Work - Volume 68, issue 1

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203373

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 1-2, 2021

Authors: do Rosário Costa, Nilson | Bellas, Hugo | da Silva, Paulo Roberto Fagundes | de Carvalho, Paulo Victor Rodrigues | Uhr, Deborah | Vieira, Cristine | Jatobá, Alessandro

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Community Health Workers (CHW) are a category of social workers described in many countries’ health systems as responsible for engaging people in their residences and communities, and other non-clinical spaces to enable access to health services, especially in low-income areas. These professionals have been exposed to numerous new risks during the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE: This study describes how the COVID-19 pandemic is perceived by CHWs who work in poor communities or slums in Brazil. METHODS: We conducted an online survey with a random sample of 775 CHWs operating in 368 municipalities of the 26 Brazilian …states. At a confidence level of 95%, results of the survey were subject to a maximum sampling error of 4%. RESULTS: Our data indicate that the negationist agenda increases the challenges to the performance of CHWs within low-income communities, preventing the consensus on the necessity of social distancing, business closures and other measures to face the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION: The pandemic imposes unexpected challenges on the usual modes of interaction of public health officers with poor communities. This study provides evidence that these challenges have been ignored or minimized in Brazilian policy prescriptions for primary care in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Show more

Keywords: Primary health care, social distancing, sociocultural territory

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205000

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 3-11, 2021

Authors: Hoel, Viktoria | von Zweck, Claudia | Ledgerd, Ritchard | World Federation of Occupational Therapists

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: An analysis of data from an international survey was undertaken to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on telehealth practice in occupational therapy worldwide, in addition to facilitators and barriers in utilising this form of service delivery. METHOD: The global online survey was circulated in the occupational therapy community by the World Federation of Occupational Therapists (WFOT) between April and July 2020, collecting responses to closed-ended questions, in addition to free-text comments. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were used to assess relationships between respondent characteristics and the utilisation of telehealth. Thematic statement analysis provided further insight …regarding factors impacting telehealth use. RESULTS: Findings revealed a significant increase in the use of telehealth strategies with the onset of the pandemic among survey respondents, with many reported benefits. Bivariate analyses indicated telehealth users were more likely to score higher feelings of safety and positive work morale, as well as perceive employer expectations to be reasonable. Restricted access to technology, limitations of remote practice, funding issues and slow pace of change were identified as barriers for some respondents to utilising telehealth. Facilitators included availability of supportive policy, guidelines and strategies, in addition to education and training. CONCLUSION: This study advances the understanding of the current scope of occupational therapy telehealth practice in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Although results suggest long-term potential for telehealth use as an adjunct to traditional service provision, important considerations were identified regarding factors influencing integration of such strategies. Show more

Keywords: COVID-19, health service delivery, technology, remote care, teletherapy

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205268

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 13-20, 2021

Authors: Liao, Yin-huang | Lin, Tzu-Yuan | Wu, Chia-Chun | Shih, Yi-Nuo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Prior to the COVID-19 global health emergency, reducing direct contacts between therapists and patients is an important issue, and could be achieved by using robots to perform certain caring activities. OBJECTIVE: This study compares therapeutic factors of singing group activities directed by social robots and by occupational therapists at elderly care centers during this COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS: This project has a quasi-experimental research design, based on a pilot study of 14 subjects aged above 65 years. They received eight sessions of singing group therapy given by a social robot or an occupational therapist. Completed copies …of a therapeutic-factor questionnaire were then collected. RESULTS: At the 4th week, the scores for 8 therapeutic factors were higher in sessions with the occupational therapist than the robot-directed sessions, reaching a statistically significant level; at the 8th week, the scores for 3 therapeutic factors, including imparting of information, were higher in sessions with the occupational therapist than in sessions with the robot. The top scoring therapeutic factor in the robot sessions was group cohesiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Social robots may be good companion tools for elderly care during this COVID-19 outbreak, but group therapy sessions supervised by real-person therapists still have higher therapeutic factor scores than those conducted by robots. The number of subjects needs to be increased to enhance the validity of future study results. Show more

Keywords: Occupational therapist, social distancing, group therapy, therapeutic factors, pandemic, COVID-19

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205096

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 21-26, 2021

Authors: Sarailoo, Mehdi | Matin, Somaieh | Vosoughi, Mehdi | Dargahi, Abdollah | Gholizadeh, Helia | Damavandi, Marzie Rajabi | Abbasi-Ghahramanloo, Abbas | Kamran, Aziz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that have symptoms ranging from simple symptoms of colds to severe respiratory syndromes. In December 2019, cases of unknown pneumonia first appeared in Wuhan, China. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between occupation and COVID-19 in the Ardabil Imam Khomeini hospital. METHODS: This research was conducted as a cross-sectional and descriptive study. The questionnaires used in this study included demographic information to obtain the required information such as age, sex, clinical symptoms, underlying disease, type of drug used, smoking, occupation, hours of work, …number of daily clients, use of mask or shield, type of working hours, weight and height and body mass index, number family, place of residence, role in the family, presence of an infected person in the family, communication with the suspect, observance or non-observance of health protocols. Our sample size consisted of 774 subjects, all patients at the Ardabil Imam Khomeini Hospital. The subjects were selected randomly. RESULTS: The results of this study showed that the mean age of patients was 56.70 years, with a standard deviation of 18.20 years. Three hundred and sixty participants (46.5%) were female, and 414 (53.5%) were male. In terms of occupation distribution, 317 patients (41%) were housewives. In addition, 57 people (7.4%) were farmers or ranchers. CONCLUSION: In general, it can be concluded that due to severity of infection and threat posed by Coronavirus and the risk of infections between different occupations like the taxi driver and medical staff, it is very important to find out what jobs are in the big threat. Show more

Keywords: Patients job, coronaviruses, hospital, COVID-19, pandemic

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205066

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 27-32, 2021

Authors: Kayabınar, Erdi | Kayabınar, Büşra | Önal, Birol | Zengin, Hatice Yağmur | Köse, Nezire

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal and psychosocial problems have tended to increase during the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the changes in musculoskeletal problems and psychosocial status of teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic due to online education and to investigate the effects of preventive telerehabilitation applications for musculoskeletal problems. METHODS: Forty teachers who conducted online education during the pandemic volunteered to participate in the study. All assessments were performed via online methods. The Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ), ProFitMap-Neck questionnaire, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Upper Extremity Functional Index (UEFI) were used to evaluate musculoskeletal problems; the Beck Anxiety …Inventory (BAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used to evaluate anxiety and depression, respectively; and the Work–Life Balance Scale (WLBS) was used to evaluate how well individuals achieve this balance. Information about before online education, during online education, and after training was obtained with the assessments. After the first assessment, telerehabilitation, which involved presentations and brochures, was applied to 18 participants willing to participate in the training. RESULTS: The ProFitMap, UEFI, and WLBS scores during the online education decreased significantly, while the scores of the CMDQ, ODI, BDI, and BAI during the online education increased significantly compared to the pre-online education scores (p  < 0.05). In addition, the total CMDQ, ProFitMap, and ODI scores improved significantly after the training (p  < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Musculoskeletal and psychosocial problems increased in teachers during online education. Preventive telerehabilitation methods will be beneficial for individuals who do not have access to face-to-face physiotherapy. Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorders, telehealth approaches, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203357

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 33-43, 2021

Authors: Naddeo, Alessandro | Califano, Rosaria | Fiorillo, Iolanda

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The sanitary emergency due to COVID-19 virus obliged people to face up several changes in their everyday life becauseWorld Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines and countries' Health Systems imposed lockdown of activities and social distancing to flatten the infection curve. One of these rapid changes involved students and professors that had to turn the traditional "in presence" classes into online courses facing several problems for educational delivery. OBJECTIVES: This work aimed to investigate the factors that affected both teaching/learning effectiveness and general human comfort and wellbeing after the sudden transition from classrooms to eLearning platforms due to COVID-19 …in Italy. METHODS: A workshop, involving students and experts of Human Factors and Ergonomics, has been performed to identify aspects/factors that could influence online learning. Then, from workshop output and literature studies, a survey composed of two questionnaires (one for students and one for teachers) has been developed and spread out among Italian universities students and professors. RESULTS: 700 people answered the questionnaires. Data have been analysed and discussed to define the most important changes due to the new eLearning approach. Absence of interactions with colleagues and the necessity to use several devices were some of the aspects coming out from questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows an overview of factors influencing both teaching/learning effectiveness and general human comfort and wellbeing. Results could be considered as a basis for future investigation and optimization about the dependencies and correlations among identified factors and the characteristics of the products/interaction/environment during eLearning courses. Show more

Keywords: COVID-19, human centred design, comfort, discomfort, university lectures

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203358

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 45-67, 2021

Authors: Soltaninejad, Mohammadreza | Babaei-Pouya, Amin | Poursadeqiyan, Mohsen | Feiz Arefi, Maryam

Article Type: Article Commentary

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The school is one of the most critical social, educational, and training institutions and the main pillar of education in society. Education and, consequently, educational environments have the highest effect on the mentality, development, growth, welfare, concentration, performance, and learning efficiency of students. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to examine the effects of environmental ergonomics on the learning and cognition of pre-school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: The study was carried out as a review article using some keywords, namely “children”, “learning”, “pre-school”, “COVID-19”, “ergonomics”, and “environmental factors”. Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct and Web …of Science were searched to find related articles. RESULTS: Factors like color, form, and layout of classrooms, lighting and ventilation, interior decoration, and educational equipment are effective in creating interest and motivation for students to learn. CONCLUSIONS: A review of these articles showed that the presence of ergonomics in educational spaces for children increases the quality of learning and reduces stress and anxiety, and by observing health protocols, a healthy and safe environment can be provided for students. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, school, COVID-19

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203355

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 69-75, 2021

Authors: Moradi, Vahideh | Babaee, Taher | Esfandiari, Elham | Lim, Shannon B. | Kordi, Ramin

Article Type: Article Commentary

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, rehabilitation facilities have become less accessible for patients with a stroke. Lack of early, intensive rehabilitation misses the opportunity for recovery during the critical time window of endogenous plasticity and improvement post-stroke. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this commentary was to highlighting the benefits of telework and telerehabilitation programs for workers with a stroke during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Relevant publications regarding the management of individuals with a stroke, telerehabilitation and teleworking in the setting of COVID-19 were reviewed. RESULTS: Previous studies showed that telerehabilitation can …effectively provide an alternate method of promoting recovery for patients with a stroke. With the physical distancing precautions in place for mitigating viral spread, teleworking can also provide a method for long term recovery and improvements in quality of life after a stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this commentary addresses the benefits of physically distant, safe and effective alternatives to support individuals who live with a stroke during COVID-19 pandemic. Show more

Keywords: Rehabilitation, telehealth, work, return to work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203356

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 77-80, 2021

Authors: Zajec, Jana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: It was a Monday evening, about 8 years ago, when I entered my weekly yoga class tired and in a hurry. I let out a sigh of relief and wondered myself “why I don’t do this every day” ...  . With this thought a seed was planted. It took some time to grow, but now has blossomed successfully. In this narrative I will describe my process of work transition. I am very grateful it succeeded and I found a way to manage work, family and disability and a new balance and fulfillment in life.

Keywords: Impact of hearing loss, (finding) work and life balance, meaningfulness/fulfillment, overcome challenges

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203359

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 81-85, 2021

Authors: Raji, Rafiu King | Luo, Qing | Liu, Haijin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Before the emergence of ready-to-wear (RTW) garments, production of apparels relied on ergonomics considerations through body measurements (anthropometry) of individual users. This is an indication of the inherent nature of ergonomics in apparel fabrication; however active mention of ergonomics related to fashion engineering and design before then was lacking. OBJECTIVE: This article seeks to emphasize the need for an organized framework of knowledge for ergonomics suited to fashion engineering and design education and research. METHODS: Relevant literature have been reviewed and three main knowledge components of ergonomics relevant to fashion engineering and design have been …identified and classified based on standard classes of areas within the general field of ergonomics. RESULTS: Areas of ergonomics applications in fashion engineering and design under the headings of consumer product design, i.e. apparel design, workspace or office design, manufacturing process design and man-machine system, have been discussed. CONCLUSION: Comprehensive ergonomics education related to fashion engineering and design consist of the three main knowledge components: (1) the five aspects of ergonomics, (2) anthropometry and biomechanics and (3) the three domains of ergonomics. Show more

Keywords: Biomechanics, workplace design, anthropometry, garment design, man-machine systems, ergonomics, fashion engineering and design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203274

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 87-96, 2021

Authors: Wagenfeld, Amy | Winterbottom, Daniel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Adjusting to incarceration is traumatic. An under-utilized strategy understood to buffer and counteract the negative impacts of incarceration are nature interventions. OBJECTIVE: Outcomes of an interdisciplinary design studio course focused on developing masterplans for a women’s prison in the Pacific Northwest (US) are presented. Course objectives included comprehension and application of therapeutic and culturally expressive design principles to increase the benefits of environmental design within a carceral setting; collaboration, developing a deeper, more representative understanding of how design processes can improve the lives of marginalized populations; and enhancing design skills, including at masterplan and schematic scale using …an iterative process and reflection. METHODS: A landscape architect, occupational therapist, and architect teaching team, with support from architects and justice specialists facilitated an elective design studio course to redesign the Washington Corrections Center for Women campus. RESULTS: In a ten-week academic quarter, six student design teams created conceptual masterplans for therapeutic outdoor spaces at the Washington Corrections Center for Women. Students presented their plans to prison staff, current and ex-offenders, and architects and landscape architects in practice, and then received positive feedback. CONCLUSION: Despite well-documented need for and value of nature interventions to improve health and wellbeing for everyone regardless of circumstance or situation, the project awaits administrative approval to move forward to installation. Show more

Keywords: Correctional institutions, environmental justice, therapeutic outdoor environments, interdisciplinary academic design studio

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203360

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 97-106, 2021

Authors: İnal, Özgü | Serel Arslan, Selen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Smartphone usage has become more common in daily life, and in certain situations, this may lead to addictive behavior. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the relationship between smartphone addiction and musculoskeletal problems and cognitive flexibility in university students. METHODS: Smartphone addiction was evaluated with the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used to evaluate musculoskeletal symptoms, and pain was measured with Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Cognitive flexibility was assessed with the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI). RESULTS: A significant correlation was found between SAS total score and musculoskeletal problems …in the upper back, lower back, hip and feet (p  < 0.05, r  = 0.11; r  = 0.16; r  = 0.11; r  = 0.13, r  = 0.14). Smartphone addiction showed a significant positive correlation with neck pain, right hand pain and right arm pain (p  < 0.05, r  = 0.13; r  = 0.17; r  = 0.14). There was a significant negative correlation between CFI total score and SAS total score (p  < 0.05, r  = – 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: Smartphone addiction is associated with musculoskeletal problems, pain and cognitive flexibility in university students. Encouraging an active lifestyle, physical activity, ergonomic arrangements, individual behavioral modification as well as environmental regulations and policies may eliminate the negative effects of smartphone addiction. Show more

Keywords: Cognitive flexibility, musculoskeletal pain, smartphone addiction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203361

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 107-113, 2021

Authors: Ebrahimi, Kamal | Tajik, Reza | Karami, Taybeh | Rahimnejad, Samira | Arghavani, Farshad

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Occupational noise exposure in workplaces is the most common detrimental factor that has the greatest impact on the health of people working there. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate occupational noise exposure and its relation to the general health status in industrial workers in Sanandaj, Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on the general health of 500 male workers in Sanandaj using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). Likewise, occupational noise exposure was measured based on sound pressure level (SPL) and dosimetry in the work and rest conditions of workers. …RESULTS: The results showed poor general health status of workers, exceeded the daily working hours and also the standard range of sound. A significant correlation was found between general health and its dimensions with indicators of workplace sound pressure levels (P  < 0.05). This means that with the increase in sound pressure level is worse general health status. CONCLUSION: It seems that the health of workers in these industries is an inappropriate process due to exposure to occupational noise exposure and poor conditions of the workplace. A high percentage of them will lose their health in case of non-implementation of prevention programs and health in the workplace in the future. Show more

Keywords: General health, occupational noise exposure, industrial workers, Sanandaj

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203362

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 115-121, 2021

Authors: Coelho, Denis A. | Lourenço, Miguel L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Static muscular activity of muscles activated in the use of the conventional PC mouse is believed to represent a higher risk for the musculoskeletal health of the user than dynamic muscular activity. OBJECTIVE: This paper presents a compounded muscular activity dynamics indicator (akin to percent relative range), enabling comparison between computer handheld pointing devices. METHODS: This muscular dynamism approach considers baseline muscular activity (APL, ECR, ECU and ED) relative to the Maximum Voluntary Contraction as well as the dynamics of muscular activation. The latter is computed as the ratio of the difference between APDF90 and …APDF10 divided by APDF50 (APDF-Amplitude Probability Distribution Function for the 90th, 50th and 10th percentiles). The paper demonstrates the approach with results of comparative evaluation of a horizontal, a slanted and a vertical PC mouse, through surface EMG monitoring of 20 participants performing standardized graphical task with the devices. RESULTS: Hand size impacts muscular activity dynamics in these four muscles, which supersedes differences in device geometry, across the range of devices tested. CONCLUSION: Smaller devices relative to hand size foster more dynamic muscular activity. Show more

Keywords: Graphical tasks, static contractions, hand size, conventional mouse, percent relative range, APL, ECR, ECU, ED, APDF, MVC, S-EMG, dynamic muscular activity

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203242

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 123-135, 2021

Authors: Castellucci, H.I. | Viviani, C.A. | Molenbroek, J.F.M. | Arezes, P.M. | Martínez, M. | Aparici, V. | Bragança, S. | Bravo, G.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Anthropometrics is very important when ensuring a physical match between end users and product or workstations. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study are twofold, to provide anthropometric data for the design of products and to examine the secular changes in the adult Chilean workers in a period of more than 20 years. METHODS: Nineteen anthropometric measurements from two samples from 1995 and 2016 were compared using independent t-test (95% confidence interval), where additionally absolute and relative differences were calculated. RESULTS: The secular trend observed for Stature is characterized by an increase average of …20mm and 10.5mm per decade for females and males, respectively. There is a positive secular trend for both genders, which is observed for most of the selected body measurements. The most pronounced increases were onWeight, Shoulder breadth, Body mass index, Popliteal height; Buttock-popliteal length and Hip width. CONCLUSIONS: Segmental dimensions that experienced a positive secular trend, together with Weight and Stature, are highly correlated with seating design, addressing the need to review products targeting Chilean adult workers, such as public transport seats, office furniture or industrial workplaces. Show more

Keywords: Design, anthropometry, Chile, secular trends in anthropometry

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203363

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 137-147, 2021

Authors: Suiter, Sarah V. | Wilfong, C. Danielle

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Employment is a predictor of sobriety for women in recovery from addiction, however, finding and maintaining employment is often a challenge. A number of interventions and a large body of research exist related to improving employment outcomes of women in recovery, but most fail to account for employment as an on-going, uneven process. OBJECTIVE: This study applied a longitudinal, qualitative design to explore employment experiences of women in recovery, as well as how those experiences interact with participants’ sobriety, health, and well-being. METHODS: Nineteen women from two residential recovery programs were interviewed four times over …the course of nine months. Data were analyzed using longitudinal coding. RESULTS: Women encounter on-going struggle to find and keep employment, and multiple forces exacerbate this struggle. At the same time, positive work experiences described by some participants illustrate opportunities for the creation of new workplace structures that address employment needs of women in recovery while supporting sobriety and overall well-being. CONCLUSION: Understanding employment as an on-going process that interacts with addiction and sobriety in complex and multiple ways could contribute to improved employment and health outcomes for women in recovery. Show more

Keywords: Employment, women, substance abuse, poverty

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203364

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 149-159, 2021

Authors: Sendall, Marguerite C. | Brodie, Alison | McCosker, Laura K. | Crane, Phil | Fleming, Marylou | Biggs, Herbert C. | Rowland, Bevan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is little published research about managers’ views about implementing and embedding workplace health promotion interventions. OBJECTIVE: To shed light on research-to-practice challenges in implementing workplace health promotion interventions in the Australian road transport industry. METHODS: In this Participatory Action Research project, managers from small-to-midsized companies in the Australian road transport industry were asked their views about enablers and barriers to implementing nutrition and physical activity interventions in their workplace. RESULTS: Managers identified practical assistance with resources, ideas, and staffing as being key enablers to implementation. Barriers included time restraints, worker age and …lack of interest, and workplace issues relating to costs and resources. CONCLUSION: Manager perspectives add new insights about successful implementation of workplace health promotion. A Participatory Action Research approach allows managers to develop their own ideas for adapting interventions to suit their workplace. These findings add to a small body of knowledge about managers’ views regarding implementing workplace health promotion in small-to-midsized road transport companies – a relatively unexplored group. Managers highlight the importance of time constraints and worker availability when designing interventions for the road transport industry. Managers require a good understanding of the workplaces’ socio-cultural context for successful health promotion and health behaviour change. Show more

Keywords: Participatory Action Research, management, implementation, interventions, truck drivers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203365

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 161-169, 2021

Authors: Fusz, Katalin | Kívés, Zsuzsanna | Pakai, Annamária | Kutfej, Natália | Deák, András | Oláh, András

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Distinctly, shift work is burdensome for nurses and may lead to health problems. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to examine the nursing shift system genres and to analyze the potentially debilitating effects upon sleep quality and the subjective state of physical and mental health when considering varying shift schedules. METHODS: The first cross-sectional study (n  = 639) was performed at the Clinical Center at the University of Pécs, and throughout various hospitals in the South-Danubian Region. The Hungarian version of the Bergen Shift Work Sleep Questionnaire, the Berlin Questionnaire and the 13-item Sense of …Coherence Scale were implemented. In the longitudinal survey (n  = 52), the quality of sleep was determined by the ActiGraph GT1M type of activity meter supplemented with a sleep diary. RESULTS: Interestingly, most respondents weight gained among the irregular schedule group (p  = 0.004). The nurses working a flexible schedule reportedly slept better (p  = 0.003), had a higher sense of coherence (p  = 0.013) and exhibited better subjective health status (p  = 0.017) than when compared with nurses working irregular shifts. The frequency of psychosomatic complaints aligned with the length of rest periods proved influential (p  = 0.013). CONCLUSION: Admittedly, the irregularity of work schedules is stressful for nurses. Due to the health status of nurses, it is a worthy consideration to establish the least exhausting work schedules. Show more

Keywords: Shift work, work schedules, sleep disorders, the sense of coherence

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203366

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 171-180, 2021

Authors: Heidary, Elham | Latifi, Seyed Mahmoud | Afshari, Davood

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is composed of a collection of risk factors for heart diseases and diabetes. In recent decades, metabolic syndrome has been identified as one of the important risk factors leading to the development of work-related diseases. OBJECTIVE: Since few studies have been conducted on evaluating the prevalence of MetS among Iranian workers, this cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the prevalence of MetS and the factors affecting it among Iranian steel workers. METHODS: This study was carried out on 510 employees working in a large steel producing company. The data pertaining to blood pressure, …triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, and demographic information were collected and the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) criteria were implemented to diagnose MetS. RESULTS: The prevalence of Mets was obtained equal to 13% and a significant positive relationship was observed between age and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. From among MetS elements, low HDL cholesterol and increased waist circumference were recognized as the most and the least frequently involved elements with 39.3% and 6.5% prevalence, respectively. Chi-square test was run and the results showed that the prevalence of MetS and some of its components rose at higher BMI values. It was also indicated that MetS and its components had no significant relationship with shift work. CONCLUSION: The current findings revealed that the prevalence of MetS increased with aging. Low HDL and high triglycerides levels were among the main risk factors for MetS. Therefore, considering these risk factors, it should be attempted to develop relevant strategies at workplace to encourage workers to go for a healthier lifestyle so that they can prevent the incidence of MetS. Show more

Keywords: Shift work, work-related diseases, cardiovascular diseases, steel workers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203367

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 181-188, 2021

Authors: Vatani, Javad | Arami, Mahmoud | Khanikosarkhizi, Zahra | Shahabi Rabori, Mohammad Ali | Khandan, Mohammad | Dehghan, Naser | Aminizadeh, Mohsen | Poursadeqiyan, Mohsen | Jafari, Mojtaba

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Safety climate is a common insight of staff that indicates individuals’ attitudes toward safety and priority of safety at work. OBJECTIVES: Nursing is a risky job where paying attention to safety is crucial. The assessment of the safety climate is one of the methods to measure the safety conditions in this occupation. The aim of this study was to assess the safety climate of rehabilitation nurses working in hospitals in Tehran. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study which was carried out on 140 rehabilitation nurses selected from all hospitals and clinics in Tehran in 2019. …To collect the required data, a two-section questionnaire was used. The first section was related to demographic factors and the second part (22 statements) was to measure the safety climate using nurses’ safety climate assessment questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS V16 using independent t-test, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test at the 5% level. RESULTS: Findings showed that the total mean of safety climate was 3.06±0.56. According to the results, a significant difference was found between the positive and negative satisfaction of nurses with safety climates (P-value = 0.03), communication with nurses (P-value = 0.01) and supervisors’ attitude (P-value = 0.02). Furthermore, a significant difference in safety climate between the individual with the second job and the individual without second could be observed (P-value = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that the safety climate was not at an acceptable level. Thus, it is essential to introduce safety training courses (e.g. safety, work-rest balance, and so on) and to improve the safety performance at work. Show more

Keywords: Safety attitude, hospital safety, patient safety, job satisfaction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203368

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 189-196, 2021

Authors: Brkić, Aleksandar | Veljković, Zorica | Spasojević Brkić, Vesna | Essdai, Ahmed | Pavićević, Snežana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous research has shown that the collection and analysis of crane operators’ anthropometric characteristics is very important for operators’ comfort, health and working ability and also from the aspect of performance, productivity and safety. OBJECTIVE: The first aim of this survey is to collect up-to-date anthropometric data of crane operators in Serbia and to collect those data for the first time in Libya. The second aim of this survey is to compare the collected data. The third aim is to model the interior space necessary to accommodate operators in the cabins they operate in Serbia and Libya. …METHODS: Standing height, sitting height, lower leg length, upper leg length, shoulder width, hip breadth, arm length, foot length and weight data were collected of 83 Serbian and 50 Libyan crane operators. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and tests for differences between variables were conducted to examine differences between Serbian and Libyan crane operators and enable further modeling. The modeling of the cabin interior was done using both univariate and multivariate operators’ models from both samples. RESULTS: There are only four common correlations between variables for both samples. The only measurement without statistical differences is shoulder width. Serbian crane operators have statistically higher values of almost all measurements in comparison to Libyans. The minimal cabin interior space dimensions are 1207×1080×1884 mm for Serbian operators and 1106×1040×1790 mm for Libyan operators when using univariate approach, while multivariate approach provides more precise and comfortable accommodation within 1327×1123×1926 mm for Serbian operators and 1203×1090×1830 mm for Libyan operators. Accordingly, our survey shows that percentile models include less than the intended population proportion in the design problem with few dimensions and depends on correlations among them. CONCLUSIONS: A number of problems are solved through modeling the crane operator workspace and it has been shown that cabins with different dimensions have to be offered to Serbian and Libyan markets. Show more

Keywords: Serbian and Libyan crane operators, weight, anthropometric measurements, statistical analysis, interior space dimensions

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203241

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 197-212, 2021

Authors: Alnaser, Musaed Z. | Almaqsied, Alaa M. | Alshatti, Shaimaa A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders have become a great health issue among dentists. However, it is never been examined among dentists in the State of Kuwait. OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study were to define the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) among dentists in the State of Kuwait, to identify risk factors for WMSD, and to explore relationships between WMSD and absenteeism/productivity. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used in this study. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to dentists at government, private, and academic dental clinics. RESULTS: A total of 186 questionnaires were returned …(80% response rate). The results showed that 88 (47%) of responding dentists experienced WMSDs. Dentists self-reporting WMSD were older (36.4 (10.3) years vs. 32.6 (9.33); P  = 0.01), in practice longer (11.7 (10.4) years vs. 8.2 (8.4); P  = 0.013), and worked longer hours (34.9 (10.6) hours vs. 30.4 (11.5); P  = 0.08) than dentists not reporting WMSD. A significant association was found between rating of pain and lost days from work (x 2  (10, n  = 85) = 20.96, ρ  = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: Dentists’ occupational procedures expose their bodies to prolonged and awkward postures, thereby subjecting the dentists to unnatural forces and stresses on crucial movement and functioning joints. Cumulative exposures to such postures lead to WMSDs. Generally, WMSD has a considerable impact on the health and economic status of the individual, family, and workplace. WMSD increases absenteeism and reduces productivity. Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal injuries, ergonomics, occupational injuries, work incidence, posture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203369

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 213-221, 2021

Authors: Honoré, Helene | Pallesen, Hanne | Ellegård, Kajsa | Nielsen, Jørgen Feldbæk

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Development of clinical practice at a Danish neurorehabilitation centre was delegated to a group of health professional developers. Their job function lacked conceptual foundation, and it was unclear how their working tasks contributed to evidence-based practice. OBJECTIVE: Conceptual clarification of the job function and pattern analysis of activity distributions for health professional developers. METHODS: Health professional developers kept continuous time geographical diaries for two weeks. Meaningful categories were subtracted through content analysis. Patterns were analysed within activity distributions with regards to evidence-based practice. RESULTS: A total of 213 diaries were collected from 21 …health professional developers of three professions (physiotherapists, occupational therapists and nurses). Each participant reported 6–13 workdays (median 10 days). Eleven main categories of work tasks emerged with 42 subcategories. Overall, 7% of total time reported was spent on external knowledge, with minimal variation between professions and contractual time allocation. CONCLUSION: Conceptual clarification of work tasks was established for health professional developers. Their work activity distributions contributed mainly to maintenance of existing level of professional knowledge rather than to implementation of new knowledge, which did not fulfil the intended responsibility for development of evidence-based practice. Educational competence boost and data-driven change of organisation structure was recommended. Show more

Keywords: Time geographical analysis, content analysis, conceptualisation, knowledge translation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203354

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 223-233, 2021

Authors: Carneiro Muniz, Carina Moreno Dias | da Silva, Sergio Fernando Saraiva | Façanha, Rachel Costa | Bassi-Dibai, Daniela | Silva, Fabricio Brito | Felipe, Ilana Mirian Almeida | Dias, Rosane da Silva

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Musicians and dancers can be considered an at-risk population for developing noise-induced hearing loss. OBJECTIVES: To determine the audiological profile of members of a folklore-related music group and quantify noise exposure at their rehearsal venue. METHODS: This was a quantitative and descriptive study. The musicians and dancers were evaluated in two stages: an interview about their working life, followed by high frequency tonal audiometry. The sound pressure level in the group’s rehearsal venue was measured using a BEK 2270 Noise Analyzer. RESULTS: A total of 7.2% of the subjects had noise-induced hearing loss …(NIHL) and 39% of the audiometric tests were notch type. During the interview 31.7% of the subjects mentioned discomfort from loud noise, although none of them used ear protection. The environmental assessment showed inadequate humidity and oscillating temperature. Twenty sound pressure level measurements were performed for Leq (equivalent sound pressure levels) and the results ranged from 88 dB (A) to 99 dB (A) with a mean of 97.05. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to high levels of sound pressure has led to NIHL in some members of the group. Some of those with normal hearing also presented a notch configuration characteristic of NIHL. Tinnitus, indicating that a change in hearing has occurred, was the most frequent auditory symptom. Show more

Keywords: Music, noise induced hearing loss, occupational noise, tinnitus

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203370

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 235-241, 2021

Authors: Schouten, Maria J.E. | Nieuwenhuijsen, Karen | Wind, Haije | Andriessen, Saskia | Frings-Dresen, Monique H.W.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Structured work support needs assessment could facilitate professionals and increase assessment consistency. OBJECTIVES: Evaluating usability of the Work Support Needs Assessment Tool and test if professionals’ (labour experts, coaches) findings become more consistent after a tool training. The tool includes a 21 item checklist for assessing work support needs of people with disabilities. METHODS: Usability was explored through 28 interviews with professionals. Consistency was evaluated in an experimental pre-post study design, in which thirty-nine other professionals assessed work support needs of standardized clients before and after a protocolized training. Quantitative content analysis was conducted. Consistency …of findings between professionals covered three categories: type (client-focused coaching), focus (topics to be addressed) and duration of support. An increase in consistency was defined as a decrease in the total number of different sub-categories of findings in each category. RESULTS: Nineteen professionals indicated that the tool was useful, as they gained relevant information and insights. Regarding consistency, the number of findings differed pre- and post-training for type of support (8 vs 9) and focus of support (18 vs 15 and 18 vs 17). CONCLUSIONS: Participants had positive experiences with the tool. Increased consistency in findings of professionals after the training was not demonstrated with the current study design. Show more

Keywords: Disability, employment, vocational rehabilitation, needs assessment, job coaching

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203371

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 243-253, 2021

Authors: Soeker, Mogammad Shaheed | Heyns, Megan | Kaapitirapi, Philadelphia | Shoko, Sifiso | Modise, William

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work holds great meaning and benefits beyond just monetary gain for people with intellectual disabilities. It gives these individuals the opportunity to engage in meaningful occupation. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to explore challenges that people with intellectual disabilities (PWID) experience when adapting to their worker roles in the open labor market. METHODS: The study used grounded theory as the research design. Five male participants and two key informants participated in the study. Two semi structured interviews were conducted with each one of the seven participants (five PWID and two key informants). …RESULTS: Three core concepts emerged: 1) Unforeseen challenges of change; 2) A well-planned work preparation program enables success and 3) Crossing the bridge into the workplace: “Do I belong here?” CONCLUSIONS: This indicated that with sufficient external support, PWID are able to gain a sense of social belonging and develop the necessary skills to cope with challenges that arise in the workplace when PWID transition from protective/sheltered workshops to the open labor market. The findings of the study also indicated that work preparation programs and supportive employment approaches helped PWID transition to the open labor market. Show more

Keywords: Work, occupational adaptation, barrier, facilitator, qualitative research and social belonging

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203372

Citation: Work, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 255-266, 2021