A main goal in the advancing digitalization is to offer employees support in coping with large amounts of information and to process it context-sensitively and according to their needs. Augmented reality (AR) as an emerging technology has great potential in this regard. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work is to generally highlight the strengths and weaknesses of various technologies and in particular to point out the potential of AR-based technologies. METHOD: A comparison of different technologies by assessing various technology characteristics and the level of digital stress caused by the use of these technologies was …conducted based on survey data. RESULTS: The results of the conducted study show that technologies such as stationary PC, laptop or smartphone are assessed better in terms of various technology characteristics than AR. Furthermore, digitally induced stress is reported when using AR. CONCLUSION: AR as a mobile digital assistance system still seems to fall short of its potential for human-centered work design. One reason for this may be the low degree of popularity of AR and the not fully developed technological maturity. Show more

Keywords: Virtual and augmented reality, digital stress, work assistance systems, context-sensitive provision of information

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211258

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1513-1520, 2022

Authors: Peschl, Anika | Altun, Ufuk | Conrad, Ralph W.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Mobile, time-flexible work provides advantages for companies and employees. However, those opportunities have so far been used primarily in the administrative sector. OBJECTIVE: In a joint practice-oriented project, the possibilities for flexibilization in the production sector are being investigated. Therefore, practical aids of action are to be developed. In this paper the procedure and first results are shown. METHODS: To obtain initial indications of the opportunities and limitations of mobile, time-flexible work in the production sector, interviews were conducted with employees of the company project partners. An analysis tool was developed based on the results …of the interviews. The development follows an iterative process of practice testing and discussion rounds with the project partners. RESULTS: The preliminary analyses show that small and medium-sized companies (SME) need a practical tool for identifying flexibilization potentials in the production sector. In addition, it has been shown that there are several factors that determine or promote the possibilities of mobile, time-flexible work in the production sector. Those factors are considered in the analysis tool. The structure, contents and application of the analysis tool are presented in this paper. CONCLUSION: The presented procedure and analysis tool provide valuable implications for practice. It shows practical ways of analyzing flexibilization potentials of companies and individual jobs. This provides a basis for discussions between the employer and employees, works councils, and applicants for the occupation of job positions in the production sector. Show more

Keywords: Flexibility, compatibility of work and private life, securing skilled workers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211263

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1521-1534, 2022

Authors: Bläsing, Dominic | Hinrichsen, Sven | Wurm, Susanne | Bornewasser, Manfred

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The future of work in Germany is shaped by megatrends like globalization, automatization, digitization, and the demographic change. Furthermore, mass customization and the increasing usage of AI even in manual assembly offers new opportunities as well as it creates new challenges. OBJECTIVE: The trend towards mass customization in turn leads to increased complexity in production, which results in additional mental workload. This effect will continue in the foreseeable future. METHOD: Especially for small and medium sized companies, the backbone of Germany’s economy, automatization and Human-Robot-Collaboration will take time to develop. Information assistance systems are and …will be a bridging technology to help organizations to manage increasing complexity and the mental workload of their employees to not only boost productivity but also keep their workforce healthy. The ongoing demographic change further underlines the need to use information assistance systems to compensate possible age-associated deficits, but also keep older employees committed to their work and avoid effects of disengagement or disenfranchisement through participatory ergonomics. RESULTS: Information assistance systems can only develop their inherent potential if they are designed to support employees of varying age, competence levels, and affinity for technology. Participatory development and early engagement are key factors for an increased acceptance and usage of the systems as well as the individualization to make it suitable for each individual employee. CONCLUSION: Expanding the functionalities to an adaptive assistance system, using physiological correlates of mental workload as an input, is conceivable in the future. Show more

Keywords: Cognitive ergonomics, aging workforce, complexity, mixed-model assembly

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211283

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1535-1548, 2022

Authors: Auweiler, Lisa | Lemmens, Vera | Hülsheger, Ute | Lang, Jessica

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Rapidly changing stressful working conditions put new challenges on mental health in future work, especially for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) which need to be addressed on an organisational level. To promote, secure and sustain a healthy workforce in the long run, primary prevention of psychosocial risks is needed. Still, 70% of EU companies and over 85% of German SMEs lack the legally required implementation of psychosocial risk assessment (PRA) in their occupational safety and health (OSH) management. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the digital training PsyHealth worXs! as a suitable approach to …teach OSH stakeholders how to conduct PRA. METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal evaluation study with two measurement times in the first and last week of the digital training based on N  = 312 questionnaires. RESULTS: After the training, participants’ knowledge of the PRA process was significantly higher, and they felt significantly more competent to derive OSH interventions. Overall, the process of PRA and the involvement of stakeholders were perceived as significantly easier. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that the digital training provides an easily accessible opportunity for SMEs to successfully enable their OSH management to implement PRA strategies. Future research will have to evaluate the overall long-term implementation increase of PRA in German SME companies. Show more

Keywords: Psychosocial risk assessment training, training evaluation, organisational prevention

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211264

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1549-1561, 2022

Authors: Goppold, Marvin | Herrmann, Jan-Phillip | Tackenberg, Sven

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Errors can have dangerous consequences, resulting in a preventive strategy in most company-based technical vocational education and training (TVET). On the contrary, errors provide a useful opportunity for learning due to mismatches of mental models and reality and especially to improve occupational safety and health (OSH). OBJECTIVE: This article presents a didactic concept for developing a learning system based on learning from errors. Learners shall directly experience the consequences of erroneous actions through presenting error consequences in augmented reality to avoid negative, dangerous, or cost-intensive outcomes. METHODS: Empirical data prove errors to …be particularly effective in TVET. A formal description of a work system is systematically adopted to outline a connection between work, errors concerning OSH, and a didactic concept. A proof-of-concept systematically performs a use case for the developed learning system. It supports critical reflections from a technical, safety, and didactical perspective, naming implications and limitations. RESULTS: By learning from errors, a work-based didactic concept supports OSH competencies relying on a learning system. The latter integrates digital twins of the work system to simulate and visualise dangerous error consequences for identified erroneous actions in a technical proof-of-concept. Results demonstrate the ability to detect action errors in work processes and simulations of error consequences in augmented reality. CONCLUSION: The technical learning system for OSH education extends existing learning approaches by showcasing virtual consequences. However, capabilities are limited regarding prepared learning scenarios with predefined critical errors. Future studies should assess learning effectiveness in an industrial scenario and investigate its usability. Show more

Keywords: Vocational education, digital twin, work system design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211243

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1563-1575, 2022

Authors: Mayer, Tobias A. | Harsch, Ann-Kathrin | Koska, Daniel | Hensel-Unger, Ralph | Maiwald, Christian

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Bioservo Ironhand® is a commercially available active hand exoskeleton for reducing grip-induced stress. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed at quantifying the effect of the Ironhand® exoskeleton on the myoelectric muscle activity of forearm flexor and extensor muscles in three relevant assembly grip tasks: 2-Finger-grip (2Finger), 5-Finger-grip (5Finger) and Full grip (FullGrip). METHODS: Twenty-two subjects were tested in three different exoskeleton conditions for each grip task (overall 3×3×10 = 90 repetitions in randomized order): Exoskeleton off (Off), Exoskeleton on, “locking tendency” 0% (On_LT0), and Exoskeleton on, “locking tendency” 85% (On_LT85). Muscle activity was …measured at 25% of the participant’s maximum grip force using two EMG sensors at the M. flexor digitorum superficialis (M.FDS) and one at the M. extensor digitorum (M.ED). RESULTS: The effect of the Ironhand® exoskeleton varied depending on the grip task and the participant’s sex. A statistically significant reduction in muscle activity of the M.FDS was found only for male subjects in the FullGrip condition. No reduction of muscular activity in the M.FDS was found for the other grip tasks (2Finger, 5Finger). For the females in the 2Finger condition, mean muscle activity of M.FDS even increased significantly in On_LT0 compared to Off. Besides differences between grip tasks and sex, the current study revealed substantial individual differences. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to testing for statistical significance, a detailed exploratory analysis of exoskeleton effects at subject level should be performed to evaluate these from a safety and regulatory perspective. Show more

Keywords: Exoskeleton, hand, work, grip, electromyography (EMG)

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211272

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1577-1591, 2022

Authors: Schäfer, Katharina | Görke, Arne | Hesemann, Luis | Franke, Tim | Nitsch, Verena | Heckwolf, Christoph | Mertens, Alexander | Brandl, Christopher | Zweck, Axel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Digital platforms have found their way into all our lives: they are discussed in political, economic, scientific and public fields worldwide. Platform-based work is also on the rise in the German labour market, not only in institutionalised work, but also in start-ups and spin-offs. OBJECTIVES: The article describes the results of an analysis aimed at identifying perceptions of new and already known major success factors on market entry and market penetration regarding occupational safety and health (OSH) and work design. METHODS: A total of 31 semi-standardised interviews were conducted with 39 people. First, perceived success …factors in general were examined with the comparative analysis. Surprisingly, OSH/work design factors did not emerge as perceived success factors. For this reason, a in-depth analysis was performed in a secondary analysis with the structured content analysis. RESULTS: Identified perceived success factors were user orientation, scalability, network effects, niche occupation. The in-depth secondary analysis with focus on OSH/work design showed that the interviewees are aware of the topic of OSH/work design, but did not consider it to be important to economic success. CONCLUSIONS: The identified success factors may not seem surprising. What is surprising, however, is the role played by OSH/work design. Solutions must be developed that sensitize working persons in the platform sector to the topic of OSH/work design. A two-step process may be useful: First, uniform regulations and laws must be anchored in the platform architecture. Second, various measures and training courses can be designed to inform and raise awareness. Show more

Keywords: Platform-based labour, OSH, future research, comparative analysis, structured content analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211253

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1593-1610, 2022

Authors: Hartwein, Carla | Rimbeck, Marlen | Reil, Hannes | Stumpf-Wollersheim, Jutta | Leyer, Michael

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite the great potential that technical solutions, based on the Internet of Things (IoT), offer for companies, especially small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), companies are hesitant to implement such solutions. Reasons for this lie in the resulting far-reaching change, which particularly affects working activities and communication between employees and IoT objects in their environment. OBJECTIVE: Our objective is to investigate (1) how the implementation of an IoT solution, consisting of multiple objects, might be integrated into daily working activities; (2) what reactions might occur at the individual level; and (3) what structural conditions should be established at …the organizational level. METHODS: We applied a scenario-based design. Specifically, we conducted interviews to develop personas and scenarios describing human–machine interactions during implementation of the IoT solution in an initial phase. RESULTS: Regarding changing work activities, we identified three structural conditions that facilitate the implementation of IoT in SMEs: (1) the development of a support unit that bundles communication and training activities as well as internal and external knowledge; (2) the planning of an appropriate testing and adoption phase that enables participation and feedback; and (3) the creation of an incentive structure that includes social reward, empowerment, and recognition. CONCLUSION: IoT gives employees enhanced access to resources, information, and feedback, supporting an efficient way of working. To successfully implement IoT solutions, companies, especially SMEs, must actively address organizational change and empower their employees to manage technological innovations at an early stage. Show more

Keywords: Internet of Things, working activities, scenario-based design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211242

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1611-1627, 2022

Authors: Schumacher, Jan-Philip | Depenbusch, Sarah | Straatmann, Tammo | Bender, Elena | Schaper, Niclas | Hamborg, Kai-Christoph

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Challenged by digital transformation, organizations increasingly integrate information and communication technologies into work designs. Often focal points of such digital reengineering initiatives are technical and economic aspects. Yet, as integration of new technologies affects how employee work and interact, there is a need to evaluate human-centered criteria (human-factor evaluation), optimally by involving employees as situational experts. OBJECTIVE: The present study develops an integrative and persona-based evaluation approach of human-centered criteria for application in participative digital (re-)design of work to support the joint optimization of the technical and social system. METHODS: Drawing on methods from usability …evaluation, a persona-based approach is developed to facilitate comprehension and application of human-centered evaluation by employees. To that end, human-centered criteria from existing evaluation models are systemized with specific reference to digital transformation of work processes. The developed approach is tested in pilot runs of three German small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). RESULTS: The initial overview shows a divergence of specific human-centered criteria at the detailed level. Simultaneously, a high convergence is found for overarching dimensions and categories. The Integrative Socio-Digital Evaluation Model (ISDEM) is developed to balance complexity and abstraction of criteria. The derived persona-based approach (persISDEM) shows a good applicability in the pilot runs. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides an amendment to existing work design approaches with an emphasis on employee participation, enabling organizations to foster employees’ comprehension and motivation to engage in evaluations of digital (re-)design of work and to create motivating and healthy jobs for successful digital transformation. Show more

Keywords: Work design, work process, persona, perspective-based inspection, participation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211248

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1629-1654, 2022

Authors: Stöckl, Andreas | Struck, Olaf

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Working via databases has become an integral and necessary part of work in businesses. The availability of knowledge and information from any location contributes to better networking and more transparency in companies and enables collaborative work regardless of the location. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020/21, physical distancing and digital work have become imperative for a greater number of people. This, in turn, can severely restrict both formal and informal means of communication, which can lead to rising cognitive job demands and decreasing productivity at work. Against this background, the question of whether and to what …extent digital databases are able to guarantee effective task fulfilment without parallel communication has acquired new relevance. OBJECTIVE: The relationship between informal communication via four communication channels and a) the efficiency of work via databases and b) their necessity for the quality of work are investigated. METHODS: Employee surveys are evaluated in the form of cross-sectional data from three medium-sized German companies using econometric regression analyses. RESULTS: A clear relationship is revealed between informal communication and the effectiveness of work via databases as well as their necessity for work quality. The level of this relationship, however, varies depending on the type and purpose of informal communication. CONCLUSION: This article highlights the necessity of informal communication for digital collaborative work and hence has significant implications for business practice. Show more

Keywords: Databases, informal communication, collaborative work, efficiency, digitalization

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211246

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1655-1671, 2022

Authors: Roth, Philip

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Informal Knowledge Sharing Interactions (IKSI) are particularly valuable for innovation projects if they connect partners who are categorically, socially and formally distant from each other. Then the chances are higher that partners possess non-redundant knowledge and can thus open up new perspectives. By improving their knowledge supply, IKSI enhance the success, job satisfaction and well-being of employees in knowledge-intensive industries. So far, however, it is unclear how such interactions between heterogeneous partners emerge. OBJECTIVE: The paper examines the formation of IKSI and develops the argument that serendipitous IKSI are more likely than planned IKSI to connect heterogeneous …partners and open up new perspectives. METHODS: The paper develops the argument in detail and empirically grounded by drawing together the unconnected literatures on the formation and impact of IKSI. Furthermore, the argument is empirically tested using 132 IKSI from developers collected with event-based diaries. RESULTS: In line with the conceptual work, the empirical analysis shows that serendipitous IKSI are more likely than planned ones to open up new perspectives. CONCLUSION: Serendipitous IKSI are of particular significance and require appropriate promotion in order to enhance innovative capability. The increasing virtualization of work is creating opportunities and challenges in this regard. Show more

Keywords: Innovation, communication, informal interaction, boundary spanning, knowledge sharing

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211275

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1673-1687, 2022

Authors: Karwehl, Laura Johanna | Frischkorn, Jonas | Walter, Lothar | Kauffeld, Simone

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Semantic analyses of patents have been used for years to unlock technical knowledge. Nevertheless, information retrievable from patents remains widely unconsidered when making strategic decisions, when recruiting candidates or deciding which qualifications to offer to employees in technological fields. OBJECTIVES: This paper provides an approach to evaluate whether competencies and competence demands in technological fields can be derived from patents and if this process can be automated to a certain extent. METHODS: A sample of significant patents is analyzed with regard to comprised competence data via semantic structures like n-gram and Subject-–Action–Object …(SAO) analysis. The retrieved data is cleansed and matched semantically to inventor competencies from social career networks and checked for similarities. RESULTS: A social career network profile analysis of significant inventors revealed a total of 570 competencies that were matched with the results of the n-gram and SAO analysis. Overall, 15%of the extracted social career network competence data were covered through extracted n-grams (87 out of 570 terms), while the SAO analysis showed a match rate of 18.8%, covering 107 terms. CONCLUSIONS: The outlined approach suggests a partly automatable process of promising character to identify technological competence demands in patents. Show more

Keywords: Semantic patent analysis, competence foresight, human resource analytics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211262

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1689-1708, 2022

Authors: Karwehl, Laura Johanna | Kauffeld, Simone

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Digitalization and technological progress lead to an increasingly fast development of promising fields for action and new technologies whereas the time required to qualify employees for new activities and work content has remained largely the same. Organizations have to establish anticipative competence measures to secure their competitiveness. OBJECTIVES: Those developments suggest that a new approach to develop human resource development strategies is required. METHODS: This article describes the results of a competence survey that was developed in an interdisciplinary approach between organizational psychology and futurology and conducted in the field of automotive …Human-Machine Interaction (HMI) research. The content of the questionnaire is based on a series of expert interviews focusing and a data-driven approach that scanned significant patents for competence demand data. RESULTS: The conducted ANOVAs show that both sources for data retrieval create relevant items even though experts from the conceptual field rate data-based items significantly less relevant than the other participants. Moreover, interview-based items lead to significantly more relevant ratings in methodological fields while data-driven items were rated significantly more relevant for the technological area. CONCLUSIONS: Even though there are some uncertainties to examine, the displayed approach seems promising for the derivation of more detailed and enriched future competency demands in technological fields. Show more

Keywords: Strategic competence management, competence foresight, future of work, HR analytics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211261

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1709-1725, 2022

Authors: Weigel, Andreas | Baumgart, Thorben Lukas | Zeuge, Anna | Sauter, Louisa Maria | Niehaves, Bjoern | Huchler, Norbert | Heinlein, Michael | Wittal, Regina | Staiger, Benjamin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The virtual and real worlds of work are increasingly merging through digital transformation. This also applies to products and services. Virtual Reality (VR) with all its learning opportunities is a promising technology to improve workflows and enable transparency between different departments and organizations. This transparency is particularly important when it comes to preventing potentially dangerous work situations. OBJECTIVE: We investigate weaknesses in competence transfer processes between computer-aided designers and service employees connected in a hybrid value chain. On the one hand, designers receive only little feedback, hence are missing necessary evaluation to adjust their designs to empirical …specifications. On the other hand, service employees, therefore, work with sometimes impractical machine designs which makes their work on-site unergonomic, dangerous, and more difficult. METHODS: We present a design science-driven, empirical approach to provide enhanced competence transfer with the help of VR. Thereby, we evaluate a self-developed VR demonstrator with an iterative approach consisting of 60 qualitative interviews. RESULTS: The developed VR demonstrator supports interorganizational sharing of (tacit) knowledge by enabling designers to take the service perspective and ensuring collaboration across organizational boundaries. By intentionally using VR technology as an interruption to the work, the design can be viewed from a service perspective and evaluated for occupational safety and health issues. CONCLUSIONS: The work process improvements achieved by the VR demonstrator enable early consideration of design issues that are particularly relevant to safety, thus ensuring greater occupational safety and health protection in the processes for service employees. Show more

Keywords: Design science research, perspective taking, tacit knowledge transfer, interruption, collaboration

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211244

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1727-1743, 2022

Authors: Tietz, Stephanie | Werner, Katja

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The importance of virtual work is growing. Especially in knowledge-intensive, dynamic and international sectors, virtual teams have become an ubiquitous work form, promising more flexibility and higher performance. To solve complex problems they have to share and assimilate knowledge, but it is difficult in virtual contexts to overcome social distance and to avoid communication issues. Knowledge sharing in virtual teams may be more prone to errors and take more time. OBJECTIVE: Current studies mainly consider a one-sided perspective, either focusing on technical or human influencing factors for effective knowledge sharing in virtual teams, but not on …the interaction between these. This study addresses that gap by exploring success-critical factors for knowledge sharing by using the socio-technical systems-approach. METHODS: The database of the study consists of 26 in-depth interviews. The interviews were partially structured and based on the Critical Incident Technique. Using a deductive categorization scheme consisting of four main categories and 21 subcategories, the frequencies and overlaps of influencing factors on successful knowledge sharing in virtual teams were examined. RESULTS: Each critical incident reported included factors from all four main categories (technology, structure, people and task) with specific frequencies and connections. Structural influencing factors as well as technological factors are mentioned particularly frequently together. CONCLUSION: The results of the study underline the importance of an integrated socio-technical view on knowledge sharing in virtual teams. Technical and social factors need to be considered simultaneously. The findings can be used for designing and optimizing knowledge sharing processes in virtual teams. Show more

Keywords: Distributed teams, knowledge transfer, knowledge management, socio-technical systems, collaborative work, COVID-19

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211241

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1745-1763, 2022

Authors: Straatmann, Tammo | Schumacher, Jan-Philip | Koßmann, Cosima | Poehler, Ludger | Teuteberg, Frank | Mueller, Karsten | Hamborg, Kai-Christoph

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The participative design of work processes is hampered by as-yet unresolved challenges. A root cause is seen in high information-pass-on-barriers. Virtual Reality (VR) may have a significant potential to overcome these challenges. Yet, there is no systematic understanding of which advantages provided by VR can support the participative design of work processes. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to assess the potential of VR to support the participative design of work processes by conducting an integrative literature review identifying the advantages of VR in general work contexts and mapping them to known challenges in participative design of work …processes. METHODS: The integrative literature review was conducted based on 268 sources of which 52 were considered for an in-depth analysis of the advantages offered by VR. RESULTS: The resulting conceptual framework consisted of 13 characteristic-related advantages (e.g., immersion, interactivity, flexibility) and 10 effect-related advantages (e.g., attractivity, involvement, cost efficiency) which readily address known challenges in the participative design of work processes. CONCLUSION: Mapping the advantages of VR to the challenges in participative design of work processes revealed a substantial potential of VR to overcome high information-pass-on-barriers. As such, employing VR in work process design initiatives represents a fruitful avenue for the promotion of prevention and employee health. Show more

Keywords: Virtual environment, participation, process design, process modeling, literature review

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211260

Citation: Work, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1765-1788, 2022