Work - Volume 70, issue 1

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213556

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 1-1, 2021

Authors: Almhdawi, Khader A. | Alazrai, Alza | Obeidat, Donia | Altarifi, Ahmad A. | Oteir, Alaa O. | Aljammal, Ashraf H. | Arabiat, Alaa A. | Alrabbaie, Hassan | Jaber, Hanan | Almousa, Khaled M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The sudden shift into distance learning during the coronavirus (COVID-19) lockdown might have impacted university students’ well-being. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate undergraduate healthcare university students’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and its predictors during COVID-19. METHODS: A cross-sectional study used an online self-administered questionnaire. The study targeted undergraduate medical, dental, pharmacy, and nursing students at Jordanian universities. Data collected included demographics,12-item Short Form health survey (SF-12), students’ evaluation of distance learning, Neck Disability Index (NDI), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS21), and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Descriptive analyses were conducted to summarize …primary outcome measures data. Predictors of HRQoL were determined using a multiple variable regression analysis. RESULTS: In total, 485 university students successfully completed this study with a mean age of 20.6 (±2.0). Participants’ HRQoL level measured by SF-12 mean scores were 66.5 (±20.2) for physical health component and 44.8 (±21.2) for mental health component. The regression model explained 65.5% of the variation (r2 = 0.655, F  = 127.8, P  < 0.001) in participants’ HRQoL. Factors significantly associated with HRQoL included depression, neck disability index score, stress, health self-evaluation, average of satisfaction with distance learning, IPAQ score, and weekly studying hours. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that healthcare students had a relatively low level of HRQoL during COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan. Academic and non-academic factors associated with HRQoL were identified and should be considered by healthcare educational institutions for better academic planning in future similar pandemics. Show more

Keywords: Health-related quality of life, mental health, stress, healthcare students, online teaching

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205309

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 3-10, 2021

Authors: Issrani, Rakhi | Alam, Mohammad Khursheed

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Due to an unavailability of a vaccine, one of the efficient methods to prevent the spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is by applying self-isolation (SI). Hence there is an urgent need to investigate the factors leading to an individuals’ willingness to choose to self-isolate. OBJECTIVES: The current study utilized the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as a conceptual model and aimed to investigate the extent to which subjective norms, personal attitudes and perceived control influences an individual’s willingness to self-isolate during COVID-19 risk. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was performed on 800 Saudi respondents aged≥18 …years by using a validated self-administered questionnaire about factors related to willingness to self-isolate during COVID-19 pandemic risk based on the TPB. The effects of different variables on SI were analyzed by using ordinal logistic regression model. RESULTS: A total of 756 (94.5%) were completed and analyzed. Subjective norms and perceived control over the behavior significantly (p  < 0.05) influenced the intention of willingness to self-isolate, while attitude was found to be insignificant. The odds of letting others to know about self COVID status were 2.40 times higher than not telling the neighbors or colleagues. A statistically significant difference (p ≤0.001) existed between males and females regarding the willingness to self-isolate. Similarly the odds of willingness to self-isolate with a presence of disabled person in family were 2.88 times higher than the absence of a disability in the family. Few recommendations for the policymakers that are needed to curb the spread of COVID-19 infection are also proposed. CONCLUSION: The outcomes of study might be considered as an initial understanding of the factors that significantly influences an individual’s willingness to SI when facing an unprecedented pandemic risk. Additionally, these factors provide a plan for policymakers to encourage citizens for self-isolation during pandemic infections. Show more

Keywords: COVID-19, behavior, illness, risk, self-isolation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205322

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 11-20, 2021

Authors: Dogru-Huzmeli, Esra | Cam, Yagmur | Urfali, Senem | Gokcek, Ozden | Bezgin, Sabiha | Urfali, Boran | Uysal, Hakan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has affected many countries in the world and has been known as one of the fast-spreading viruses in recent history. OBJECTIVE: Our aim is to reveal the level of anxiety and burnout, attitudes, thoughts, and behaviors of healthcare professionals about COVID-19 in Turkey. METHODS: The individuals included in the study answered seven questions containing demographic information, 27 questions determining their views and perspectives on COVID-19. Anxiety level was measured by Beck Anxiety Scale (BAI), and State Anxiety Inventory (SAI); burnout was measured by Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). RESULTS: We included 66 health …staff (50 female, 16 male) whose mean age was 31.71±5.18 years (22–46 ranged). Twenty-two (33.3%) of the participants worked on the COVID-19 frontline while 44 (66.6%) of them worked on usual wards. We found that participants’ anxiety was at a moderate level in BAI (mean: 14.00±12.66). The mean of the SAI was 49.93±13.06. MBI subscales were low. We found that there was a significant difference in BAI between COVID-19 frontline healthcare professionals and those who worked on the usual wards (p  = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: It is important to consider the level of anxiety and burnout in all healthcare professionals and to help them to protect their mental health. Show more

Keywords: Pandemic, health staff, mental health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210028

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 21-29, 2021

Authors: Farias Bezerra, Hélen Kaline | Passos, Kamilla Karla Maurício | Leonel, Augusto César Leal da Silva | Ferreti Bonan, Paulo Rogério | Martelli-Júnior, Hercílio | Machado, Renato Assis | Ramos-Perez, Flávia Maria de Moraes | Perez, Danyel Elias da Cruz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has raised challenges in adapting to teaching and learning methods in dental education. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the academic activities of undergraduate (UDG) and graduate (GD) dental students in Brazil. Additionally, students’ perceptions and attitudes toward teaching activities during this period were analyzed. METHODS: A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted with a sample of Brazilian UDG and GD dentistry students. Data were collected in 2020 through an online, self-administered, and anonymous questionnaire, which comprised 26 questions related to demographic data, activities of the …college, family and individual student income, and attitudes and perceptions about e-learning during the pandemic. The data were tabulated and analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The sample included 1,166 students (779 UDG and 387 GD). Among these, 425 (54.6%) UDG and 270 (69.8%) GD students remotely participated in teaching activities, of which 42.6% of the UDG considered their performance in e-learning to be bad or very bad and 49.8% of the GD regarded it as good or excellent. The survey also showed that 354 (45.4%) UDG and 102 (26.4%) GD expressed a desire to discontinue the course following the outbreak of the pandemic. Among the GD, 225 (58.4%) said that their experiments were completely interrupted. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals the poor perception and performance of dental students regarding e-learning. Additionally, the findings suggest a negative impact of the pandemic on dental education in Brazil. Effective measures should be taken to mitigate these significant consequences. Show more

Keywords: Dental education, e-learning, online education

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210071

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 31-39, 2021

Authors: Şentürk, Erman | Sağaltıcı, Eser | Geniş, Bahadır | Günday Toker, Ömür

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a massive impact on work and home life, changing all daily routines of remote workers. It is extremely important to figure out some changes in home and work life that may affect the mental health of remote workers more. OBJECTIVES: The first aim of the study was to investigate the predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress among first-time remote workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The second aim was to explore sex differences regarding work and home life during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: The sample consisted of 459 participants who have …been working from home for the first time during the COVID-19 pandemic. An online survey used included questions relating to sociodemographic characteristics, changes in work and home life, Depression Anxiety Stress Questionnaire-Short Form, Jenkins Sleep Scale, and Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire. RESULTS: The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress was 17.9%, 19.6%, and 19.6% of the participants, respectively. Poor sleep quality, trouble focusing at work, being female, workplace loneliness, low levels of control over working hours, and low levels of physical activity were predictors of depression. Poor sleep quality, increased workload, and being female were predictors of anxiety. Poor sleep quality, trouble focusing at work, being female, financial concern, and workplace loneliness were predictors of stress. It was observed a higher increase in both housework and working hours during the COVID-19 pandemic in women. CONCLUSION: Determining the variables that can affect the mental health of remote workers is highly important for timely psychological intervention. Show more

Keywords: Working from home, remote working, teleworking, Mental health, gender inequality

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210082

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 41-51, 2021

Authors: Restrepo, Julia | Lemos, Mariantonia

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work-related stress can be defined as an individual’s reactions to work characteristics and indicates a poor relationship between coping abilities and work environment. If unmanaged, stress can impact mental and physical health (e.g., causing depression and cardiovascular disease). Many individuals use maladaptive stress-coping strategies, such as sedentary activities, unhealthy eating behaviors, and alcohol consumption, which do not contribute to long-term stress management. In contrast, stress reduction programs can help people manage and effectively reduce stress in the long term. OBJECTIVE: To gather the state of the art of work-related stress interventions, their efficacy and applications. …METHOD: The PsycINFO and EBSCOHost databases were used. The search was carried out between January 28 and March 30, 2019. Inclusion criteria were full text available, text in English or Spanish and a study population comprising workers. RESULTS: Twenty-nine articles that included interventions involving aromatherapy, bibliotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, exercise, alternative medicine, mindfulness, technology, stress management and sensory intervention were analyzed. The interventions showed significant reductions in stress, anxiety, depression and burnout; however, most of the studies were not based on specific stress models, and control groups often received no intervention whatsoever. As a result, it is challenging to draw conclusions regarding the success of the interventions, especially if they are novel. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that there is a broad portfolio of successful interventions regarding work-related stress. Most of the successful interventions were based on mindfulness; however, aerobic exercise and bibliotherapy may also be successful. The structure and level of evidence appear to be very relevant to the development of a successful intervention. Show more

Keywords: Stress management, occupational health, job stress, workplace intervention

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213577

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 53-62, 2021

Authors: Almhdawi, Khader A. | Kanaan, Saddam F. | Khader, Yousef | Al-Hourani, Zeid | Al-Jarrah, Muhammed D. | Almomani, Fidaa | Alqhazo, Mazin T.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Healthcare students are subjected to critical levels of mental and physical stress that might hinder their quality of life. OBJECTIVES: This study comprehensively investigated physical and mental Health-related Quality of Life (HR-QoL) and their associated factors among Allied Health (AH) students of nine academic majors. METHODS: Participants completed anonymous questionnaire included demographics and life style, HR-QoL measured by the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS21), and Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. SF-12 Physical (PCS) and Mental (MCS) Components Summary scores were compared between gender and between academic majors. Multiple linear regressions were conducted …to examine factor associated with PCS and MCS scores. RESULTS: A total of 838 students (77.4% females) participated in the study. The overall PCS was 45.64±7.93 and statistically different between majors (P  < 0.001). The Overall MCS score was 39.45±10.86 and statistically greater in males (P  < 0.001). PCS scores were significantly associated with anxiety score, GPA, diet self-evaluation, and upper back and hip musculoskeletal pain. MCS scores were significantly associated with weekly clinical training hours, stress score, depression score, gender, university year, GPA, sleep self-evaluation, diet self-evaluation, and neck musculoskeletal pain. CONCLUSIONS: Low levels of mental and physical HR-QoL were observed among AH students and were associated with academic-related, health-related, and lifestyle-related factors. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess effective approaches to improve HR-QoL among AH students. Show more

Keywords: Quality of life, occupational stress, mental health, education, Allied Health Students

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205226

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 63-73, 2021

Authors: de Almeida, Larissa Brentini | Camarotto, João Alberto

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The work organization not only comprises the formal structure but also social interactions, which are developed according to its own rules based on variabilities and professional competences. During real work, there are regulatory processes that result in the development of strategies to meet the requirements of the work organization and maintain health status. OBJECTIVE: To understand the regulatory processes involved in work activities and analyze the extent to which the developed strategies are sufficient to protect employees’ integrity and guarantee performance. METHODS: This study was carried out in an agricultural implement manufacturing company, whose qualitative …procedures were analyzed by combining activity observations, interviews, and self-confrontation. RESULTS: In view of the interaction of logic, operators comply with some rules to the detriment of others, based on the decision processes of their individual and collective experience. The availability of resources compatible with activity demands increases the possibility of action and competence development. The cost of regulations for less experienced operators is higher, taking into consideration the level of uncertainty resulting from contradictions and variabilities. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to discuss the contradictions manifested in operators’ work routines through interactions between heterogeneous rationalities. From this, it is possible to construct a common reference about the activity and increase the possibilities of action during real work. Show more

Keywords: Work organization, prescribed and real work, regulation, operational strategy

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205243

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 75-84, 2021

Authors: Tenkate, Thomas | Kramer, Desré M. | Strahlendorf, Peter | Szymanski, Terri

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) training is obligatory for Ontario workplaces. The purpose of this training is to help workers understand the health and safety issues associated with using chemicals, including how to understand the information contained in the Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) that come with all chemicals. However, many workers still do not know how hazardous workplace chemicals can be and they find it difficult to objectively determine the level of hazard posed by the chemicals they use. OBJECTIVE: A team of researchers, unions, and health and safety associations created a tool for Joint Health …and Safety Committees (JHSC) of small and medium-sized businesses to help them identify, assess and prioritize the health hazards posed by workplace chemicals using SDSs as the primary source of information. METHODS: The team recruited the JHSCs of six workplaces to pilot the usefulness of the Chemical Hazard Assessment and Prioritization (CHAP) tool. The CHAP tool helps workplaces rank their chemicals within one of five hazard levels using information contained in SDSs. RESULTS: Despite a difficult recruitment process, the participating JHSCs thought the CHAP process of assessing and prioritizing their workplace chemicals was useful. It raised their awareness of chemical hazards, increased their understanding of SDSs, and helped them prioritize their chemicals for improved control measures. CONCLUSIONS: Small and medium-sized businesses found the tool to be useful, but suggested that an electronic version would be easier to use. Show more

Keywords: Occupational health, safety data sheets, chemical hazard assessment, hazard banding, diffusion of innovation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205270

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 85-98, 2021

Authors: Salik Sengul, Yesim | Yilmaz, Alev | Kirmizi, Muge | Kahraman, Turhan | Kalemci, Orhan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Many studies have emphasized the importance of stabilization exercises (SE) for the management of non-specific low back pain (NSLBP), yet there is no study assessing all aspects of core stability in comparing SE and other exercises. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of SE on pain and core stability by using core stability tests that focus on all aspects of core stability in patients with NSLBP. METHODS: Thirty-seven individuals with chronic NSLBP were randomly divided into two groups as SE and conventional exercises (CE). Both groups underwent the progressive exercise program three days per week for …six weeks. The assessments were conducted before and after the exercise programs. The outcome measures included pain, disability, trunk strength, trunk flexor, extensor and lateral flexor endurance, function, flexibility, and motor control during eyes open/closed. RESULTS: All assessment parameters except motor control during eyes open improved after SE (p  < 0.05). Also, all assessment parameters except motor control during eyes open/closed and lateral trunk endurance improved after CE (p  < 0.05). When comparing groups for gain scores, there were more significant improvements in pain during activity, endurance and function after SE (p  < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: SE is more effective than CE in reducing pain during activity and improving core stability regarding functionality and endurance. Show more

Keywords: Lumbar pain, management of spinal pain, chronic pain, core muscles, spinal stabilization

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213557

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 99-107, 2021

Authors: Karlsson, Elin A. | Sandqvist, Jan L. | Seing, Ida | Ståhl, Christian

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies of the social validity of work ability evaluations are rare, although the concept can provide valuable information about the acceptability, comprehensibility and importance of procedures. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore clients’ perceptions of social validity of work ability evaluations and the following official decisions concerning sickness benefits within the Swedish sickness insurance system. METHODS: This was a longitudinal qualitative study based on interviews with 30 clients on sick leave, analyzed through deductive content analysis. RESULTS: Clients’ understanding of the evaluation was dependent on whether the specific tests were …perceived as clearly related to the clients’ situation and what information they received. For a fair description of their work ability, clients state that the strict structure in the evaluation is not relevant to everyone. CONCLUSION: The work ability evaluations indicate low acceptability due to lack of individual adaptation, the comprehensibility varied depending on the applicability of the evaluation and information provided, while the dimension ‘importance’ indicated as higher degree of social validity. The official decision about sickness benefits however was considered unrelated to the evaluation results, lacking solid arguments and sometimes contradictory to other stakeholders’ recommendations indicating poor social validity. Show more

Keywords: Acceptability, sickness absence, social insurance system, sick leave, legitimacy

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213558

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 109-124, 2021

Authors: Eklund, Mona | Jansson, Jan-Åke | Eklund, Lisa | Pooremamali, Parvin | Gunnarsson, A. Birgitta

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: People with mental illness may have difficulties related to work and employment, especially if they experience additional difficult life situations. OBJECTIVE: To explore how subgroups with mental illness and additional adversities perceived their situation with respect to work and employment prospects. METHODS: Three subgroups were included, exposed to an additional difficult life situation: i) psychosis interrupting their career development at young age (n  = 46), ii) having a history of substance use disorder (SUD) (= 57) or iii) having recently immigrated (n  = 39). They responded to questionnaires addressing sociodemographics, work-related factors, everyday activity, and well-being. A professional …assessed their level of functioning and symptom severity. RESULTS: The young people with psychosis had a low education level, little work experience, the poorest worker role resources, and a low level of functioning, but a high quality of life. The SUD group had the fewest work experiences, were the least satisfied with work experiences, and had the lowest activity level, but had the least severe psychiatric symptoms. The immigrant group had severe psychiatric symptoms, but high ratings on work experiences, work resources, and activity level. CONCLUSIONS: Each group presented unique assets and limitations pertaining to work and employment, suggesting that they also needed unique support measures. Show more

Keywords: Psychosis, substance use disorder, immigrant, quality of life, satisfaction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213559

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 125-134, 2021

Authors: Agosti, Madelaine Törnquist | Bringsén, Åsa | Andersson, Ingemar | Erlandsson, Lena-Karin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite an increase in work-life balance literature, the development of successful support to help employees manage their work -life balance is slow. Moreover, there are few interventions with a comprehensive approach to workplace health promotion focusing on work-life balance. OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to present the development and building blocks of a holistic interdisciplinary health-promoting program, the BELE program, to enhance female employees working in human service organizations health and well-being with a focus on work-life balance. METHODS: The planning and development of the program was done through an intervention mapping and research circles methodology. …RESULTS: The planning- and development process of the program resulted in a theoretical framework, and a program structure with a program content. The intervention program was named “The Balance in Everyday Life Empowerment program” (BELE program). CONCLUSIONS: The BELE program adds to the existing body of work-life balance knowledge, so far often based on a conflict approach. Interventions focusing on a comprehensive approach to health and work-life balance with a salutogenic approach are rare. Furthermore, the integration with occupational therapy and health promotion in a workplace health promotion framework is innovative. In a previous study, the BELE program has shown that it enhances women’s well-being and balance in their everyday life. Show more

Keywords: Program planning and development, workplace health promotion, work-life balance, public health, occupational therapy

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213560

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 135-146, 2021

Authors: da Rosa, Ana Caroline Francisco | Lapasini Leal, Gislaine Camila | Galdamez, Edwin Vladimir Cardoza | de Souza, Rodrigo Clemente Thom

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Occupational safety risk management is a systemic process capable of promoting technical engineering solutions, considering a wide range of predictable, unexpected and subjective factors related to accident occurrences. In Brazil, the behavior of managers in relation to risk management tends to be reactive, and facilitates access to information for crucial practical and academic purposes when it comes to changing the attitude of managers, so that their actions become increasingly more proactive. OBJECTIVE: To identify, classify, analyze, and discuss the existing literature related to the topic, produced from 2008 to 2020, besides contributing to a broader understanding of …risk management in occupational safety. METHODS: We did a systematic literature mapping. The research process was documented starting by the planning stage. Afterwards, the focus was on research conduction and information synthesis. RESULTS: Knowledge systematization and stratification about OHS risk management through various perspectives to identify, analyze and manage risks in the workplace. Were identified 37 tools for identifying and analyzing risks, management-related practices and future research trends. CONCLUSIONS: The set of tools and management practices identified can be used as a support for decision making in the selection process of tools and practices to reduce risks and improve occupational safety. Also, the results can help target future research. Show more

Keywords: Risk analysis, health and safety, work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213561

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 147-166, 2021

Authors: Silva, Neliane Aparecida | Yamawaka de Almeida, Letícia | Lemos de Oliveira, Jaqueline | de Almeida, Lilian Carla | Fiorati, Regina Célia | Miasso, Adriana Inocenti | de Souza, Jacqueline

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The work environment is a place in which different kinds of interpersonal relationships are developed and can contribute positively or negatively to productivity and to workers’ well-being. Discussion on this topic may contribute to building more coping strategies to fight against gender inequality and the emotional repercussions of these conditions. OBJECTIVE: This is a cross-sectional study that investigated the possible influence of work environment relationships on the mental health of Brazilian seamstresses. METHODS: The participants were seamstresses from four clothing factories in a city in the southwest of Brazil. For data collection, we used the …Social Support Perception at Work Scale; Self-Report Questionnaire; Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test; and a focus group. The quantitative data were statistically analyzed, and data from the focus groups were analyzed using content analysis. RESULTS: Interpersonal relationships at work were mentioned as sources of conflict and stress but also as emotional and material social support providers. In the sample studied, these relationships did not influence directly the development of mental health disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Study results suggest that a low level of education is an important factor that increases the vulnerability of these women to the precariousness of work, and, consequently to developing mental health symptoms or aggravating previous mental health distress. However, emotional and material support from peers likely protects these workers’ mental health. Show more

Keywords: Women, social support, mental health, occupational health, work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213562

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 167-175, 2021

Authors: Gragnano, Andrea | Miglioretti, Massimo | Magon, Giorgio | Pravettoni, Gabriella

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies about work and cancer predominantly considered the return to work of cancer survivors. However, some studies highlighted that many patients work with cancer even immediately after the diagnosis. Little is known about the frequency, causes, and consequences of this behavior. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to estimate how many cancer patients continue working in the month after the diagnosis in an Italian context and to determine which factors affect the decision to stop working in the same period. METHODS: One hundred seventy-six patients with breast, gastrointestinal, prostate, or female reproductive system cancer completed a survey …with demographic, occupational, and psychosocial information. Clinical information was collected from medical records. We measured how many workers continued working in the month after cancer diagnosis without substantial interruptions and selected the best logistic regression model of this behavior’s predictors. RESULTS: Sixty-eight percent of the patients continued working in the month after the diagnosis. Patients were more likely to stop working with a higher level of perceived work-health incompatibility (OR = 2.64; 95%CI: 1.48–4.69), an open-ended contract (OR = 3.20; CI: 1.13–9.09), and a complex treatment (surgery+chemo-/radio-therapy, OR = 4.25; CI: 1.55–11.65) and less likely with breast cancer (OR = 0.20; CI: 0.07–0.56), and more children (OR = 0.59; CI: 0.37–0.96). CONCLUSIONS: To continue working with cancer is a common practice among the newly diagnosed. The decision to suspend work activity relates to evaluating how much work activities hamper one’s health care needs and the practical difficulties expected in handling cancer care and work. Show more

Keywords: Cancer, rehabilitation, diagnosis, work with cancer, work path, return to work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213563

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 177-185, 2021

Authors: Vendrig, Lex | Wijnvoord, Liesbeth | van Nassau, Femke | Schaafsma, Frederieke

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Self-employed workers have largely been missing from research in work and occupational health. There are hardly any questionnaires that measure the specific problems and stressors of the self-employed. Recently the Work and Well-Being Inventory (WBI) (in Dutch: VAR-2) was normal and validated for the self-employed. However, a scale that measures the suitability as an entrepreneur was still lacking. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of a new developed WBI-scale for self-employed workers (entrepreneurs) to assess the suitability as an entrepreneur. METHODS: The new developed entrepreneurship scale consisted of 15 items divided among …4 subscales: entrepreneurial attitude (4 items), management skills (3 items), entrepreneurial resilience (5 items), and financial health (3 items). We conducted a cross-sectional study, including 676 self-employed workers (business owners, liberal professions, and medical practitioners). Data was used to calculate the test-retest reliability, construct validity, concurrent validity, and incremental validity. Concurrent validity was calculated against external measures of stress and job demands. RESULTS: Business owners obtained the highest mean score on the entrepreneurship scale, followed by liberal professions and medical practitioners. Cronbach’s alpha was good for the full scale and sufficient for two subscales. Confirmatory factor analyses showed an excellent fit of the bi-factor model. We found a negative correlation between the entrepreneurship scale and the external measures of stress and job demands. CONCLUSIONS: The new developed entrepreneurship scale provides a good reliable and valid instrument to assess psychosocial risks factors in self-employed workers. The scale can help medical advisors to assess psychosocial risk factors that make self-employed workers at risk of work disability or sickness absence. More research is needed to investigate the predictive validity of the scale. Show more

Keywords: Reliability, validity, entrepreneur, self-employed, stress, job demands

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213564

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 187-197, 2021

Authors: Liu, Shaxin | Wang, Fengyi | Yang, Qiong | Wang, Quan | Feng, Danling | Chen, Yue | Cheng, Andy S.K.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Return to work is an important process for many breast cancer survivors (BCSs) that acts as a positive step towards their reintegration into society. OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether work productivity loss due to presenteeism could predict the quality of life (QOL) of employed BCSs. METHODS: This study used a cross-sectional design. Seventy-five BCSs and seventy-five participants in the Non-Cancer Comparison (NCC) group were surveyed. The main outcome measures were productivity loss (as measured by the Work Limitations questionnaire) and quality of life (as measure by the European Organization for Research and Treatment Quality of …Life questionnaire C30). Other measures included psychological distress (as measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and cognitive limitation at work (as measured by the Cognitive Symptom Checklist). RESULTS: The BCS group had a lower summary score, a lower global health related score and greater work limitation in all domains than the NCC group. The productivity loss due to presenteeism of the BCS group was 8%. The multiple regression model shows that work productivity loss and level of job stress were the significant predictors of quality of life in the BCS group. CONCLUSION: These findings raise questions about the effects of level of job stress and work productivity loss on the QOL of BCSs. Longitudinal studies are needed to map these relationships. Show more

Keywords: Presenteeism, job stress, work flexibility, return to work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213565

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 199-207, 2021

Authors: Babashahi, Mina | Bagherifard, Farnaz | Daneshmandi, Hadi | Khoshbakht, Rohollah | Jaberi, Omid | Delir, Eman | Tabibian, Mehrnaz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Municipality cleaners are exposed to food insecurity, Musculoskeletal Symptoms (MSs), and fatigue. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of food insecurity on MSs, fatigue, and productivity among municipality cleaners. METHODS: This study was conducted on 399 Iranian male municipality cleaners with at least one year of working experience. The data were gathered via a demographic/occupational questionnaire, the Persian version of the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (P-HFIAS), the Persian version of Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (P-NMQ), the Persian version of the Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue scale (P-MAF), and the Persian version of Health …and Work Questionnaire (P-HWQ). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple logistic regression (Forward Wald), and multiple linear regression (Stepwise). RESULTS: The findings revealed that 42.6%of the municipality cleaners were in the ‘severely food insecure’ category. The highest prevalence of MSs in the past week were related to knees (35.8%), lower back (35.1%), and ankles/feet (28.8%). Based on the results, the chance of MSs in the shoulders (OR = 1.66) and ankles/feet (1.60) regions, and MSs at least in one body region (OR = 1.47) was higher in the individuals with severe food insecurity than the others. Considering the P-MAF, food insecurity was associated with the ‘degree and severity’, ‘distress that it causes’, and ‘timing of fatigue’ subscales and ‘total fatigue’. Considering the P-HWQ, food insecurity was associated with ‘productivity’, ‘other’s assessment’, ‘concentration/focus’, ‘supervisor relations’, ‘non-work satisfaction’, and ‘impatience/irritability’ subscales. CONCLUSION: The study revealed an association between food insecurity and MSs in some body regions and fatigue and productivity subscales among the municipality cleaners. Nutritional and ergonomic programs are recommended to reduce municipality cleaners’ food insecurity, MSs, and fatigue and enhance their productivity. Show more

Keywords: Fatigue, food insecurity, musculoskeletal symptom, productivity

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213566

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 209-217, 2021

Authors: Jebril, Mohammad Y.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a lack of information regarding the availability of work and the appropriateness of work to people with disabilities (PWD) in Jordan. Therefore, this research was initiated and it was hypothesized that work is available and it is appropriate to PWD abilities. OBJECTIVES: To explore the availability of work and the appropriateness of working conditions to PWD abilities. METHOD: Thirty-five individuals completed the “People with Disabilities Working Condition Scale” (PWDWCS). Descriptive and nonparametric statistical analyses including Chi square, Pearson correlation, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests were used, and content analysis was used for …the open-ended questions section to identify the availability of work in terms of opportunities and competition as well as to identify the work fitness to PWDs’ abilities. RESULTS: Sixty percent of the participants had difficulties finding a job, with a high competition on the available ones. Several work conditions do not fit PWDs’ abilities including improper fitness of work assignment to their capabilities and relatively inappropriate wages. In addition, a higher percentage of the participants reported: A) availability of written job descriptions and procedure manuals B) lack of work-related training and continuing education (CE) programs C) PWD are not being promoted D) availability of relative social acceptance at work E) a relatively comfortable work environment F) finally, work areas which require several modifications to boost accessibility. CONCLUSION: Initial hypotheses could not be confirmed. Several challenges face PWD in Jordan pertaining to the availability and fitness to work. Rehabilitation for all sectors of work is necessary as well as for PWD to improve their employability and work appropriateness to PWD abilities. Show more

Keywords: Working conditions, supported employment, accessibility, qualitative research, stigma, rehabilitation, reasonable accommodations

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213567

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 219-233, 2021

Authors: Fyhn, Tonje | Sveinsdottir, Vigdis | Reme, Silje E. | Sandal, Gro M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Groups in society that are under-represented in the workforce encounter various barriers in the job-seeking process. Some of these barriers are found on the employer’s side of the table. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates supervisors’ and employees’ assessments of job seekers with different forms of disabilities, health issues, or with a minority background. It also investigates respondents’ previous experience with such colleagues, and whether supervisor status affects their assessments. METHODS: A survey was distributed among supervisors (n  = 305) and employees (n  = 925) using a vignette design with ten characters, inquiring about willingness to include such an …employee in their work group. The vignettes described job seekers with either a mental illness, a physical disability or a cultural minority. Risk ratio (RR) was calculated for being assessed positively, using a vignette character describing a single mother as reference. RESULTS: Vignette characters describing mental health issues and physical disabilities were less likely to be assessed positively than the reference case, except for the vignette describing audio impairment. Cultural minorities were assessed as positive, or more positively than the reference case. Supervisors and employees generally agreed in their assessments of vignette characters, and previous experience was consistently associated with a more positive assessment of the character in question. Various barriers to include the least favoured vignette characters were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Although some findings are promising with regard to increasing work participation for underrepresented groups, barriers pertaining to some of the vignette characters should be addressed in vocational rehabilitation efforts, as well as in organizations seeking to enhance equal opportunities and diversity. Show more

Keywords: Diversity, equal opportunities, selection, evaluation, work participation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213568

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 235-245, 2021

Authors: Zhang, HanYuan | Yang, Xue | Martínez-Aires, Ma Dolores

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) has a direct repercussion on the work, social and economic environments. The regulatory frameworks developed by each country are a basic aspect of OHS action policies. OBJECTIVE: This study analyses and compares the differences in OHS regulations in China and the European Union (EU) to identify weaknesses or gaps in the Chinese regulations. METHODS: Firstly, an overview of the OHS situation in the EU and China is carried out to provide context. Following this, a comparison of OHS regulations is conducted by searching different European and Chinese databases. The comparison …focuses on several areas: socio-economic issues, accident rates, and the OHS regulatory framework. RESULTS: Since 1989, the EU has produced a broad and comprehensive OHS regulatory framework. Almost 30 years later, its positive impact can be seen in EU accident rates, indicating that this framework might be used as a reference for other territories or countries. China has a complicated system with over 280 OHS legislative regulations, in the form of laws, regulations, rules, integrated regulations, etc. that lead to a mixture and repetition of contents. CONCLUSIONS: The Chinese OHS legislation is still being constructed and complemented, since the two main Chinese OHS laws were approved during the last decade. This contrasts with the mature European framework, as it has been modified and completed over the years. Show more

Keywords: Occupational health and safety, UE, comparison, regulatory frameworks

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213569

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 247-261, 2021

Authors: Jenkins, Natasha | Smith, Gavin | Stewart, Scott | Kamphuis, Catherine

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Paramedic work has periods of intermittent high physical demand, a risk of workplace injury, may be confounded by inherent fitness of the paramedic. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify the nature of workplace musculoskeletal injury, and determine if there was a relationship between pre-employment physical capacity testing (PEPCT) scores and risk of workplace musculoskeletal injury within the paramedic industry. METHODS: A retrospective case review using PEPCT scores and workplace injury (WI) manual handling data collected from 2008 to 2015 by an Australian pre-hospital emergency care provider (Ambulance Victoria), enabled comparison and analysis of two distinct …data sets. RESULTS: A total of 538 paramedics were included for analysis with 34 paramedics reporting a workplace musculoskeletal injury from manual handling. The mean time to injury from commencement of employment was 395.4 days (SD 516.2). Female paramedics represented 53.0%and male paramedics represented 47%of the sample. Mean total PEPCT score for the entire sample was 19.1 (SD 2.9) with a range from 16.2–22, while for those reporting injuries it was 18.3 (SD 2.6) with a range from 15.7–20.9. CONCLUSIONS: Musculoskeletal injury amongst Victorian paramedics is more prevalent where the paramedic is female, and/or within three years of commencement of employment. The PEPCT score did not differentiate those at risk of subsequent injury. Show more

Keywords: Workplace injury, prehospital emergency health care, predictive assessment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213570

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 263-270, 2021

Authors: Akezaki, Yoshiteru | Nakata, Eiji | Kikuuchi, Masato | Tominaga, Ritsuko | Kurokawa, Hideaki | Hamada, Makiko | Aogi, Kenjiro | Ohsumi, Shozo | Sugihara, Shinsuke

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The identification of factors that are related to return to work after surgery for breast cancer could help healthcare professionals accurately identify patients at risk of return to work-related difficulties in order to provide them with appropriate support during breast cancer management. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify factors related to return to work in breast cancer patients three months after axillary lymph node dissection. METHODS: Seventy-three women who were working before the surgery were evaluated. Age, body mass index, level of lymph node dissection, marital status, children, co-resident household members, preoperative …chemotherapy, postoperative chemotherapy, postoperative hormonal therapy, postoperative radiotherapy, shoulder range of motion, upper limb function (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand; DASH), and work were evaluated. Patients who had returned to work constituted the return to work group, and those who had not returned to work constituted the no return to work group. RESULTS: Of the patients, 36 returned to work at three months. Logistic regression analysis including the five variables showed that shoulder flexion range of motion and DASH were significantly associated with return to work (p  < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The observation that the symptoms and limitations of upper limb function and shoulder flexion range of motion affect return to work may indicate the importance of postoperative rehabilitation in breast cancer patients following axillary lymph node dissection. Show more

Keywords: Rehabilitation, upper limb, survivors, surgery

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213571

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 271-277, 2021

Authors: Corrêa Pinto, Ricardo Nunes | da Silva, Marcelo Cozzensa | Caputo, Eduardo Lucia | Domingues, Marlos Rodrigues

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Primary health unit (PHU) nursing work is different when compared to hospital environment. Although low back pain (LBP) literature presents studies conducted in hospital nursing personnel, there is a lack of studies in PHU nurses. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to measure the prevalence of LBP in PHU nursing personnel in the city of Pelotas, Brazil. METHODS: Sociodemographic (age, gender, number of children, skin color, income and marital status), occupational (PHU type, formal education, professional experience, weekly workload, extra work activity, workload perception), nutritional (BMI), health (self-perceived health, smoking, sleep quality and minor psychiatric disorders, PHU …physical structure perception) and behavioral (leisure-time physical activity) characteristics were assessed. LBP was defined as pain or discomfort between the last rib and gluteal fold. Poisson regression was used to evaluate the relationship among LBP and covariates. RESULTS: LBP prevalence was 65.2%. Chronic (12 weeks) and acute (7 days) LBP prevalence were 22.4%and 53.4%, respectively. LBP was associated with obesity (PR 1.39 95%CI 1.01–1.92) and poor self-perceived health (PR 2.77 95%CI 1.32–5.80). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of LBP in PHU nursing personnel is high and similar to hospital nurses. Individual characteristics such as body mass and health perception were associated with LBP. Show more

Keywords: Lower back pain, nursing personnel, primary care, cross-sectional studies

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213572

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 279-285, 2021

Authors: Pasanen, Jarna

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous research regarding interaction between disabled workers and insurers indicates that encounters between these parties are predominantly negative in nature and may result in psychosocial harm for workers. Further research is required to investigate positive interactions to foster return to work after illness or injury. OBJECTIVE: To explore and conceptualize perceived positive encounters between disabled workers and insurers in order to identify the mechanisms that support successful rehabilitation outcomes. METHODS: This qualitative study explored the experiences of twenty-four disabled workers who had undergone an occupational rehabilitation process. Data were collected with in-depth semi-structured interviews, transcribed, …coded, and analyzed using inductive content analysis. RESULTS: Four main themes arose from the 24 key concepts relating to the positive encounters: (1) process flow, (2) customer orientation, (3) information and guidance, and (4) service attitude. The results also reveal that perceived positive encounters promote the return to work not only directly, but also indirectly by improving the informants’ motivation, which has previously been found to be one of the most significant factors explaining the outcomes of rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS: The positive relationship between disabled workers and insurers during an occupational rehabilitation could be better understood through a conceptualization of perceived positive encounters. Underlining the importance of positive encounters and their ability to improve the rehabilitee’s motivation may contribute to better support methods for the return to work. Show more

Keywords: Disability insurance, return to work, insurer role, rehabilitation motivation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213573

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 287-300, 2021

Authors: Park, Soo Kyung | Rhee, Min-Kyoung | Lee, Seon Woo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Although job demands, supervisory support, and burnout have been identified as significant predictors of turnover intention, little attention has been paid to the mechanisms among these determinants. OBJECTIVE: Based on the job demand and resource (JD-R) model, this study examined the mediating roles of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. METHODS: Data were collected from private sector social workers in three metropolitan areas of South Korea (N  = 316). Two serial multiple mediation analyses were conducted to examine the mediating effects of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization in the relationships between job demands and turnover intention and between job …resources and turnover intention, respectively. RESULTS: Job demands and resources were associated with turnover intention both directly and indirectly, through emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Whereas job demands were positively associated with emotional exhaustion only, job resources were negatively associated with both emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. The sequential link from emotional exhaustion to depersonalization was present in both job demands and in the resources models. CONCLUSIONS: The findings underscore the importance of addressing potential burnout to effectively reduce turnover intention among social workers in South Korea. Implications and strategies for developing interventions and policies to reduce turnover by improving work environments are suggested. Show more

Keywords: Job demand and resource (JD-R) model, burnout, social workers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213574

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 301-309, 2021

Authors: Lancman, Selma | Barros, Juliana de Oliveira | Jardim, Tatiana de Andrade | Brunoro, Claudio Marcelo | Sznelwar, Laerte Idal | da Silva, Talita Naiara Rossi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work is a determinant of employee health, and the same conditions that contribute to an illness do not favour return to work; consequently, they hinder job retention, other employees can become ill and new leaves are generated. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the nursing technicians work in intensive and semi-intensive care units (ICUs and SICUs) and discuss the influence of organisational and relational factors on return to work and job retention. This study also discusses the contributions of activity ergonomics to these processes. METHOD: Qualitative case study based on ergonomic work analysis (EWA). Data were collected using …documentary analyses, and global, systematic, and participant observations involving nursing technicians working in ICUs and SICUs. RESULTS: Task planning and the staff size adjustment to respond to the work demands of these units were ineffective in real-world situations and were aggravated by cases of absenteeism, medical leave, and employees returning to work. CONCLUSIONS: Work structure limits return to work and job retention. An EWA based on the activities developed by professionals is a valid tool for understanding working processes by applying transforming actions to real-world work situations. Show more

Keywords: Emergency services, vocational rehabilitation, job security, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213575

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 311-319, 2021

Authors: Babamiri, Mohammad | Heidarimoghadam, Rashid | Ghasemi, Fakhradin | Tapak, Leili | Mortezapour, Alireza

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The scientometric study is a visualization method used to collect big data from databases, to explore the relationships between citing and co-cited documents and then visualize the results. Unlike the new term Ergonomics 4.0, bibliometric analysis has been studied in various related fields of Ergonomics. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to create a bibliometric analysis in related field of Ergonomics and Fourth Industrial Revolution. This analysis can shed light on the new developed research field in both sides of the present study, occupational ergonomics and industry 4.0. METHODS: After selecting related keywords, Advance …search was done in Scopus and Web of Science. Bibliometric results were presented by these databases’ analyzer and by exported data to VOS viewer software. No time or language restriction was applied. RESULTS: Retrieved Articles were 104 and 285 for Web of Science and Scopus respectively. The frequent co-occurrences for keywords were seen between “industry 4.0” and “Human Factors”. The USA and Germany were also the most productive countries in this field. Well-known Ergonomics journals had low participation in the Evolution of Ergonomics and Fourth Industrial Revolution topics. CONCLUSION: Due to more participation of industry 4.0-related researchers in this topic, it is recommended that ergonomists from around the world, and especially Eastern countries, attempt to conduct research in this field. Furthermore, devoting some forth-coming special issues in this field is recommended to top ergonomics journals. Show more

Keywords: Trends in ergonomics, cyber physical system, VOS viewer, smart factory, smart manufacturing

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213576

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 321-334, 2021

Authors: Pinto, Isabel C. | Pereira, Olívia R. | Fernandes, António | Nogueira, João | Costa, Ricardo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Increasing consumption of psychoactive substances is a major social concern worldwide. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of psychoactive substances consumption in the Portuguese, throughout their life as well as recently, and the main reasons for the consumption and associated factors. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was based on the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) applied to a sample of 385 Portuguese obtained for convenience. It was used descriptive statistics, the Cui-square, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Alcohol was the most consumed throughout life (86%), …followed by xanthines (79%) and tobacco (60%). In the last 3 months, xanthines (49%) were the most consumed daily, followed by tobacco (22%) and alcohol (9%). Socializing was the main reason for consumption of alcohol (67%), tobacco (36%) and cannabis (34%) while anxiolytics have been used to sleep (50%) and xanthines to increase cognitive capacity (35%). Tobacco (p  = 0.016), alcohol (p  = 0.03) and illicit substances (p  < 0.001) were more consumed by men and anxiolytics by women (p  = 0.027). Alcohol (p  = 0.008), cannabis (p  = 0.027), and xanthines (p  = 0.009) were mostly consumed by young adults. CONCLUSIONS: The results reveal sporadic and recreational use of illicit substances, and regular use of alcohol, tobacco and xanthines, mostly by young adults and men, and anxiolytics by women. Socializing was the main reason for psychoactive substances consumption. Show more

Keywords: Alcohol, tobacco, xanthines, Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), young adult

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213578

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 335-344, 2021