Work - Volume 68, issue 4

Authors: Jacobs, Karen

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213430

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 967-968, 2021

Authors: Zandian, Hamed | Alipouri Sakha, Minoo | Nasiri, Elhameh | Zahirian Moghadam, Telma

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Professionalism, stress and demographic factors are the three key influences in nurses’ intention to provide care. OBJECTIVES: This study examined the levels of work intention, stress and professionalism of nurses and determine the relationship between nursing work intention and factors in response to COVID-19. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 362 nurses from COVID-19-devoted hospitals in Iran. A self-administered electronic-based questionnaire was developed and used to determine levels of stress, professionalism, and nursing intention. Multiple regression analysis was carried out to analyze the correlation between nursing intention with respect to stress and professionalism. …RESULTS: The overall stress, professionalism, and nursing intention scores were 48.56, 21.46, and 17.83 respectively. There were significant differences in nursing intention scores between gender, marital status, and having training groups (p  < 0.05). The regression analysis revealed that nursing intention had a significant relationship with older age (p  < 0.001,S.E = 1.11,B = 17.02), higher income level (p  < 0.001,S.E = 1.81,B = 6.98), having previous training (p  = 0.008,S.E = 1.22,B = 3.27), higher stress level (p  < 0.001,S.E = 2.37,B = –21.39), and high professionalism level (p  < 0.001,S.E = 1.16,B = 11.99). CONCLUSION: Having an adequate staff requirement plan, planning appropriate training for nurses, and proactive psychological support are crucial to prevent burnout and continue to provide nursing services. Show more

Keywords: Work intention, coronavirus, hospital nurses, emotional stress

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205099

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 969-979, 2021

Authors: Gerding, Thomas | Syck, Megan | Daniel, Denise | Naylor, Jennifer | Kotowski, Susan E. | Gillespie, Gordon L. | Freeman, Andrew M. | Huston, Thomas R. | Davis, Kermit G.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: As millions of workers have shifted to telework, special accommodations for workers with respect to ergonomics may be required to ensure the workforce remains healthy. METHODS: A survey about home office ergonomics and discomfort was sent to faculty, staff, and administrators by email and was completed by 843 individuals. RESULTS: Over 40%of the participants reported moderate to severe discomfort (severe low/middle back pain, moderate discomfort in eyes/neck/head, and discomfort in the upper back/shoulders). Laptops (always and often) were widely used (85%) with most using the laptop monitor (55%) of all respondents. Further, less than 45%of …the seating conditions were reported as having adjustable arm rests. CONCLUSION: As teleworking in makeshift offices becomes more common, the risk of significant discomfort and potentially more serious musculoskeletal disorders may result from poor static postures. Companies may need to accommodate workers by allowing them to take home office chairs, external monitors, keyboards, and mice as laptops are insufficient, ergonomically. Show more

Keywords: Telework, musculoskeletal disorder, human-computer interface

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205294

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 981-992, 2021

Authors: Banaee, Sean | Claiborne, Denise M. | Akpinar-Elci, Muge

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a substantial burden on dental care professionals. While dentistry is known as one of the most exposed and high-risk professions, dental care professionals are indeed at even greater risk. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitudes, occupational health practices, personal protective equipment usage, and mental stressors during COVID-19 pandemic among dental care professionals. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among dental care professionals who were subscribers to a dental hygiene journal using a self-administered online survey (n  = 1047 respondents). Cross-tabulations were performed to determine differences …in the responses to the statements related to different domains. RESULTS: COVID-19 impacted the healthy work-life balance (p  <  0.001) and caused sleeping difficulty among the respondents (p  <  0.001). Moreover, a lower response on changing respirators and gloves for each patient compared with before viral pandemic was observed (p  <  0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Ongoing training on infection control, occupational health practices, and PPE usage can prevent the transmission of COVID-19 among dental care professionals and the public. Lack of adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) is a burden for applying occupational health practices in dental clinics and present a risk to the public. COVID-19 may contribute to developing psychological stress and disrupt healthy work-life balance among dental professionals. Show more

Keywords: Personal protective equipment, dentistry, coronavirus

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205319

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 993-1000, 2021

Authors: Hanson, Brendan | Steele Cooper, Sherry | Tegarden, Taryn | Tipton, Logan | Freeman, Andrew M. | Davis, Kermit G. | Gillespie, Gordon L. | Huston, Thomas

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Emergency personnel operate in environments that put them at higher risk of injury to the musculoskeletal system. These injuries result in lost workdays, medical costs, and decreased productivity, all which impact emergency response systems. OBJECTIVE: This study serves to assess the causes, costs, and disability of common work-related musculoskeletal injuries within the police, emergency medical service (EMS) workers, and firefighters of Ohio based on data from the OBWC (Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation). METHODS: Our dataset included all OBWC injury claims involving a shoulder, low back, or knee from 2010 through 2014. Police and Firefighter …leaders were analyzed separately from those not in a leadership role, and workers with combined Firefighter/EMS roles were analyzed separately from “pure” Firefighters and EMS personnel. Data were organized through univariate analysis of variance with post-hoc Tukey tests and analyzed based on the job of the individual and whether the individual was in a leadership role. RESULTS: Police Officers had the highest number of total injuries in the dataset, followed by Firefighters and Firefighters/EMS workers. Police Officers and Firefighters injured their back and knees more often than their shoulders, while EMS workers injured their backs and shoulders more often than their knees. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanisms through which injuries occur are also dependent on the job. Police officers experienced a higher percentage of motor vehicle related back problems, while firefighters had a higher percentage of injuries from overexertion. Musculoskeletal injury claims in these emergency personnel resulted in opioid prescriptions approximately 10%of the time. Show more

Keywords: Police, emergency medical services, firefighters, ergonomics, opioids

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205065

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1001-1008, 2021

Authors: Placeres, Aline Ferreira | Fiorati, Regina Célia | Alonso, Jonas Bodini | Carrijo, Débora Couto de Mello | Jesus, Tiago Silva

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Psychological morbidity is commonly experienced by people with a spinal cord injury (SCI), but whether it is associated with occupational role transitions in is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether anxiety or depression symptoms are independently associated to increased likelihoods of role transitions in adults with SCI. METHODS: Cross-sectional study; multivariate analysis using a heteroscedastic Dirichlet regression. Participants: Thirty persons with traumatic SCI. Measures: Role Checklist (e.g. role transitions: dependent variables) and Beck’s Depression Inventory and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (independent variables), adjusted for socio-demographic, functional, and injury-level confounders. RESULTS: Greater depression symptoms independently increased …the likelihood of occupational role transitions, either for roles loss [adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI):1.009–1.080] or roles gain [AOR: 1.07; 95% CI:1.02–1.13], as opposed to continued occupational roles. Higher anxiety as a trait, in turn, independently reduced the likelihood of occupational roles gain [AOR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.869–0.992]. The “worker” role was the one lost more frequently (83%). CONCLUSION: Psychological morbidity is associated to occupational role transitions, as opposed to continued roles. Further research (e.g. with larger samples, longitudinal design, using structural equation modelling) should elucidate on the intricate relationships between mental health status and occupational role transitions in people experiencing SCI. Show more

Keywords: Mental health, role performance, worker

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213431

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1009-1018, 2021

Authors: Hicks-Roof, Kristen K. | Franklin, Mallory P. | Sealey-Potts, Claudia V. | Zeglin, Robert J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Worksite wellness programs have the ability to activate health promotion and stimulate behavior change. OBJECTIVE: To measure longitudinal associations between visits with a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN), as part of worksite wellness programs, on dietary and lifestyle behavior changes. METHODS: The study sample included 1,123 employees with 77 different worksite wellness programs across the United States from March to December 2017. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to evaluate the associations of RDN visits with behavior changes. RESULTS: The mean BMI at baseline was 33.48, indicating over half of all employees are considered obese. …Employees who attended more than one visit showed an increase in whole grain consumption and corresponding weight loss (t- ratio = 2.41, p  = 0.02). Age played a significant factor in the rise of systolic blood pressure; employees who attended more visits showed an increase in whole grain consumption and corresponding blood pressure (t- ratio = –2.11, p  = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: RDNs as part of worksite wellness programs, can contribute to improvements in lifestyle behavior changes. These data highlight the need for nutrition intervention at the workplace. Research on nutrition-focused worksite wellness programs is needed to assess the long-term health outcomes related to dietary and lifestyle behavior changes. Show more

Keywords: Worksite safety and health, behavior change, nutrition, health promotion, prevention

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213432

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1019-1025, 2021

Authors: Shanmugam, Ramalingam

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: By dividing the burden of one’s weight between the shins and the buttocks in the sitting position on an office or saddle chair, a person can avoid back pain. In this 21st century, sitting on a chair for long hours in workplace on office chair is unavoidable necessity and hence, millions in different countries undergo a risk for backpain. Is there a right sitting position? OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to find out how much a correlation exists between the angle of sitting and the length of spinal curvature which is the source of …backpain. An experiment can be designed and carried out to measure various angles in sitting and the changing length of the person’s spinal cord curvature. METHOD: The usual statistical methodology requires a pair of values namely x and y to quantify the correlation. The data on sitting angles and the length of spinal curvature do not have such pairing, and hence, the traditional approach to find the correlation between the sitting angle and length of spinal curvature is not applicable. Yet, an approach is necessary. This article constructs an innovative statistical approach to fulfil this need. RESULTS: Our approach yields a correlation of 0.998 for sitting on office chair and an increased correlation of 0.999 on saddle chair, according to the Truszczyńska-Baszaka et al.’s data. CONCLUSIONS: An adjustment is made in various angles of sitting on office chair to transform the comfortable sitting on a saddle chair. In consequence, the proportional effect on the spinal curvature is estimable with the data and it is phenomenal (that is significantly more than one). No wonder people prefer saddle chair over office chair when it comes to avoid back pain and this article proves the convenience statistically. Show more

Keywords: Bivariate distribution, linear model, conditional mean and variance, Kronecker vector

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213433

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1027-1033, 2021

Authors: Almhdawi, Khader A. | Alrabbaie, Hassan | Kanaan, Saddam F. | Alahmar, Moh’d Rami | Oteir, Alaa O. | Mansour, Zaid Modhi | Obeidat, Donia S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) represent a significant health challenge facing nurses. However, very few studies investigated the prevalence of WMSDs among nurses and their predictors comprehensively using a valid and reliable set of standardized outcome measures. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence WMSDs of upper quadrants and their predictors among registered nurses in Jordanian hospitals. METHODS: A cross-sectional study recruited 597 registered nurses from different hospitals in Jordan. A self-administered survey distributed in targeted hospitals wards. Outcome measures included Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), …International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), sociodemographic data, and manual handling and work habits. Prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints was reported using descriptive analysis. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors of WMSDs at each upper quadrant body site. RESULTS: Twelve-month WMSDs prevalence was the highest at the neck (61.1%), followed by the upper back (47.2%), shoulders (46.7%), wrist and hands (27.3%), and finally at the elbow (13.9%). Being a female, poor sleep quality, high physical activity level, poor ergonomics, increased workload, and mental stress were significant predictors of increased upper quadrant WMSDs among nurses. CONCLUSIONS: Upper quadrant WMSDs among nurses in Jordan are highly prevalent. Identified significant predictors of these WMSDs should be given full consideration by clinicians and health policymakers. Future studies are needed to reveal the progressive nature of upper quadrant WMSDs and strategies to modify their risk factors. Show more

Keywords: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders, upper quadrant, nursing, ergonomic, occupational stress

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213434

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1035-1047, 2021

Authors: Yuen, Hon K. | Becker, Sarah W. | Ellis, Michelle T. | Moses, Joi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Employee wellness programs (EWPs) aim to support positive changes in employees’ modifiable behavioral health risk factors for disease prevention and management. OBJECTIVE: This study described the prevalence and characteristics of EWPs in US accredited college and university campuses. METHODS: Identification of the prevalence of EWPs and programming activities offered in 3039 accredited higher education institutions/campuses, and characteristics of these institutions/campuses were conducted, mainly through searching the institution’s web page. RESULTS: Overall, 36%of the institutions/campuses offered EWPs, with a significantly larger percentage of 4-year public colleges/universities providing EWPs and wellness programming activities than the …4-year private colleges/universities and community colleges. When limiting the institutions/campuses to 4-year colleges and universities with at least 500 employees, the percentage of these institutions/campuses offering EWPs increased to 57.7%, which was comparable to the findings in the literature. The percentage of the institutions/campuses offering wellness programming activities ranged from 18.1%for injury prevention and ergonomics to 30.2%for stress management. The percentage of institutions/campuses offering injury prevention and ergonomics was significantly lower than the percentage of institutions/campuses offering other typical wellness activities. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of EWPs offered in accredited college and university campuses do not meet the national goal of 75%, which was set by Healthy People 2010. Show more

Keywords: Workplace health promotion, cross-sectional survey, universities, health promotion, statistics, numerical data

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213435

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1049-1057, 2021

Authors: Biber, Duke D. | Rice, Ken | Ellis, Rebecca

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Desire2Move (D2M) is an 8-week team-based, workplace program that incorporates competition and self-monitoring to encourage physical activity (PA). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a self-compassion (SC) intervention within the existing workplace PA program. METHODS: University employees (n  = 20) were assigned to a SC treatment group or an attention control group. Participants logged their PA minutes using MapMyRun . Treatment group. participants received a 7-week, SC podcast intervention. Participants self-reported PA, SC, and demographic information at pre- and post-intervention. Separate ANOVAs were used to determine group differences. …RESULTS: There was not a statistically significant group x time interaction for SC, F (1, 18) = 0.02, p  = 0.90, or main effects for time, F (1, 18) = 0.28, p  = 0.61, or group, F (1, 18) = 1.70, p  = 0.21, g  = –0.42 [95%CI = –3.13, 2.29]. There were not significant differences between groups for total PA minutes during D2M, F (1, 18) = 2.15, p  = 0.16, g  = –0.63 [–1.53,0.27]. Overall, participants engaged in more than the recommended levels of PA each week. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study provided feedback and guidance for future online SC training within a workplace PA intervention. Show more

Keywords: Mindfulness, self-regulation, physical activity, workplace

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213436

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1059-1067, 2021

Authors: Lockie, Robert G. | Moreno, Matthew R. | Rodas, Karly A. | Dulla, Joseph M. | Orr, Robin M. | Dawes, J. Jay

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fitness could influence task performance in police officers. Limited research details relationships between different fitness characteristics and police-specific tasks. OBJECTIVE: Determine relationships between anaerobic and aerobic capacity with police-specific task performance. METHODS: Data for 308 recruits was analysed. Fitness tests included: push-ups, sit-ups, and mountain climbers (muscular endurance); pull-ups (strength); vertical jump (VJ) and 2 kg medicine ball throw (MBT; power); 75-yard pursuit run (75PR; change-of-direction speed); 201 m run (anaerobic capacity); 2.4 km run and multistage fitness test (aerobic capacity). Police tasks included: 99-yard obstacle course (99OC); 74.84 kg body drag (BD); chain link fence (CLF) and solid …wall (SW) climbs; and 500-yard run (500R). Partial correlations controlling for sex and linear regression calculated relationships between fitness and job tasks. RESULTS: 99OC correlated with all assessments; BD only with 75PR. CLF related to the power and aerobic capacity tests, pull-ups, and 201 m run. SW related to VJ, 75PR, pull-ups, sit-ups, 201 m run, and aerobic capacity. 500R related to all except the MBT and 2.4 km run. 75PR and VJ predicted 4/5 tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Police research has shown the importance of muscular endurance and aerobic capacity. Specific to this studies’ correlations, the value of power and change-of-direction speed development for task performance was indicated. Show more

Keywords: Aerobic capacity, muscular endurance, police, medicine ball throw, vertical jump

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213437

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1069-1080, 2021

Authors: Lockie, Robert G. | Dawes, J. Jay | Orr, Robin M. | Dulla, Joseph M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Law enforcement agencies often include fitness testing as part of the hiring process. However, it can be months from this testing to when a recruit starts academy. OBJECTIVE: To determine fitness changes from hiring to academy in recruits who graduate (GRAD) or separate (SEP; do not complete) from academy. METHODS: Analysis on recruits from one agency, split into GRAD (n  = 436) and SEP (n  = 78) groups, was conducted. These tests were conducted during initial hiring and academy: push-ups, sit-ups, and arm ergometer revolutions in 60 s; 75-yard pursuit run (75PR); and 2.4 km run. Data were analyzed …via a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Change scores were derived between hiring and academy data for both groups, and analyzed via independent samples t-tests. RESULTS: Push-ups, 75PR, arm ergometer, and 2.4 km run generally improved (p ≤0.001). There were no significant between-group interactions or differences in performance changes for GRAD and SEP recruits. SEP recruits tended to have lesser fitness test performance compared to GRAD recruits. CONCLUSIONS: GRAD and SEP recruits showed some fitness improvements between initial hiring through to academy. However, SEP recruits with lesser muscular endurance, running speed, and aerobic capacity during hiring did not substantially improve by academy, which likely impacted their academy survivability. Show more

Keywords: Aerobic capacity, attrition, muscular endurance, occupational testing, police, tactical

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213438

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1081-1090, 2021

Authors: Bernfort, Lars | Persson, Jan | Linderoth, Catharina | Ekberg, Kerstin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Health problems due to musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) and common mental disorders (CMD) result in costs due to lost productivity. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to increase knowledge of employers’ productivity loss due to employees’ presenteeism and sickness absence. METHODS: A web questionnaire was sent to employers of workers who were sick-listed for more than 30 days due to MSD or CMD, response rate: 50%, n  = 198. Presenteeism and the impact on productivity before and after sick leave, and the performance of work tasks by replacement workers during sick leave, were measured using supervisors’ ratings. …RESULTS: The average loss of productivity per sick-leave case amounted to almost 10 weeks, 53%of productivity loss was attributable to presenteeism and 47%to lower productivity by replacement workers. Employees with a CMD diagnosis had significantly higher presenteeism-related productivity loss than those with MSD. CONCLUSIONS: Employers experienced substantial productivity loss associated with employees’ presenteeism and sick leave. Whether the supervisory rating of presenteeism is preferable to employee self-rating needs to be studied further. The long duration of presenteeism is counter-productive to resource-efficient organisations and indicates the need for improved supervisory skills to identify workers with poor health, both before and after sick leave. Show more

Keywords: Workplace, costs, work disability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213439

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1091-1100, 2021

Authors: Iida, Yuki | Chiba, Haruko | Ikeda, Satoshi | Tohyama, Harukazu | Ikoma, Katsunori

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Residual capacity evaluation via neuropsychological testing can facilitate the development of a rehabilitation plan in patients following a traumatic brain injury (TBI). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to confirm the tasks that patients must perform well for early return to work (RTW) following TBI using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III (WAIS-III). METHODS: In total, 40 male and 13 female patients who suffered from neurobehavioral disabilities following TBI were recruited and classified into two groups: the successfully returned to work group (SRTW-G; n  = 22) and the unsuccessfully returned to work group (USRTW-G; n  = 31). The …outcomes assessed by WAIS-III and the time to RTW were compared between the SRTW-G and USRTW-G groups. Multiple logistic regression, multiple regression analysis, and Cox regression were employed to assess differences between the groups. RESULTS: The Comprehension and Letter-Number Sequencing subtests of the WAIS-III were significantly correlated with early RTW more than the other subtests. CONCLUSIONS: We found that, as reflected in the two subtests, patients with TBI must be able to perform well in the following tasks for early RTW: Retention of information for short time periods, information processing, and social judgment based on the knowledge of the patient’s experience. Show more

Keywords: Vocational rehabilitation, supported reemployment, neurobehavioral disability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213440

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1101-1111, 2021

Authors: Hon, Chun-Yip | Holness, D Linn | Fairclough, Craig | Tchernikov, Illia | Arrandale, Victoria

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Occupational skin disease (OSD) is a common health issue in the food processing sector. However, risk factors for OSD are suspected to differ according to the nature of the operation. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain if the risk factors for OSD vary depending on the type of food processing operation, namely meat processing vs. a commercial bakery. METHODS: Participants were asked to answer questions regarding workplace exposures and the current skin condition of their hands. Bivariate analyses were conducted to identify differences between the two participating operations. RESULTS: The meat processing workers were more likely …to have wet work exposure, used hand sanitizer more often and changed their gloves more frequently. These findings from meat processing represented a statistically significant difference compared to the commercial bakery workers. Also, workers from meat processing reported more severe skin symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for OSD apparently differ between types of food processing operations. Differences in the nature of skin symptoms were also found between the two participating operations. It is therefore suggested that future studies examining OSD within the food processing sector should evaluate this health effect based on the nature of operations rather than the sector as a whole. Show more

Keywords: Workplace exposure, meat processing, commercial bakery, skin symptoms

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213441

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1113-1119, 2021

Authors: Vanotti, S. | Eizaguirre, M.B. | Ciufia, N.P. | Yastremiz, C.M. | Roman, M.S. | Canyazo, C. Martinez | Alonso, R. | Garcea, O. | Benedict, R.H.B. | Caceres, F.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological chronic disease that causes a number of physical, cognitive and emotional symptoms. The identification of these factors will allow mitigating unemployment and improve quality of life of patients. The Buffalo Vocational Monitoring Survey (BVMS) is a tool to characterize Work-Challenged patients. OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze BVMS data in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) from Argentina. To study the association with physical, cognitive and psychiatric morbidity in employed patients, comparing the performance of MS Work-Challenged and MS Work-Stable patients, with and without accommodations. METHODS: 119 MS patients were administered …the Argentina adaptation of the BVMS, and completed measures of physical disability, fatigue, depression, cognitive processing speed, memory and verbal fluency. RESULTS: 65.54% of the patients were employed and 19.32% were unemployed, the remaining having roles of housewife, students and disability retirees. Within the employed subgroup, 60.26% were working as employees and 39.74% were self-employed. Cognitive and clinical variables differentiate patients with and without negative events and accommodations (p  >  0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This Spanish version BVMS is considered a new tool to monitor employment difficulties in Spanish-speaking MS patients. MS Work-Challenged had a higher depression, fatigue and worse performance in cognitive variables. Show more

Keywords: Employment, cognitive impairment, depression, fatigue, physical disability and multiple sclerosis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213442

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1121-1131, 2021

Authors: Naber, Allison | Willhite, Logan | Lucas Molitor, Whitney

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Office workers spend significant time in sedentary behaviors. Exploration of interventions to address this concern is warranted. OBJECTIVE: This study explored the impact of individualized goals and ergonomic modifications on sedentary behaviors and perceived health and well-being among office workers. METHODS: A six-week, one-group, pre- and post-test design was utilized to assess sedentary behaviors and perceptions of health and well-being among office workers using the RAND 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36), Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ), actigraphy, and a workstation assessment. RESULTS: Statistically significant …improvements were noted from pre- to post-test on the RAND SF-36 for energy/fatigue (p  = 0.000) and emotional well-being (p  = 0.049) and subjective sleep quality using the PSQI (p  = 0.005). Participants (n  = 17) could set up to two goals related to health and well-being. A majority of the 31 established goals were met: increase physical activity (n  = 11/16), reduce sedentary behavior (n  = 8/11), and improve personal health (n  = 3/4). CONCLUSIONS: The use of individualized goals and ergonomic modifications is effective for addressing perceived health and well-being among office workers. However, limited statistical significance was found regarding the impact of these interventions on sedentary behaviors or activity levels. Show more

Keywords: Occupational therapy, actigraphy, workstation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213443

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1133-1142, 2021

Authors: Joshi, Anurag | Kiran, Ravi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Stress relieving strategies (SRS) are quite significant to get rid of stress in engineering students. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to determine the SRS factors in the engineering universities in Punjab state of India. This effort also aims to check the determinants of SRS. METHODS: The data is collected through a questionnaire survey conducted on engineering students of two different universities. The collected data out of 400 surveys is subjected to factor analysis and Anova. RESULTS: The factor analysis exposed various factors that influence the SRS. The study has projected the …effects of SRS on gender, age, engineering streams, nature of universities. CONCLUSIONS: It is found that the SRS in students is partially influenced by engineering streams and gender of the engineering students. Show more

Keywords: Stress relieving strategies, gender, age, engineering streams, nature of universities

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213444

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1143-1156, 2021

Authors: Pennbrant, Sandra | Dåderman, Anna

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The job demands on nurses have increased. Conflict between work life and family life may lead to stress and lower work engagement. Consequently, nurses may choose a different career path or leave the profession. OBJECTIVE: Examine the extent to which perceived job demands (interpersonal conflicts at work and workload), work engagement, work-family conflict and family-work conflict are associated with turnover intentions, and examine a possible moderating effect of work-family conflict on the relationship between the intention to leave the nursing profession, job demands and work engagement. METHODS: Cross-sectional study using Hobfoll’s Conservation of Resources theory. …Data were collected from a sample of 807 registered nurses (RNs) from western Sweden. Tests of moderation were conducted using the PROCESS software macro developed by Andrew F. Hayes. RESULTS: Work-family conflict was a significant moderator in the relationship between the intentions to leave the nursing profession and work engagement as well as interpersonal conflicts at work. Low work engagement, high work-family conflict and high job demands intensify turnover intentions in well-educated and well-experienced nurses. CONCLUSIONS: The results imply that work-family conflict has a greater impact when RNs experience lower work engagement. In other words, higher motivation implies a lower moderation effect of work-family conflict. Managers should promote a positive working climate by listening to and providing nurses with opportunities to develop their skills. By so doing, managers can gain better understanding of nurses’ resources, knowledge and work situation, thus strengthening nurses’ confidence and ability to practice their profession. Show more

Keywords: Conservation of resources theory, nurses, turnover intentions, work engagement, work-family conflict

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213445

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1157-1169, 2021

Authors: Carnero Contentti, Edgar | López, Pablo Adrián | Pettinicchi, Juan Pablo | Tkachuk, Veronica | Balbuena, María Eugenia | Caride, Alejandro

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Unemployment is common in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) and might be prevented if factors associated with work loss are identified. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the impact of multiple sclerosis (MS) on employment status in a cohort of PwMS from Argentina and to evaluate their association with anxiety, depression, fatigue and disability. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess employment in PwMS using an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire, which also included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale and Expanded Disability Status Scale. The data was compared between employed (full-time vs. part-time) …vs. unemployed (looking for vs. not looking for work) PwMS. Univariate and multivariate models were designed to identify factors independently associated with unemployment. RESULTS: Among the 167 PwMS, 120 (71.6%, full-time = 65%) were employed, and 47 (28.4%, looking for work = 27.6%) were currently unemployed. Age, gender, and duration of disease were similar in both groups. Univariate analysis showed that anxiety, depression, fatigue and disability were significantly associated with unemployed PwMS. However, only disability (OR = 1.36 (1.08–1.70), p  = 0.007) was independently associated with unemployment after applying multivariate analysis (logistic regression). CONCLUSION: Nearly one-third of PwMS from this sample in Argentina were unemployed. Neuropsychological factors and disability were associated with unemployment status. Show more

Keywords: Loss work, Latin America, demyelinating diseases, sequelae, anxiety, depression, fatigue

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213446

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1171-1177, 2021

Authors: Mahmoudi, Davoud | Nazari, Saeed | Castellucci, Héctor Ignacio | Dianat, Iman

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: A just culture is one in which the reporting of errors and near misses is supported without fear of retribution. The relationship of just culture and psychosocial factors at work has not been explored sufficiently in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the perception of just culture and its association with socio-demographic and work-related psychosocial factors among 302 employees in an industrial setting in Iran. METHODS: Just culture was assessed using the Just Culture Assessment Tool, and the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire was used for evaluation of psychosocial work factors (including influence at work, meaning of work, …commitment to the workplace, predictability, rewards, quality of leadership, social support from supervisors, trust, and justice and respect). Data were analysed using t test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and general linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The results indicated that the employees had a fairly positive view on their organisation’s just culture, though there were some areas such as trust and balance that needed further attention. The psychosocial issues (particularly commitment to the workplace, meaning of work, social support from supervisors, and rewards) were not adequate from the employees’ perspective. Predictability, rewards, and quality of leadership, were the significant psychosocial predictors of just culture in a multivariate regression model. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the areas that need to be considered to improve the experience of organisational just culture, which is important from the point of view of prevention of safety errors and incidents. Show more

Keywords: Copenhagen psychosocial questionnaire, just culture assessment tool, petrochemical plant, psychology

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213447

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1179-1186, 2021

Authors: Cochrane, Karen Anne | Loke, Lian | Ahmadpour, Naseem | Schiphorst, Thecla | Campbell, Andrew | Núñez-Pacheco, Claudia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Deep breathing exercises are known to help decrease stress. Wearable and ambient computing can help initiate and support deep breathing exercises. Most studies have focused on a single sensory modality for providing feedback on the quality of breathing and other physiological data. OBJECTIVE: Our research compares different feedback modalities on an individual’s experience and ability to perform breath-based techniques at work. METHODS: We designed three different interactive prototypes that used light, vibration and sound feedback modalities. We tested each prototype with 19 participants whilst they were performing typical work tasks in a naturalistic setting, followed …by semi-structured interviews. RESULTS: We found that sound was the most successful feedback for the majority of participants, followed by vibration and ambient light. We developed an analytic tool, the Extended Cycle of Awareness, to facilitate understanding of the patterns of awareness and the flow of experience generated by participant interaction with prototype systems that provide feedback on the quality of breathing. Participants followed one of three different types of patterns: (1) ignoring the feedback; (2) not understanding the feedback and being overwhelmed by it; (3) successfully using the feedback to initiate deep breathing and reflect on the change in the quality of breathing. CONCLUSIONS: We offer a set of design recommendations for crafting interactive systems to support deep breathing at work, including personalization, designing for the cyclical process of attention and awareness, and designing for reflective practice. Show more

Keywords: Awareness, design, mindfulness, sensory modality feedback, wearables

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213448

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1187-1202, 2021

Authors: Vidal-Martí, Cristina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Nursing home professionals belong to one of the most vulnerable occupational groups when it comes to type II workplace violence. Cared-for elders carry out violent actions that affect both the health of professionals and the organisation and services provided in nursing homes. Taking notice of this phenomenon and getting to know its magnitude is the first step for preventive action and intervention to take place. In Catalonia, it was the medical community that started to notice workplace violence. However, the frequency of this phenomenon had not been investigated. OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out with the main …goal of learning about the phenomenon of type II workplace violence in nursing homes. METHODS: 433 nursing home professionals of Catalonia volunteered to take part in this study. They remained anonymous and their data was treated confidentially. RESULTS: 68.6%(IC 95%: 64.1–73.1) of the nursing home professionals admitted to having been attacked by the senior citizens residing in these nursing homes. The occupation and self-perceived stress level of the professionals were related to the consideration of aggression. Verbal abuse was the type of aggression that targeted professionals reported the most. In 61.3 %of the cases, they were attacked by both male and female patients. CONCLUSION: The results of the study reveal that nursing home professionals are assaulted and/or attacked by the residents they tend to. Show more

Keywords: Nursing home, elderly, aggression, risks factors, Catalonia

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213449

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1203-1210, 2021

Authors: Halling, Bengt | Bergman, Mikael | Wijk, Katarina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Managers have an important role in the creation of workplace conditions that prevent sick leave and lead to high performance. In Lean, the assumption is that people are the source for continuous improvements. There is a need for more knowledge about what kind of leadership can help managers in a Lean context to create workplace conditions for less sick leave and higher performance. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine how productivity and rate of sick leave changed at a stainless wire manufacturing unit after implementing a new leadership approach based on Sense of Coherence …theory (SOC) and Lean philosophy. METHODS: In this case study, interventions coupled with productivity, quality and sick leave evaluations through the company’s key performance indicators were performed. The follow-up was also based on narrative descriptions from the management team in the course of four meetings during the intervention. Notes were taken and analyzed regarding perceived outcomes of the intervention. RESULTS: The results showed that leadership based on SOC and Lean philosophy is positively correlated with productivity per worker, as was the amount of yearly production that met the quality specifications. The amount of sick leave decreased during the period of the intervention compared to before the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in management contribute to productivity. Combining Lean tools and Lean philosophy with the Sense of Coherence theory (SOC) as a base for leadership can influence productivity and decrease the rate of sick leave. Show more

Keywords: Leadership, Lean, productivity, Sense of Coherence theory, sick leave

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213450

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1211-1220, 2021

Authors: Molaeifar, Samira | Yazdani, Farzaneh | Yoosefinejad, Amin Kordi | Karimi, Mohammad Taghi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Forward head posture (FHP) is the most common malposition in the head and neck area. With the growing use of digital devices, the prevalence of FHP may be expected to increase dramatically. Thus far, FHP has been evaluated only in the sagittal plane. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to measure angles and indices from anatomical landmarks in the frontal plane and determine the possible correlations between these variables and craniovertebral angle (CVA) as an index of FHP in the sagittal plane. METHODS: Fifty eight healthy individuals (29 men, 29 women) between 18 and …40 years old participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants were evaluated with an 8-camera motion analysis system. After markers were placed on predetermined landmarks, the participants were asked to maintain their head and neck in the neutral position for 5 seconds. Then participants induced FHP by flexing and lowering their head. The correlation between CVA and a set of angles and indices was calculated at the moment of FHP induction. RESULTS: A moderate correlation was observed between 3-D CVA and the angle formed between the sternum and both tragi for the whole sample and separately in both sexes. A moderate negative correlation was observed between 3-D CVA and height, weight, and BMI in women. A moderate negative correlation was observed between 3-D CVA and height, weight, BMI, and hours on digital devices in men. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in CVA in the sagittal plane can be predicted from changes in the angle formed between the midpoint of the sternum and the left and right tragi in the frontal plane. Show more

Keywords: Forward head posture, digital device, cantus, tragus, musculoskeletal

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213451

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1221-1227, 2021

Authors: Kumamoto, Tsuneo | Seko, Toshiaki | Matsuda, Ryo | Miura, Sayo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In low back pain, multifidus muscle fibers reportedly exhibit increased stiffness. Low back pain was associated with lumbodorsal muscle fatigue. There is no report of using shear modulus to verify the mechanism of an immediate effect of exercise on low back pain. Here, temporary lumbodorsal muscle fatigue was created, simulating fatigue-related nonspecific low back pain. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of standing back extension exercise on fatigued lumbodorsal muscle based on the results of multifidus muscle elasticity measured using shear wave elastography. METHODS: Thirty-three healthy subjects were randomly divided into three groups. The subjects …performed the Biering-Sorensen test as the fatigue-task of the lumbodorsal muscle before the standing back extension exercise. The fatigue-exercise group exercised five sets after completing the fatigue-task. The fatigue-non-exercise group remained standing for the same duration as the fatigue-exercise group without doing the exercise after the fatigue-task. The non-fatigue-exercise group exercised five sets of without performing the fatigue-task. As intra-group and inter-group factors, the shear modulus of the multifidus muscle was compared before and after the exercise. RESULTS: The shear modulus of the multifidus muscle after the standing back extension exercise was significantly lower in the fatigue-exercise group, and no significant decrease was observed in the fatigue-non-exercise and non-fatigue-exercise group. CONCLUSIONS: The standing back extension exercise improved the shear modulus of the fatigued multifidus muscle. Therefore, it was suggested that the change in the elasticity of fatigued muscle might lead to the prevention of low back pain caused by muscle fatigue. Show more

Keywords: Shear wave elastography, multifidus muscles, low back pain, muscle stiffness

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213452

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1229-1237, 2021

Authors: Eyvazlou, Meysam | Asghari, Arya | Mokarami, Hamidreza | Bagheri Hosseinabadi, Majid | Derakhshan Jazari, Milad | Gharibi, Vahid

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) are major challenges in the occupational health services industry. Dental practitioners are regularly subjected to ergonomic risks, which can cause Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in various body regions. OBJECTIVE: This comparative cross-sectional study aimed to investigate MSDs and select a proper ergonomic risk assessment method in dental practice. METHODS: This study was conducted on 70 dentists and 70 administrative staff of dental offices (comparison group) from Shahroud, Iran. The Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ) and two observational ergonomic risk assessment methods, including Quick Exposure Check (QEC) and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA), …were utilized. RESULTS: The results suggested that the mean score of musculoskeletal discomforts was significantly higher in dentists than in the administrative personnel. Additionally, the results of multiple regression analysis technique inferred that job tenure, working hours, and age had a significant impact on total MSDs. Regular exercise was found to significantly reduce neck discomfort complaints. It was also found that QEC was more effective in predicting musculoskeletal discomforts compared to REBA. CONCLUSION: Considering the high incidence of WMSDs in dentists, various interventional measures revolving around ergonomically redesigned workstations, enhanced physical working conditions, and ergonomic training courses are suggested. Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal discomfort, ergonomic risk assessment, dental profession

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213453

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1239-1248, 2021

Authors: Saeidnia, Hamid | Mortezapour, Alireza | Babamiri, Mohammad | Soltanian, Alireza | Kalatpour, Omid

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work-related fatigue can cause disruption in mental and physical activities of the workers. Considering the importance of recovery from fatigue in emergency services, as seen in firefighting duties, the preparation and validation of the Need For Recovery Scale (NFRS) questionnaire can be useful and effective. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the reliability and validity of the Persian version of Need For Recovery Scale among industrial firefighters. METHODS: Need for recovery scale contains 11 questions. First, a questionnaire was translated using backward-forward method. Then, for measuring validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of 10 experts in related …fields were obtained. Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) were calculated. The reliability was determined through 107 questionnaires completed by the industrial firefighters. RESULTS: The average age of the firefighters in this study was 37.5 years and they had an average of 10 years of work experience. The mean Need For Recovery Index from fatigue was 33.03 for the study population. Of the first 11 questions, 9 questions in the original NFRS showed a satisfactory level of CVR. The Content Validity Index and Cronbach’s α were 0.89 and 0.77 respectively. CONCLUSION: Based on the results, the Need For Recovery Scale is a reliable tool for assessing fatigue and revealed an acceptable level of validity and reliability that makes it usable for fatigue assessment in the industrial firefighters. Show more

Keywords: Occupational fatigue, psychometric properties, validity and reliability, fireman, fatigue questionnaire

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213454

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1249-1253, 2021

Authors: Galanis, Petros | Fragkou, Despoina | Katsoulas, Theodoros A.

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Stress is common among police personnel leading to several negative consequences. OBJECTIVE: We performed a systematic literature review to identify risk factors for stress among police officers. METHODS: We searched PubMed and Scopus electronic databases through to July 2018 and we conducted this review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used for studies quality assessment. RESULTS: After selection, 29 cross-sectional studies met the inclusion criteria and included in the review. The average quality of studies was low since no study was rated …as having low risk of bias, three studies (10.3%) as moderate risk and 26 studies (89.7%) were rated as having high risk of bias. Stress risk factors were summarized in the following categories: demographic characteristics; job characteristics; lifestyle factors; negative coping strategies and negative personality traits. CONCLUSIONS: Identification of stress risk factors is the first step to create and adopt the appropriate interventions to decrease stress among police personnel. The early identification of police officers at higher risk and the appropriate screening for mental health disorders is crucial to prevent disease and promote quality of life. Show more

Keywords: Police work, job characteristics, coping strategies

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213455

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1255-1272, 2021

Authors: Tasouj, Shirin Nasrollah Nejhad | Bardsiri, Tayebeh Ilaghinezhad | Arefi, Maryam Feiz | Poya, Amin Babaei | Rahimi, Sajjad | Mazloumi, Ehsan | Raei, Mehdi | Dehghan, Naser | Poursadeqiyan, Mohsen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Many work-related fatalities happen every year in electricity distribution companies. This study was conducted to model accidents using the time series analysis and survey descriptive factors of injuries in an electricity distribution company in Tehran, Iran. METHODS: Data related to 2010 to 2017 were collected from the database of the safety department. Time series and trend analysis were used for data analyzing and anticipating the accidents up to 2022. RESULT: Most of the accidents occurred in summer. Workers’ negligence was the reason for 75% of deaths. Employment type and type of injuries had a significant …relationship (p  <  0.05). CONCLUSION: The anticipating model indicated occupational injuries are going to have an increase in the future. A high rate of accidents in summer maybe because of the warm weather or insufficient skills in temporary workers. Temporary workers have no chance to work in a year like permanent workers, therefore acquisition experiences may be less in them. Based on the estimating model, management should pay attention to those sectors of the company where most of the risky activities take place. Also, training programs and using personal protective equipment can help to protect workers in hazardous conditions. Show more

Keywords: Time series analysis, anticipating, electrical injuries

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213456

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1273-1278, 2021