Work - Volume 41, issue Supplement 1

Authors: Ricarta, Simone L. Santa Isabel | Vidala, Mario Cesar Rodriguez | Bonfattia, Renato José

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article presents information about the development of the dissertation. Deals with the production of ergonomic diagnosis in the environments and work processes of an important center of research and development in Public Health, Fiocruz. Critically evaluates the performance of a team promoting and facilitating the process of implementing ergonomic changes suggested. Through analysis of documents and statements by some managers and representatives of Human Resources was possible to identify the factors that facilitate and hinder the implementation process, linking them to the organization of the institution and conduct of the agents involved. Finally, it makes a reflection on practice, …results and developments involved in the processes of change initiated by the ergonomic actions, proposing its replication along with other institutes of the Civilian Personnel of Federal Public Administration. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomic actions, process implementation, SIASS

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0208-532

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 532-538, 2012

Authors: Fréjus, Myriam | Guibourdenche, Julien

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents our reflections on the issue of behavioral change according to energy conservation constraints and on the status of sustainability in the design of ambient interactive systems at home. We point out how ergonomics contributes to the study of human factors underlying energy consumption. Relating to situated cognition and human computer interaction, our approach relies both on the ergonomic evaluation of feedback consumption displays and on the modeling of domestic activities in order to identify household concerns in real settings. We present empirical results to illustrate this global approach. The results of those studies allow the design of …interactive systems: informative and pedagogical systems as well as pervasive and adaptive ambient systems. In our approach, sustainability is taken into account as a design criterion, as security could be, whereas the main design purpose is to aid households in their daily life in order to build a “sustainable situation”. Show more

Keywords: Models of human activity, sustainable situation, HCI, consumption feedback, sustainability, electricity consumption behavior, situated cognition

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0662-539

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 539-548, 2012

Authors: Cuenca, Gabriela | Zotta, Gastón | col.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: With the advent of the deep economic crisis in Argentina on 2001, the recovery of companies through to the creation of the Cooperatives Working Self-Management or Factories Recovered by its workers was constituted as one of the ways in which the salaried disobeyed the increasing unemployment. When the companies turn into recovered factories they tend to leave of side practices that have been seen like imposed by the previous organization and not understanding them as a primary condition for the execution of his tasks. Safety and ergonomics are two disciplines that are no longer considered relevant to the daily work. …Therefore this investigation aims to revalue, undergo semantic to give back to a place in every organization analyzed. This research developed a self-diagnostic tool for working conditions, and the environment, present in the recovered factories. Show more

Keywords: recovered factories, self management, ergonomics, working conditions, self-diagnotics tools

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0209-549

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 549-551, 2012

Authors: Moraes, A.S.P. | Arezes, P.M. | Vasconcelos, R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The development of ergonomics’ recommendations, guidelines and standards are attempts to promote the integration of ergonomics into industrial contexts. Such developments result from several sources and professionals and represent the effort that has been done to develop healthier and safer work environments. However, the availability of large amount of data and documents regarding ergonomics does not guarantee their applicability. The main goal of this paper is to use a specific case to demonstrate how ergonomics criteria were developed in order to contribute to the design of workplaces. Based on the obtained results from research undertaken in a tire company, it …was observed that the ergonomics criteria should be presented as design specifications in order to be used by engineers and designers. In conclusion, it is observed that the multiple constraint environment impeded the appliance of the ergonomics criteria. It was also observed that the knowledge on technical design and the acquaintance with ergonomic standards, the level of integration in the design team, and the ability to communicate with workers and other technical staff have paramount importance in integrating ergonomics criteria into the design process. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics criteria, design process, design specifications, tire company

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0210-552

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 552-559, 2012

Authors: Lima, Anderson N. | Gomes, Valéria B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: As demanded at Collective Employment Agreement (CEA), three Ergonomic assessment of work (AEW) where made into an airport from a big Brazilian city (in particular, at the flight tower), with a 2 years interval between them. The objective was to produce a report pointing out problems and solutions. At the third time (2010), were verified that the work conditions where almost the same from 2006 and 2008, although all recommendations made in the reports. This work presents how the AET Team worked with this situation. At the third AEW, due the lack of real changes and the necessity of a …report, the strategy was to know how workers where dealing with the complains and constraint detected at the previous reports, and how it interfere in abnormal or danger situations. Trying to explain this organizational phenomenon, we resort to Resilience Engineering to understand how those f/actors played to achieve its objectives. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics Assesment of Work, Resilience Engineering, Airport Management

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0211-560

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 560-567, 2012

Authors: Couvinhas, Ana | Ferrara, Patricia | Coelho, Denis | Jorge, Sinezia | Walter, Jake

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Malnutrition is a major problem for rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. Technology such as the maize mill, which alleviates the burden of pounding grain, also introduces opportunities and new challenges for improved nutrition. While there have been many technical studies of grain mills, and maize mills are in operation in hundreds of locations throughout Sub- Saharan Africa, the maize mill has not been studied from a socio-technical system perspective. This paper reports on the first phase of a study grounded on the hypothesis that mills can improve nutrition by exploiting their function as a social gathering point and providing both …instruction and enjoyable healthful products. The objective was to identify those products that could be made available that customers at the mill would be willing to buy. Following observation of food availability, preparation, and consumption preferences within daily work routines, sample products were prepared and presented for cooking and consumption, along with some discussion at a district center mill owned by a local woman. The responses of customers and the mill owner were positive. Strategies for local manufacture and distribution of these products for sale and roles of the mill owner and the mothers are questions for future study. Show more

Keywords: malnutrition, systemic design, social study, entertaining approach, food security, food seasonality, food preservation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0212-568

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 568-575, 2012

Authors: Llaneza Alvarez, F.J | Rosal Lopez, G | Peña Suarez, Elsa | Rodriguez Suarez, J

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Among the many fields of application of Ergonomics, this research deals with the services offered to Justice from the expertise recognized by the Law on prevention of occupational risks within the framework of the Law of Civil Procedure: Ergonomics forensic also called Legal Ergonomics. In Spain there are experiences since 1995 and an important development and this paper is to investigate the actions required for a more widespread use in trials. Consensus methods such as the Delphi survey technique are being employed to help enhance effective decision-making in the future development of Ergonomics Forensics. The Delphi survey is a group …facilitation technique, which is an iterative multistage process, designed to transform opinion into group consensus. It is a flexible approach, that is used commonly within the health and social sciences, however, there is little use and practice of ergonomics as a technique to facilitate the participation of all experts involved: judges, lawyers and expert ergonomists Show more

Keywords: ergonomics applications, Forensics, Delphi technique, litigation, lawsuits

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0213-576

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 576-583, 2012

Authors: Mebarki, Bouhafs | El-Bachir, Tebboune Cheikh

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The growing need in Algeria to develop ergonomics knowledge and practice in industry was behind the initiative to develop a training and research project within the ergonomics laboratory at Oran University. Since 2005 the laboratory team is running an academic option master in work design and ergonomics. The evaluation of the academic master in 2010 revealed the acute need of the local industry for professional competences in ergonomic and work psychology. A professional training master program in “ergonomics & work psychology” was then developed in partnership with local industry, five European Universities and six Universities from three Maghreb countries. Research …projects were initiated around the two training programs, in conjunction with a number of ergonomics dissemination and promotion activities. Preliminary results of the project are presented and discussed in relation to the local context, and in the light of similar cases in Industrially Developing Countries. Show more

Keywords: promoting and disseminating ergonomics, knowledge and practice, research and training, ergonomic and work psychology, partnership

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0663-584

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 584-587, 2012

Authors: Hermans, Veerle | De Preter, Griet | Verschueren, Tine

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: During the last five years, several research review studies have revealed insufficient or even no proof that courses in manual material handling (MMH) are effective at preventing musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). These revelations are placing the current daily practice of MMH trainers under scrutiny. This study analyses how the MMH courses are organised in practice. A web-based questionnaire was developed for trainers. Only trainers giving MMH courses on a regular basis were included. The questionnaire focussed on general characteristics of the courses, content issues and organisational aspects. The results clearly indicated that the MMH courses can only be considered as a …means of making employees aware of good manual handling. Not all content issues that should be addressed in effective MMH courses, are looked at in practice. This is mainly due to time restrictions that trainers experience, often imposed by the company. In conclusion, these organisational restrictions might explain the ineffectiveness of the MMH courses and should therefore be resolved. Show more

Keywords: manual material handling, training, techniques

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0214-588

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 588-591, 2012

Authors: Pires, Claudia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The present study was developed based on the analysis of workplaces in the engineering industry, particularly in automotive companies. The main objectives of the study were to evaluate the activities present in the workplace concerning manual handling, using assessment methodologies NIOSH Ergonomic Equation [1] and Manual Material Handling [2], present in ISO 11228 [3-4], and to consider the possibility of developing musculoskeletal injuries associated with these activities, an issue of great concern in all industrial sectors. Similarly, it was also shown the suitability of each method to the task concerned. The study was conducted in three steps. The first step …was to collect images and information about the target tasks. As a second step proceeded to the analysis, determining the method to use and to evaluate activities. Finally, we found the results obtained and acted on accordingly. With the study observed situations considered urgent action, according to the methodologies used, and proceeded to develop solutions in order to solve the problems identified, eliminating and / or minimizing embarrassing situations and harmful to employees. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, prevention, musculoskeletal injuries, assessment methodologies

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0215-592

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 592-596, 2012

Authors: Junior, Carlos André Vaz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The Brazilian commercial aviation industry has grown strongly in the last decades, increasing passenger capacity and operational safety. While several studies focus on flight safety and passenger comfort, few are dedicated to the manual transport of loads. Although apparently this sector has low relevance, every year nearly 9% of their workers are injured. It is estimated that these injuries cost more than 10 million dollars a year to the companies involved. This study assesses quantitatively the risk of injury on employees. NIOSH method was used to evaluated the possibility of injury in different tasks. Factors such as the pace of …activity, horizontal and vertical displacement, and asymmetries were evaluated during loading and unloading of luggage. This study showed that the frequency of repetitions of loading was excessive in all cases analyzed. However, the use of conveyors reduced the risk of employee injury, reducing this possibility to acceptable levels. The study shows that simple measures can help reduce the number of injuries and hence the cost that this entails. Show more

Keywords: manual transport of loads, operational cost, civil aviation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0216-597

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 597-604, 2012

Authors: Nicholas, Jon W. | Corvese, Russel J. | Woolley, Charles | Armstrong, Thomas J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The goal of this study was to use a pressure sensor to measure the force distribution and contact area of the hand when gripping, pushing, and pulling a cylinder. Data was collected from 10 subjects with no hand impairments and from 1 subject with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Subjects grasped an aluminum cylinder wrapped with a Tekscan pressure sensor and performed each trial at 25%, 50%, and 100% maximum voluntary exertion. A relationship was found between increasing exertion and increasing hand area with increasing hand contact area. The force distribution maps showed the thenar region of the hand exerts the most …force during pushing while the metacarpal joint line exerts the highest force during pulling. The third and fourth phalange were found to exert the highest phalange force during gripping. The force distribution maps from the RA subject showed higher thumb forces and distal phalange forces, relative to the entire phalange, compared to the non-impaired subjects. This suggests that the RA subject compensates for the lack of phalange function with the regions of the hand that still function. Future studies should sample individuals with a larger hand area range and sample more individuals with RA. Show more

Keywords: hand, grasp, Tekscan, contact area, rheumatoid arthritis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0217-605

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 605-612, 2012

Authors: Guimarães, C.P. | Cid, G.L. | Santos, V.S. | Zamberlan, M.C.P. | Pastura, F.C.H. | Abud, G.M.D. | Lessa, C. | Batista, D.S. | Fraga, M.M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The first sentence of the Abstract should follow the word “Abstract.” on the same line. The abstract should be clear, descriptive, self-explanatory and no longer than 200 words. It should also be suitable for publication in abstracting services. Do not include references or formulae in the abstract.

Keywords: Human Activity Reference Database, Ergonomics, chemical laboratory

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0218-613

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 613-616, 2012

Authors: Nakajima, Masato | Yamada, Kosuke C | Kitajima, Muneo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Conducting field research facilitates understanding human daily activities. Cognitive Chrono-Ethnography (CCE) is a study methodology used to understand how people select actions in daily life by conducting ethnographical field research. CCE consists of measuring monitors’ daily activities in a specified field and in-depth interviews using the recorded videos afterward. However, privacy issues may arise when conducting standard CCE with video recordings in a daily field. To resolve these issues, we developed a new study methodology, CCE Lite. To replace video recordings, we created pseudo-first-personview (PFPV) movies using a computer-graphic technique. The PFPV movies were used to remind the monitors of …their activities. These movies replicated monitors’ activities (e.g., locomotion and change in physical direction), with no human images and voices. We applied CCE Lite in a case study that involved female employees of hotels at a spa resort. In-depth interviews while showing the PFPV movies determined service schema of the employees (i.e., hospitality). Results indicated that using PFPV movies helped the employees to remember and reconstruct the situation of recorded activities. Show more

Keywords: Cognitive Chrono-Ethnography, privacy issues, behavior measurement, in-depth interview, pseudo-first-personview movies

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0219-617

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 617-622, 2012

Authors: Castillo, Juan | Cubillos, A

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The recent development of the Colombian legislation, have been identified the need to develop protective clothing to work according to specifications from the work done and in compliance with international standards. These involve the development and design of new strategies and measures for work clothing design. In this study we analyzes the activities of the workers in the electrical sector, the method analyzes the risks activity data in various activities, that activities include power generation plants, local facilities, industrial facilities and maintenance of urban and rural networks. The analyses method is focused on ergonomic approach, risk analysis is done, we …evaluate the role of security expert and we use a design algorithm developed for this purpose. The result of this study is the identification of constraints and variables that contribute to the development of a model of analysis that leads to the development the work protective clothes. Show more

Keywords: Activity analysis, Design, Ergonomics, Usability, User experience

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1008-623

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 623-627, 2012

Authors: Saldanha, Maria Christine Werba | Matos de Carvalho, Ricardo José | de Oliveira, Larissa Praça | Celestino, Joyce Elanne Mateus | de Barros Macêdo Veloso, Isis Tatiane | Jaeschke, Anelena

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The present article seeks the process of construction of ergonomics demand referring to the artisan fishing activityfound in Ponta Negra beach located in the city of Natal, Brazil. The instruction/construction of demands correspond to the first stage of Work Ergonomic Analysis and allows the understanding of real issues existent in a work situation, rank them and route the providences. The demand presented on this study, features itself as a induced demand, process which some potential demands or hypothetical demands are taken to an organization, after a preview analysis of the work aimed by the study, resulting from a theoretical research …(state of the art) and/or from analysis of a reference situation (state of practice), where demands hypothesis are taken in consideration about the pretended work. The demands construction process using interactional methods and techniques, observation methods and techniques and bibliographic research, researches in state of reference or document. This article demonstrates the efficiency of the methodological choice to construct real ergonomic demands and highlights the importance of social construction on that process, which main goal is to refer the ergonomic actions that allow the improvement of work and life conditions for the fishers and sustainability to Jangadeira activity. Show more

Keywords: demand construction, social construction, ergonomics, artisanal fishery, rafts

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0220-628

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 628-635, 2012

Authors: Loureiro, I.F | Leão, C.P. | Arezes, P.M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The Ergonomic tridimensional Analysis (ETdA) was developed to be used as an auxiliary tool on the ergonomic intervention. It was specially designed for commercial areas with free circulation of people. Due to that, the client, the third ETdA dimension, becomes an important element and their opinions relevant in the ergonomic analysis. The remains two ETdA dimensions, professionals and analyst, play an identical role as in the traditional occupational ergonomic analysis. For each of these dimensions, specific observation tools were assembled: an ETdA questionnaire, an evaluation form and a checklist for direct and indirect observations. The variables that allow the ETdA …operability are identified as Ergonomic Factors (EFs). A case study is presented identifying, for each dimension, the critical EFs. This will allow the design of the weighting table, where the influence of each dimensions results is measured, stressing the important role of clients on ergonomic issues. Show more

Keywords: commercial workplace environment, ergonomic factors, ergonomic tridimensional analysis, weighting table

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0664-636

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 636-641, 2012

Authors: Moore, D. | Bayne, K. | Barnard, T.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper reports on an exercise conducted within a state-owned body (Crown Research Institute) in New Zealand aimed at building greater understanding of the key factors in successful research programmes. Success was defined in this study as a high level of uptake of the emerging science, with commensurate benefits to both industry and the community. The methodology had three parts. A review of the knowledge and technology transfer literature; a series of 15 semi-structured interviews with science leaders; and a facilitated workshop. The purpose of the review was to generate a robust framework upon which to centre the interview dialogues, …and two models were selected. The results varied, reflecting the diversity of research services provided by the organization, but the findings were predominantly new and valuable. The importance of the long term relationship with the end users was the strongest recurring theme. The methodology may have wider application in both research and consulting settings; for the benefits derived from the interactive process with staff, as well as for the specific findings. Show more

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1009-642

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 642-647, 2012

Authors: Celestino, Joyce Elanne Mateus | de Souza Bispo, Cristina | Saldanha, Maria Christine Werba | da Costa Mattos, Karen Maria

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper aims to present the significance of methods used by the Ergonomic Analysis of Work for the construction of the scenario of craft fishing with rafts, held by 42 fishermen on the beach of Ponta Negra, Natal - RN; and relate the knowledge in ergonomics to environmental aspects / impacts, aiming the sustainability in this activity. This research is characterized as a case study, of the descriptive and exploratory type and of applied nature. To collect data, we used observational methods, in order to expand information about the activity, and interaction, as conversational action and photographic/videos records to clarify …points not covered by observation. It was observed problematic as the reduction of fishing productivity, alterations of the sea, difficulty in docking the rafts, and inadequate waste disposal, noting that this activity needs care regarding the use of the environment. The obtained results contributed to the organization of environmental education workshops, seeking to enhance good individual / collective environmental practices focused on the sustainability of the environment in which they live. Add the need for proposals aimed for managing the activity, involving fishermen, institutions and society, to ensure the improvement of the environment, hence the quality of life of the population. Show more

Keywords: Conversational action, Environment, raft fishermen

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0221-648

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 648-655, 2012

Authors: Mariño, Suzi | Figueiredo, Alex

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this study was observed the maintenance task of submersible pumps septic tanks installed in industrial bathrooms. This maintenance activity operators are exposed to various biological and ergonomic risks. This type of activity requires its great physical performers who are also subject to contact with human waste in the form of liquids, gases and solids. Besides the problems mentioned, are still exposed to high temperatures that can cause diseases such as hyperthermia or heatstroke. These aspects were observed using the ergonomic assessment methodology in order to suggest improvements that are reflected in productivity and employee satisfaction.

Keywords: ergonomic risk, biological risks, equipment maintenance

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0222-656

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 656-662, 2012

Authors: Kjellberg, Katarina | Palm, Peter | Josephson, Malin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Checkout cashier work consists of handling a large number of items during a work shift, which implies repetitive movements of the shoulders, arms and hands/wrists, and a high work rate. The work is associated with a high prevalence of disorders in the neck and upper extremity. The concept of workstyle explains how ergonomic and psychosocial factors interact in the development of work-related upper extremity disorders. The aim of the project was to develop an instrument for the occupational health services to be used in the efforts to prevent upper extremity disorders in checkout cashier work. The instrument is based on …the workstyle concept and is intended to be used as a tool to identify high-risk workstyle and needs for interventions, such as training and education. The instrument, BAsIK, consists of four parts; a questionnaire about workstyle, an observation protocol for work technique, a checklist about the design of the checkout and a questionnaire about work organization. The instrument was developed by selecting workstyle items developed for office work and adapting them to checkout cashier work, discussions with researchers and ergonomists, focus-group interviews with cashiers, observations of video recordings of cashiers, and studies of existing guidelines and checklists. Show more

Keywords: participative ergonomics, psychosocial factors, upper extremity disorders, workplace design, organization

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0223-663

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 663-668, 2012

Authors: Levanon, Yafa | Gefen, Amit | Lerman, Yehuda | Givon, Uri | Ratzon, Navah Z.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Typing is associated with musculoskeletal complaints (MSCs), caused by multiple risk factors. Although a wide variety of ergonomic intervention programs were conducted to reduce risk factors and MSC’s, only few of them were found evidence based. This study aimed to test the efficacy of a workplace intervention in reducing MSC’s among computer workers. 66 computer workers were assigned randomly to one of three intervention programs: ergonomic intervention including biofeedback, intervention without biofeedback and control group without intervention. The efficacy was tested by advanced assessment including; pain location and severity, posture at work, upper extremity 3D kinematics, muscle activity and psychosocial …status. Working hypothesis; significant score differences will be found between the study groups which underwent ergonomic intervention and the control group on the following measures: pain complaints, upper extremity kinematics, muscle activity and psychosocial status. Significant differences were found between pre and post intervention and between research groups and the control group in pain, posture and motion. The ergonomic intervention with biofeedback had no unique contribution in comparison to other interventions. In conclusion; the proposed intervention program was found efficient for reducing pain among computer workers. Show more

Keywords: upper extremity work-related disorders, computer work, ergonomic intervention, surface EMG biofeedback

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0224-669

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 669-675, 2012

Authors: Filgueiras, Ernesto | Rebelo, Francisco | da Silva, Moreira

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Generally, the studies assess the upper limbs postures during the work with Visual Display Terminal – VDT through the measurement of the angles formed by the segments or through the relation with the pre-defined anatomical postures (e.g., flexion, extension, abduction). However, few studies were found in the literature which had focused in the measurement of the upper limbs support during a real situation of work with VDT and in the definition of analysis categories for this kind of behavior. The main objective of this study was to measure, in a real situation and using a systematic observation method through video …analysis, the main kinds of support for the upper limbs. The analysis was done considering 480 work hours of 30 office workers. Data were collected using a methodology proposed by Rebelo, Filgueiras & Soares [1] and related with the work organization and workspace conditions, the participants had: a) minimum of eight hours daily of work; b) similar activities, characterized as office work; c) same furniture and equipment; and, d) computers with the same hardware, software and peripherals. Results were analyzed 46554 dynamic events, considering only the fourteen Interaction Categories – ICs, for upper limps support. In this way, percentage was computed, considering the total number of occurrence, for the Right arm is: arm support (0.06%); forearm support (31,8%); elbow support (31,92%); hand support (7,41%); multiple supports (12,32%) and without support 16,41%- For the Left arm the results is: forearm support (0,11%); arm support (53,69%); elbow support (8,70%); hand support (7,97%); multiple supports (8,43%) e without support (21,11%). This systemic and ecological approach was obtained through a method which enables experimental Biomechanics and Physiology methods to develop more efficient functional requirements and recommendations for the work with VDTs. Show more

Keywords: Upper limbs support, Human interaction, Systematic observation of work in a systemic and ecological approach, Ergonomics methods of analysis, Video-analysis technics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0225-676

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 676-682, 2012

Authors: Saldanhar, Maria Christine Werba | de Almeida, Juliana Donato

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The current article presents the process of situated modeling in the drawing workshop for bobbin lace developed and implemented in the Núcleo de Produção Artesanal Rendeiras da Vila, in Ponta Negra, Natal-Brasil. The workshop aimed to rescue the domain over the product in the production of bobbin lace through capacitation of both experienced and novice craftswomen. The modeling of the drawing workshop was grounded on the sociotechnical construction and in the concepts of anthropotechnology and also social technology. The modelling required an intense process of social construction involving the members of GREPE-UFRN (Group of extension and Research in Ergonomics) and …the lacemakers od the community. The domain of drawing the lace has enabled the expression of the craftswomen creativity, increasing the amount of works and the sustainable development,thus reducing the risks of extinction of such art in the Village of Ponta Negra. Show more

Keywords: situated modelling, Sociotechnical Construction, Drawing workshop, Bobbin lace, Artisan production

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0226-683

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 683-689, 2012

Authors: Custódio, RAR | Silva, CES | Brandão, JGT

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents the Ergonomic Work Analysis method in a Brazilian Dentist’s office. Through the study, the constraints and the strategies in avoiding them were identified. It was found that dentists hardly use the position most indicated by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the Federation Dentaire Internacionale (FDI) for both the patient and the dentist, which is respectively supine and 9 o’clock, due to the limited space and layout. Five types of treatments performed by the professional have been studied. The frequency and duration of actions in these treatments were accounted for and the standard positions adopted were …identified. The AET was found to be a very suitable method to grasp the dentist’s activity and build a point of view of the profession, which is characterized as: stressful, perfectionist and restrictive. Time management is presented as an important strategy to control the tension arising from performing the treatments. Show more

Keywords: dentist, EWA, MSDs, ergonomics, dentistry

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0227-690

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 690-697, 2012

Authors: Simões, Raoni Rocha | Figueiredo, Vitor Guilherme Carneiro

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The internationalization of labor is a prominent feature of the economy today, but is accompanied by adverse effects on operator health. In general, musculoskeletal diseases are the first to appear in this context. The open observations activity and interviews with operators and the hierarchy have been made to discover the organizational constraints. Other interviews were also conducted to account for the determinants of activity outside of work. The use of video has allowed the registration of work cycles, which helped to describe and quantify the postures and gestures to establish a possible link between musculoskeletal diseases and work activity. The …collected data were processed using software Actogram Kronos. To understand the process of origin of these diseases, the analysis of the socioeconomic context is also essential because they in part determine the organization of certain companies. The objective of this paper was to discuss the activities of operators of blistering in both work and outside work. The goal is to determine the constraints presents in these two spheres of activity, that may increase the risk of developing musculoskeletal diseases and to define their interaction. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics work analysis, physical workload, repetitive strain injury, musculoskeletal disease, psychosocial factors

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0228-698

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 698-702, 2012

Authors: Vergara, Lizandra Garcia Lupi | Pansera, Thaís Regina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The incidence of workers suffering from occupational injuries has alerted health professionals and entrepreneurs. Enterprises are looking for improvements in production systems by investments in quality, technological innovations and in human resources that are capable and committed to the objectives and targets of the enterprise. This research was developed in a pig slaughter-house in the city of Ipiranga-SC, in the labor of boning shoulder of the pig, because this is the activity that presents more registers of complaints of pain and also probability of development of occupational diseases with cause in the enterprise.Tools of Ergonomics Analysis of Work were used, …from interviews with workers to the application of LEST method in the activity analyzed. The necessity of immediate intervention in the work station was shown in the results, because of the high risk of prejudice to the health of the workers. Improvement actions must be done to satisfy the ergonomics requirements of NR 17 standard, attending the enterprise interests in the occupational diseases prevention. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, LEST method, safety, health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0229-703

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 703-709, 2012

Authors: Escalona, Evelin | Hernández, Maylem | Yanes E, Lucia | Yanes, Laura | Yanes, Leopoldo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The objective was to analyze the work activity and identify risk factors that could account for musculoskeletal disorders in the upper extremities, shoulder and neck of workers of a transport values company in Venezuela. The methods used were: collective interview, tasks observation, evaluation of posture with RULA method and evaluation of repetitive motions with the OCRA method. Five workstations were evaluated. Main problem perceived by workers was: exposure to chemical and biological hazards when handling paper money and coins; inadequate chairs and close supervision. The postures level risk was 1 or 2 for the RULA scale. Only two workstations showed …ligth and medium risk level by OCRA method. Conclusion: The factors identified that could explain the musculoskeletal changes were: wrist repetitive flexion and extension, shoulder elevation, lifting weight above shoulder height, elbow repetitive flexion and extension, neck flexion, extended work journey, work overload, high responsibility and strict supervision by a video camera. Show more

Keywords: activity, postures, repetitive movements, transportation of values

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0230-710

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 710-713, 2012

Authors: Zhou, Yong | Mu, HaiYing | Jiang, Jianjun | Zhang, Li

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Currently, there is a trend in nuclear power plants (NPPs) toward introducing digital and computer technologies into main control rooms (MCRs). Safe generation of electric power in NPPs requires reliable performance of cognitive tasks such as fault detection, diagnosis, and response planning. The digitalization of MCRs has dramatically changed the whole operating environment, and the ways operators interact with the plant systems. If the design and implementation of the digital technology is incompatible with operators’ cognitive characteristics, it may have negative effects on operators’ cognitive reliability. Firstly, on the basis of three essential prerequisites for successful cognitive tasks, a causal …model is constructed to reveal the typical human performance issues arising from digitalization. The cognitive mechanisms which they impact cognitive reliability are analyzed in detail. Then, Bayesian inference is used to quantify and prioritize the influences of these factors. It suggests that interface management and unbalanced workload distribution have more significant impacts on operators’ cognitive reliability. Show more

Keywords: digital main control room, cognitive reliability, human factors issues, human errors, bayesian network

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0231-714

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 714-721, 2012

Authors: Reiman, Teemu | Rollenhagen, Carl

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The specific goal of the study is to look how tensions, competing values and trade-offs manifest in the management of nuclear power plants. Second goal is to inspect how existing frameworks, such as Competing Values Framework, can be used to model the tensions. Empirical data consists of thirty interviews that were conducted as part of a NKS study on safety culture in the Nordic nuclear branch. Eight trade-offs are identified based on a grounded theory based analysis of the interview data. The competing values and potential tensions involved in the trade-offs are discussed.

Keywords: nuclear safety, safety management, competing values, trade-offs

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0232-722

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 722-729, 2012

Authors: De la Garza, Cecilia | Labarthe, Jean-Paul | Graglia, Louis

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to highlight how ergonomics contributes to risk analysis and risk management in a design project for a new reactor, the French EPR (European Pressurized Reactor). An iterative ergonomics design process has been conducted over the last 10 years through a Human Factors Engineering program at the French energy company EDF. A parallel has been drawn between a risk management process and this ergonomics process based on International Organization for Standardization (ISO) publications such as ISO/IEC Guide 73, ISO Guide 51, etc. The contribution of ergonomics to risk analysis is illustrated by an example: the …automatic diagnosis, which is a very important technical device for safety. Five main types of risk have been identified via ergonomic analyses during the different design stages. Counter-measures have been implemented and their efficacy tested within the scope of new campaigns to assess human factors. However, the management of risks in such a design project requires the participation both of the different design entities involved in the project and of other experts in aspects of risk management, such as human reliability. The organization of collaborative participation remains a challenge to be addressed. Show more

Keywords: risk management, design, human reliability, nuclear power plant

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0233-730

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 730-736, 2012

Authors: Couix, Stanislas | Darses, Françoise | De-La-Garza, Cecilia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: It is widely recognised that ergonomists must contribute during needs analysis. However, few studies have investigated the specific contributions of ergonomists at this stage of the design process. In this study, this contribution is studied through the requirement document produced by the design team. For each requirement, the source (i.e. who formulated the requirement), justification (why the requirement is needed), type (functional, interaction, operational, physical, organizational), and scope (entire system or part thereof) were analysed. Results indicate that the various actors are complementary and work collectively to define the various dimensions of the system. With end-users, the ergonomist worked on …the global aspects of the system: function, conditions of use and organizational dimension. Alone, he defined the global interaction of the system. The various functions derived from the global function were defined in collaboration with engineers. However, while engineers contributed to defining how these functions would work, as well as their technical conditions of use, the ergonomist focused on their purpose, and, with end-users, on their organizational aspects. Finally, results suggest that neither the ergonomist’s specific knowledge in ergonomics, nor work analysis were sufficient to derive his requirements; both are mandatory. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, design, needs analysis, requirements

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0234-737

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 737-744, 2012

Authors: Alhadeff, Cynthia Mossé | da Silva, Rosana Fernandes | Reis, Márcia Sales dos

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study presents the challenge involved in the negotiation and construction of a standard process in a major petroleum company that has the purpose of guiding the implementation of ergonomic studies in the development of projects, systemising the implementation of ergonomics design. The standard was created by a multi-disciplinary working group consisting of specialists in ergonomics, who work in a number of different areas of the company. The objective was to guide “how to” undertake ergonomics in all projects, taking into consideration the development of the ergonomic appraisals of work. It also established that all the process, in each project …phase, should be accompanied by a specialist in ergonomics. This process as an innovation in the conception of projects in this company, signals a change of culture, and, for this reason requires broad dissemination throughout the several company leadership levels, and training of professionals in projects of ergonomics design. An implementation plan was also prepared and approved by the corporate governance, complementing the proposed challenge. In this way, this major oil company will implement new procedures of ergonomics design to promote health, safety, and wellbeing of the workforce, besides improving the performance and reliability of its systems and processes. Show more

Keywords: projects, ergonomics design, standard procedure, multi-disciplinary, reliability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0235-745

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 745-751, 2012

Authors: Robb, Martin | Miller, Gerald

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Oil and Gas Exploration and Production activities are carried out in hazardous environments in many parts of the world. Recent events in the Gulf of Mexico highlight those risks and underline the importance of considering human factors during facility design. Ergonomic factors such as machinery design, facility and accommodation layout and the organization of work activities have been systematically considered over the past twenty years on a limited number of offshore facility design projects to a) minimize the occupational risks to personnel, b) support operations and maintenance tasks and c) improve personnel wellbeing. During this period, several regulators and industry …bodies such as the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), the UK’s Health and Safety Executive (HSE), Oil and Gas Producers (OGP), and Norway’s Petroleum Safety Authority (PSA) have developed specific HFE design standards and guidance documents for the application of Human Factors Engineering (HFE) to the design and operation of Oil and Gas projects. However, despite the existence of these guidance and recommended design practise documents, and documented proof of their value in enhancing crew safety and efficiency, HFE is still not well understood across the industry and application across projects is inconsistent. This paper summarizes the key Oil and Gas industry bodies’ HFE guidance documents, identifies recurring themes and current trends in the use of these standards, provides examples of where and how these HFE standards have been used on past major offshore facility design projects, and suggests criteria for selecting the appropriate HFE strategy and tasks for future major oil and gas projects. It also provides a short history of the application of HFE to the offshore industry, beginning with the use of ASTM F 1166 to a major operator’s Deepwater Gulf of Mexico facility in 1990 and the application of HFE to diverse world regions. This latter point highlights the need to consider user populations when selecting HFE design criteria, an aspect strongly emphasized in current industry guidance. Show more

Keywords: oil and gas, facilities design, regulations, energy

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0236-752

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 752-762, 2012

Authors: Menegon, Fabrício Augusto | da Silva Rodrigues, Daniela | Fontes, Andréa Regina Martins | Menegon, Nilton Luiz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper aims to discuss the role of ergonomics in design process using the dialogue developed by designers, implementers and users in an oil refinery. It was possible to identify the need of minimizing the postural constraints, risk of accidents, mechanical shocks and to enlarge safety perception in the access and permanency of the users at the workspace. It has been determined and validated by workers and managers to implement different deadlines depending on programming, viability and execution time for the improvements proposed. In a long-term: it was proposed the substitution of the ladders with time planning according to the …maintenance program of the tanks; in a short-time: it was suggested the expansion of the existing platforms, implementation of a walkway connection provided with guardrails between the upper access of the side ladder and the repositioning of radar set and aerial aiming at the usage by workers at the workstation of the new platform. It was also elaborated eight typologies of intervention, according to the request, type of tank, material stored, and its setting place. The design process arises from ergonomics workplace analysis that presents concepts for solutions which was a mediator tool to be settled between users and implementers. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics workplace analysis, work activity, social process of design, design and use, process industry

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0237-763

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 763-769, 2012

Authors: Passero, Carolina Reich Marcon | Ogasawara, ÉRika Lye | Baú, Lucy Mara Silva | Buso, Sandro Artur | Bianchi, Marcos Cesar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Ergonomic Design is the adaptation of working conditions to human limitations and skills in the physical design phase of a new installation, a new working system, or new products or tools. Based on this concept, the purpose of this work was to analyze the implementation of ergonomic design at the new industrial units of an oil refinery, using the method of Ergonomic Workplace Assessment. This study was conducted by a multidisciplinary team composed of operation, maintenance and industrial safety technicians, ergonomists, designers and engineers. The analysis involved 6 production units, 1 industrial wastewater treatment unit, and 3 utilities units, all …in the design detailing phase, for which 455 ergonomic requirements were identified. An analysis and characterization of the requirements identified for 5 of the production units, involving a total of 246 items, indicated that 62% were related to difficult access and blockage operations, while 15% were related to difficulties in the circulation of employees inside the units. Based on these data, it was found that the ergonomic requirements identified in the design detailing phase of an industrial unit involve physical ergonomics, and that it is very difficult to identify requirements related to organizational or cognitive ergonomics. Show more

Keywords: Designs, Petrochemistry, Ergonomic Workplace Assessment, Electronic Template

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0238-770

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 770-773, 2012

Authors: Steffan, Isabella Tiziana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The article presents a complex work of which the author has been asked by the Municipality of Milan an its Service Company (AEM, now A2A) to apply Ergonomics to evaluate a product designed for asking information and emergency, with particular attention to vulnerable city users.

Keywords: emergency system, help point, municipality of Milan, ergonomic evaluation, redesign

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0239-774

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 774-777, 2012

Authors: Santos, Y | Porto, F | Marques, L | Tomaz, A | Toledo, R | Lucena, N

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Ergonomics is the study of a workplace and the worker. Its aim is to better adapt the workplace to man by preserving the body for short and long term work. This helps to adjust and improve functionality, thus preserving the body for short and long term work. It was through the observation of SAMU's (Mobile Emergency Unit) professional's helpers that the interest to evaluate these individuals arose. In addition, the aim of this research is to investigate the work ability of health professionals that work for SAMU/JP. The population was composed of 97 health professionals who currently work for SAMU/JP. …A sociodemographic questionnaire was used as data collection instrument and it was validated by the index of the Work Ability (WAI). The research took place in 2010, in the headquarters of SAMU, in the city of João Pessoa, state of Paraíba – Brazil. The data analysis was carried out by simple descriptive statistics followed by comparison of the results with the pertinent literature. The quantity of daily sleeping hours, the levels of satisfaction in the job and the number of diagnosed diseases were among the most worrying factors. In spite of this, the health professionals obtained a work ability average considered to be “good”. Show more

Keywords: health professionals, work ability, SAMU

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0240-778

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 778-782, 2012

Authors: Mendes, Davidson Passos | de Souza Moraes, Geraldo Fabiano | de Lima Mendes, Juliana Cristina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Our objective in this study, the analysis of potential fields of risk management in nursing work in psychiatric care to adolescents and children, while settings that go from the relationship between technical and organizational determinants of work activity and the skills of operators. It was established focus on the work process of the TECHNICAL AND NURSING ASSISTANTS to seek for response elements in an attempt to understand the health-disease process experienced by these workers. It was used for analysis and data collection, through the method of Ergonomic Work Analysis (EWA), fifteen workers of nursing staff – T&NA, between effectives and …contractors, and the strategies of action and regulation of these workers in relation to the interface that they deal with. The results show that the workers are exposed to all charges in an intense and specific way, causing physical and mental wear, as it approaches the psychological distress, exposure to the psychic pressure, not only through contact with the object of work, but the complexity of these relationships that are involved in nursing staff. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, nursing, occupational risk, work process

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0241-783

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 783-789, 2012

Authors: Munoz, Maria Isabel | Bouldi, Nadia | Barcellini, Flore | Nascimento, Adelaide

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This communication deals with the involvement of ergonomists in a research-action design process of a software platform in radiotherapy. The goal of the design project is to enhance patient safety by designing a workflow software that supports cooperation between professionals producing treatment in radiotherapy. The general framework of our approach is the ergonomics management of a design process, which is based in activity analysis and grounded in participatory design. Two fields are concerned by the present action: a design environment which is a participatory design process that involves software designers, caregivers as future users and ergonomists; and a reference real …work setting in radiotherapy. Observations, semi-structured interviews and participatory workshops allow the characterization of activity in radiotherapy dealing with uses of cooperative tools, sources of variability and non-ruled strategies to manage the variability of the situations. This production of knowledge about work searches to enhance the articulation between technocentric and anthropocentric approaches, and helps in clarifying design requirements. An issue of this research-action is to develop a framework to define the parameters of the workflow tool, and the conditions of its deployment. Show more

Keywords: patient safety, radiotherapy care, CSCW, design, participatory process

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0242-790

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 790-796, 2012

Authors: Fonseca, Bernardo Bastos | Aguilera, Maria Victoria Cabrera | Vidal, Mario Cesar Rodríguez

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this paper, we analyzed two laboratories of liquid chromatography (LC), separation technique of mixtures and identification of its components, in order to identify projectual gaps relating to the environment and the working station. The methodology used was the ergonomic analysis with interactional and participatory techniques applied during the activity performance. This work incorporated and adapted the concept developed by Alexander (1979) - pattern languages - passing from architectural projects to workstations project and physical arrangement of the work environment. The adaptation of the concept resulted in a list of recommendations, requirements and concepts that have brought design solutions for …the problematic aspects observed in the ergonomic analysis. The employed methodology, strongly supported in ergonomics principles, and in interactional and participatory techniques, contributed to achieve our gold that is what we now call Conceptual Standards. The patterns go beyond of a usual model of book a of ergonomics specification, once incorporating the viewpoint of the end user, it is also a set of best project practices and of project management in conception ergonomics. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, good project practices, conceptual design patterns, project, workstations

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0243-797

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 797-803, 2012

Authors: Rodríguez, Claudia Isabel Rojas

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This work describes the experience of application of a procedural initiative, which aimed to identify and address technical assistance needs progressively in therapy and rehabilitation activities. The proposal theoretical axes are the basics of participatory ergonomics and interdisciplinary work, was raised with the intention of addressing important issues for the entire design process including: perception, attention, memory and human being comfort, and the interrelationships that create objects in the context in which they are used. This project was done in collaboration with leading institutes for the rehabilitation of Colombia: Cirec and Roosevelt, through two investigative stages: a first ethnographic stage, …during which were observed one hundred forty four (144) procedures of rehabilitation and therapy to build a bank of assistive technology needs, justified on the project observation variables. And a second stage of action research in which they were designed elements that facilitate the implementation of rehabilitation procedures efficiently. Currently being developed experiential situations in different hospitals to examine the reliability of the proposed solutions. Show more

Keywords: Execution, Need, Therapy, Rehabilitation, Ergonomics participatory, Design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0244-804

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 804-808, 2012

Authors: Turja, Johanna | Kaleva, Simo | Kivistö, Marketta | Seitsamo, Jorma

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The purpose of the controlled longitudinal study was to determine the effect of a tailored early support intervention method on workers’ workplace ergonomics. The main areas of the early support intervention were training, guidance and support for supervisors in finding weak signals of impaired ergonomics. Supervisors were also trained to bring up these weak signals in discussion with employees and to make necessary changes at the workplace The data consisted of 301 intervention subjects and 235 control subjects working in the field of commerce. The questionnaires were carried out in 2008 and in 2010, and the response rates among …both groups were 45%. We used multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance (MANOVA) to test the difference in the groups at two points of time. The main result was that in the areas of work environment, the interaction between group and time was statistically significant (p=0.0004). The work environment improved in the intervention group, but deteriorated in the control. Working methods improved due to the interventions, but physical load factors increased over time in both groups. According to the study, tailored early support intervention has a generally beneficial impact on workers’ workplace ergonomics in the areas of work methods, work environment and accident factors. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, work ability, weak signals, work environment, health promotion

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0245-809

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 809-811, 2012

Authors: Elford, Wendy

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Ergonomics literature has often identified concerns about the difficulty of gaining support for ergonomics interventions. There appears to be a shift from the view that ergonomics issues can be made to be simple, towards a wider appreciation of the complexity of ergonomics problems in the real world. A framework from knowledge management – the Cynefin Framework – is recommended as providing a way of re-perceiving situations where ergonomics problems may be present or have already been identified. The framework uses multiple ontologies and indicates appropriate courses of investigation and action for each of four domains – the simple, the complex, …the complicated and the chaotic. This paper presents evidence of the need for a multi-ontology approach and shows how the Cynefin Framework can be applied to ergonomics. Show more

Keywords: Complex, complicated, system, interdisciplinary

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0246-812

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 812-817, 2012

Authors: Jones, Wendy | Haslam, Roger | Haslam, Cheryl

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Employed individuals from a range of jobs (n=18) were interviewed using a repertory grid technique, to explore the criteria they used to distinguish between different jobs. The concepts of ‘a good job’ and ‘a job good for health’ were also discussed. Interactions with others and the job itself were the most commonly used criteria and were also the most common features of a ‘good job’. Pay and security were mentioned frequently but were less important when comparing jobs and when defining a ‘good job’. Physical activity was rarely associated by interviewees with a ‘good job’ but was frequently associated with …a ‘job good for health’. A comprehensive definition of a ‘good job’ needs to take all these factors into account. Show more

Keywords: job quality, good job, repertory grid, health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0247-818

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 818-821, 2012

Authors: Carusi, Alessandra | Mont’Alvão, Cláudia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Graphic representation of clickable areas in computer interfaces should allow mental representations that facilitate system´s navigation during the cognitive process. If it doesn´t happen users can feel lost. When thinking about websites designed to children with both entertainment and educational intention these systems must stimulates this kind of users. As many other activities for children nowadays, many system are commonly used as support for contents explored in school, as a complement. The design of theses educational systems must have the compromise to allow these users navigate and feel capable to explore every part of these interfaces. This paper is focusing …the results of Ticese and Pedactice methods and shows the importance of these results as an exploratory phase in a bigger research that evaluates interfaces with children. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected related to structuring the user’s mental model, influenced by the graphic representation of hypertext areas in a children’s educational site. Show more

Keywords: educational site, navigation, design, graphic representation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0248-822

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 822-826, 2012

Authors: Hashim, Adila Md | Dawal, Siti Zawiahmd Md | Yusoff, Nukman

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The objective of this study is to compare the evaluation of postural analysis between a self-report questionnaire and physical assessments methods for students aged 13 to 15 years old in school workshop. 336 students were volunteered as participants to fill in the questionnaire and being observed in the workshop. Total of 104 positions were selected and analyzed while students performing their tasks. Questionnaire data was examined to specify the prevalence of postural stress symptoms. The relationship of postural stress by physical assessment methods (RULA and REBA methods) was defined to identify the risk level of students’ working posture. From the …results, comparison of four factors categorized from total of 22 questions among ages, the mean values were lower for 13 years old students meaning that they were faced higher posture problems while using the workstation. The obtained results from both physical assessment methods and questionnaire analysis have identified 13 years old students faced higher risk exposure. Analysis results emphasized the fact that self-reports questionnaire method has almost accurate as postural evaluation methods to identify physical risks in workplace. The result also shows that an intervention is needed to overcome the posture problems. Show more

Keywords: working posture, self-reported questionnaire, physical assessment method, school workshop, student

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0249-827

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 827-831, 2012

Authors: de Porto Alegre Muniz, Maria Isabella | de Moraes, Anamaria

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This project is about the usability of Learning Management Systems (LMS), focusing on the specific case of the open source system Moodle. Specifically, this project is about communication and collaboration tools that are used by teachers on the system. This study investigates whether usability problems hamper the use teachers make of these tools. Focused interviews were conducted with professionals working in distance education and the answers of the respondents were subjected to techniques of content analysis in order to obtain data for developing the tools needed to prove the hypothesis.

Keywords: usability, human computer interaction, distance education, learning management systems, content analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0250-832

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 832-837, 2012

Authors: Harris, C. | Straker, L. | Smith, A. | Pollock, C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Children’s computer exposure is rapidly growing. Several studies have suggested children using computers may be at risk of developing musculoskeletal symptoms. General models and theories relating to the causality of negative musculoskeletal outcomes in adult workers demonstrated relationships between workplace factors and musculoskeletal outcomes. When examining children’s computer exposure it is evident that their use is different. Even though risk factors may be similar, due to the nature of children and their computer environments, the potential risk factors and thus a proposed model of causal relationships between exposure and outcomes may differ. Objective: To develop a model of factors influencing …computer exposure and musculoskeletal symptoms in children. Methods: 1351 children (or their parents for Year 1 children) in school Years 1, 6, 9 and 11 (ages ~ 6,11,14,16 years) from 10 schools in Western Australia were surveyed on a range of user characteristics, computer exposure and musculoskeletal symptoms. Results: Potential risk factors for childrens’ computer exposure and musculoskeletal outcomes were multivariable. Factors such as age, gender, somatic complaints, flow, computer anxiety, computer, TV and physical activity exposure, and SES were related to computer exposure and children’s reports of musculoskeletal symptoms. Significance: Developing a child-related computer exposure model to understand relationships between potential risk factors and musculoskeletal symptoms will assist academics, teachers and parents to develop a better understanding of the risk factors for children’s computer exposure. Show more

Keywords: children, computers, ergonomics, models, musculoskeletal outcomes

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0251-838

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 838-845, 2012

Authors: Hughes, Erin E. | Johnson, Peter W.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Studies have shown that increased computer use among adults in occupational settings is associated with the development of cumulative trauma disorders; however, the need to address how adult-sized mice and keyboards are affecting children is becoming increasingly important as both access to and use of computers is increasing among today’s youth. To address the potential mismatch that exists between child stature and computer input device size and activation force, we have applied existing, age-specific, anthropometric data to elements of device design, including mouse size (length, width, height, switch location), and mouse-button activation forces. Trends supported the development of smaller computer …input devices with lower activation forces for smaller statured individuals including children. Distinct and consistent trends in size delineations were seen across gender and age groups—trends that correlate well with grades and schooling in the United States education system . Three to four mouse sizes would be recommended: a mouse sized for adult and high school males; one for adult and high school females and junior high males; one for elementary school children, aged 6 to 10 years; and possibly a mouse for the smallest users who are less than six years old. Show more

Keywords: design, mouse, keyboard, stature, standards

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0252-846

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 846-850, 2012