Work - Volume 41, issue Supplement 1

Authors: Ribeiro, Sânzia Bezerra | Wagmacker, Djeynefer Silveira | de Oliveira, Lilian Becerra

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the benefits of an exercise program associated to the educational phase of the “Back School Program” in the quality of life of workers from a cigar factory. This is a case study conducted over four months with three activities a week, two times a day, with the third day devoted to educational activities, focusing on healthy lifestyle, correct posture, postural orientations, daily living and work activities, work motivation, and other issues.

Keywords: RSI, Life Quality, Work Physical Therapy, Labor Gymnastic and Back school

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0475-2412

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2412-2416, 2012

Authors: Padula, Rosimeire Simprini | Carregaro, Rodrigo Luiz | Melo, Bruna | da Silva, Cláudia Regina | Oliveira, Ana Beatriz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The incidence of occupational diseases in the population is high and factors such as long working hours, poor posture, psychological and physical stress can contribute to its development. Among work-related musculoskeletal disorders, back pain has a high prevalence. The aim of the present study was to quantify and characterize pain complaints and to identifyindividuals with low back pain, in order to assess the degree of disability. Participated 226 employees of an institution of higher education. They answered a general questionnaire about location and quantification of pain complaints visual analog scale for pain and the Quebec Disability Questionnaire. Of all the …workers, 69.60% had some type of musculoskeletal complaint; of those, 15.41% had low back pain. Considering workers who had back pain, 54.9% were female, 52.94% are under 30 years old and 43.14% between 1 and 5 years of work. As for the final score for the degree of disability, 41.17% had minimal disability and 37.25% moderate disability. The present study found large number of pain complaints and high prevalence of low back pain, resulting in individual’s inability and difficulties in performing work activities. Show more

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, ergonomic risk factors, occupational health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0476-2417

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2417-2419, 2012

Authors: Tirloni, Adriana Seára | dos Reis, Diogo Cunha | dos Santos, Josenei Braga | Reis, Pedro Ferreira | Barbosa, Ailton | Moro, Antônio Renato Pereira

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Brazil has the main producers and exporters of chicken meat, which is classified as the third largest world chicken meat producer and lead exporter. This study aimed at analyzing the body discomfort perception in poultry slaughterhouse workers and its associations with the task characteristics. The study included 290 workers, 200 women (34.7±7.7 years) and 90 men (36.8±8.2 years). A body map for evaluating discomfort and an interview regarding organizational issues and criteria of the OCRA method were used. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test (p ≤ 0.05) were used. It was found that 87.6% of respondents performed repetitive tasks, 86.2% performed …rest breaks, 82.8% performed job rotation (2–7 tasks) and 61% used tools. It was also found that 67.2% felt discomfort in at least one body region, and the symptoms most often reported were pain, fatigue and tingling. The body regions most frequently cited were: shoulders (62.6%), neck (46.2%), spine (36.4%), forearms (31.3%), arms (29.2%), wrists (25.6%) and hands (25.6%). In sectors artificially cold (n = 204), 54.1% felt cold. There was no association between body discomfort and gender, task characteristics, performance of rest breaks and job rotation, use of tools and time working in the company; however, there was association with cold perception (p = 0.035). Show more

Keywords: Pain, ergonomics, repetitive task

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0651-2420

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2420-2425, 2012

Authors: Gangopadhyay, Somnath | Dev, Samrat

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract Occupational driving has often been associated with a high prevalence of back pain. Buses constitute the backbone of the local transportation; so many people are engaged in the profession. The present study was to investigate the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) and due to that problem whether their social and professional life hampers or not. The present study was undertaken among 160 government undertaking male bus drivers. Modified Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire was performed with physical assessment. Then Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (QLBPDQ) was performed to evaluate the extent to which social and professional life is restricted …by back pain. Afterwards, the sit-and-reach test and investigation of sitting postures was done. From the analysis of questionnaire it was revealed that drivers had to spend 8-10 hours daily for 6 days in a shift. It was further observed that all of them mainly suffering from LBP. From the QLBPDQ analysis it was found that LBP restricted their social and professional life. Sit and reach test and posture analysis also support this finding. This result is an absolute reflection of the alarming situations of the Kolkata bus drivers. It can be concluded that the bus drivers are highly stressed due to the hazardous working conditions, which in turn may additionally affects their health and overall work performance in the long run. Show more

Keywords: bus drivers, low back pain, social life, professional life, stressed

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0652-2426

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2426-2433, 2012

Authors: Andersen, J.H. | Frost, P. | Fuglsang-Frederiksen, A. | Johnson, B. | Wulff Svendsen, S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: We aimed to evaluate associations between vocational computer use and 1) ulnar neuropathy, and 2) ulnar neuropathy- like symptoms as distinguished by electroneurography. We identified all patients aged 18–65 years, examined at the Department of Neurophysiology on suspicion of ulnar neuropathy, 2001–2007. We mailed a questionnaire to 546 patients with ulnar neuropathy, 633 patients with ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms, and three community referents per case, matched on sex, age, and primary care centre. From a Job Exposure Matrix we extracted estimates of daily hours of computer use. The analysis was performed by conditional logistic regression. There were a negative association …between daily hours of computer use and the two outcomes of interest. Participants who reported their elbow to be in contact with their working table for 2 hours or more during the workday had an elevated risk for ulnar neuropathy (OR=2.16, 95 % CI; 1.06–4.44). The two outcomes were not associated with daily hours of computer use. Findings suggested specific effects of pressure on the elbow, and might be an explanation for the overweight of left-sided outcomes in this primarily right-handed group. Preventive efforts would then be straightforward by providing appropriate arm support for the left arm and elbow. Show more

Keywords: Entrapment, VDU-use, electroneurography, elbow, job exposure matrix

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0653-2434

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2434-2437, 2012

Authors: Mehta, Ranjana K. | Parijat, Prakriti

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The exponential growth of the information technology (IT) industry in India has been accompanied with a substantial increase in the reporting of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The purpose of the current study was to identify and assess the contributions of prevalent psychosocial factors on perceived WMSD outcomes among IT professionals from India. About 77 IT professionals from India completed a survey set consisting of 26 question items from the Job Content Questionnaire and 3 separate question items pertaining to WMSD outcomes (pain/discomfort and psychological stress scores). The findings suggest prevalence of existing pain (shoulder/neck and low back) in more than …one-fourth of the respondents. Additionally two-thirds of the respondents had never had any ergonomics awareness training. Co-worker support and psychological work demands were found to be the strongest contributors of psychosocial risk factors towards pain/discomfort and psychological stress outcomes. Findings from this study highlight the influence of certain psychosocial traits of the Indian IT workplace on perceived WMSD outcomes. There is a need to develop and implement intervention strategies to address these factors that may help lower the risk of work-related musculoskeletal pain. Show more

Keywords: psychosocial risk factors, musculoskeletal pain, information technology, social support

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0477-2438

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2438-2444, 2012

Authors: Comper, Maria Luiza C. | Macedo, Felipe | Padula, Rosimeire S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD) include a list of inflammatory and degenerative diseases characterized by the presence of musculoskeletal symptoms, compensatory posture changes and functional disabilities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the kinetic/functional characteristics of textile plant workers, their level of exposure to risk factors and the contribution these make to musculoskeletal symptoms. The sample of 42 workers answered the Nordic Questionnaire and the Job Factors Questionnaire. The kinetic/functional characteristics of each worker were verified by a blinded evaluator. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation. Musculoskeletal symptoms were more prevalent in the spinal region and …upper limbs. The exposure levels to risk factors were identified as a serious problem. Postural disorders, musculoskeletal symptoms and risk factors were correlated (P ≤ 0.05). Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal Disorders, Ergonomic risk factors, Occupational Health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0478-2445

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2445-2448, 2012

Authors: Serranheira, Florentino | Cotrim, Teresa | Rodrigues, Victor | Nunes, Carla | Sousa-Uva, António

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Healthcare workers, namely registered nurses (RN), are frequently exposed to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) risk factors. Identifying the symptoms of these disorders is one of the first epidemiological steps to managing them. This study aims to identify WRMSDs prevalence symptoms in Portuguese RN. During 8 months (2010–2011) the National Public Health School and the Portuguese Registered Nurses Board made a call to all RN to answer an online WRMSDs questionnaire. Respondents (n=2140) are mostly females (77.4%) and work mainly in hospitals (n=1396) and in primary healthcare centers (n=421). Results show high symptoms prevalence (last 12 months) in the lower back …(60.6%), the upper back (44.5%), and the neck (48.6%). Nurses’ activity, especially patient hygiene in bed, is a strong contributor (p>0.05) to pain in the upper back (OR=1.39 [1.09–1.80]) and lower back (OR=1.4 [1.08–1.84]). Patient holdup without mechanical support has the highest relationship (p>0.05) between work tasks and symptoms in the last 12 months in the upper back (OR=1.50 [1.19–1.90]). Prevalence rates of WRMSDs symptoms in Portuguese nurses are no different from other studies with Swedish, Italian and Greek nurses. Maybe changes in healthcare systems didn’t change the way care is delivered and we must rethink how to prevent nurses WRMSDs. Show more

Keywords: nurses, WRMSDs symptoms, epidemiology, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0479-2449

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2449-2451, 2012

Authors: Ibrahim, Nurul Ikhmar | Mohanadas, Devinthiran

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate pervasiveness of the musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) among staffs in a specialized healthcare centre. Sixty-eight staffs from three departments namely Cardiovascular Lab (CVL), Nuclear Radiology, and General Radiography were recruited in this study. A modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was distributed among study population. The result shows that the prevalence of MSD was highest in lower back (88.2%), neck (76.5%) and shoulder (60.3%) for the past 12 months followed by lower back and elbow (44.1%), and wrist (39.1%) correspondingly, for the past 7 days. Present results suggest that healthcare professionals – radiographers, patient assistants and …nurses incurs MSD risks through work tasks as well as psychosocial factors. These include awkward posture during patient handling, workload, work stress and time pressure. Therefore, an ergonomics improvement on the job design and workspace are needed in order to reduce the MSD risks. Show more

Keywords: prevalence, MSD, healthcare professionals, psychosocial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0480-2452

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2452-2460, 2012

Authors: Barbieri, Dechristian França | Nogueira, Helen Cristina | Bergamin, Letícia Januário | Oliveira, Ana Beatriz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMD) are the result of the combination of different risk factors. They are very common among computer workers, mainly when neck and upper limbs are considered. Forty-two office workers from a public university participated in this study. They were divided into two groups: Symptomatic Subjects (SS, n=20) and Asymptomatic Subjects (AS, n=22), according to the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). Psychosocial indicators were assessed using the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). Workplaces were evaluated according to the Ergonomic Workplace Analysis (EWA), proposed by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. The NMQ showed higher …weekly prevalence of complaints on neck, shoulders and wrist/hands (p=0.00) among SS. The annual prevalence of symptoms on wrist/hands was also higher among SS (p=0.02). The JCQ did not show any difference between groups (p>0.05). Higher proportion of servers with ‘high level’ of engagement, dedication and absorption, according to UWES, was identified among SS (p<0.01). EWA showed worse scores for ‘Work Site’, ‘Job Content’ and ‘Repetitiveness of the Work’ among SS (p<0.05). Servers are exposed to physical and psychosocial risk factors that can contribute to the development of WRMD. Work conditions need to be change in order to improve musculoskeletal health. Show more

Keywords: Physical Therapy, ergonomics, computer work, WRMD, psychosocial risk factors

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0481-2461

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2461-2466, 2012

Authors: Gangopadhyay, Somnath | Das, Tamal

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract It is a well recognized fact that manual material handling (MMH) entails enormous physical labor and associated discomfort feeling, which invariably culminate into musculoskeletal disorders. However mental fatigue, in such instances, becomes an unexplored parameter that needs definite attention during assessment of work status of MMH workers. The present study is being performed among 75 porters of a central market in Kolkata to ascertain the extent of physical and mental exhaustion among them. SF-12 health status questionnaire followed by another questionnaire involving psychosocial questions were performed among them. The analysis of both the questionnaires clearly revealed that most of …the porters are under severe physical exertion as they alone carry about 120 kg load at a time and such activity is repeated at least 40 times throughout the day. They always suffer from pain and discomfort feeling at different body parts and this interferes with their normal work activity to a great extent. Moreover absenteeism means no financial return and even a day’s rigourous work fetches meagre income. The inability to support family convincingly even after performing such hazardous tasks makes them feel low. Monotony, boredom, fatigue and mental trauma form an integral part of their daily work schedule. Show more

Keywords: physical health, mental health, informal sector

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0482-2467

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2467-2471, 2012

Authors: Arvidsson, Inger | Simonsen, Jenny Gremark | Balogh, Istvan | Hansson, Gert-åke | Dahlqvist, Camilla | Granqvist, Lothy | Ohlsson, Kerstina | Axmon, Anna | Karlson, Björn | Nordander, Catarina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Disorders in the musculoskeletal system have been associated with a high physical workload as well as psychosocial and individual factors. It is however not obvious which of these factors that is most important to prevent. Musculoskeletal disorders in neck and upper extremity was assessed by interview and clinical examination in 79 teachers and 93 assisting nurses, all females. Psychosocial work environment was assessed by questionnaire. The physical workload was recorded by technical measurements of postures, movements and muscular load, in 9 teachers and 12 nurses. The physical workload was lower among the teachers, but they had a more demanding psychosocial …work environment. Among the nurses, but not in the teachers, the neck-shoulder disorders were associated with a high body mass index (BMI). The teachers reported neck-shoulder complaints to a higher extent than the nurses, but had much lower prevalence of diagnoses in the clinical examination (12% vs. 25%; POR 0.3 CI 0.1 – 1.2; adjusted for age and BMI). The results suggest that adverse psychosocial conditions among the teachers give rise to a different kind of pain in the neck-shoulder region than from physical overload, troublesome but not as severe as the one afflicting the nurses. Show more

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, clinical examination, technical measurements

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0483-2472

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2472-2475, 2012

Authors: Motmans, R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Forklift drivers in warehouses are often exposed to whole body vibration (WBV) during the total day. There is however an association between working as a forklift operator and the development of low back pain. In this study the exposure to WBV was measured in five forklift drivers who performed a standardised order picking task during 10 minutes. The effect of driving surface (uneven concrete vs. new flat concrete), driving speed (15 km/h vs. 8 km/h) and seat suspension (mechanical suspension vs. air suspension) was investigated. Improving the driving surface was the most effective preventive measure by reducing the whole body …vibration with 39%, from 1.14 to 0.69 m/s2. Lowering the speed limit resulted in a reduction of WBV with 26% (1.05 vs. 0.78 m/s2). An air suspension seat was 22% more effective compared to mechanical suspension (1.02 vs. 0.80 m/s2). On uneven concrete an air suspension seat performed even better by reducing the WBV by 29% (1.33 vs. 0.95 m/s2). A combination of a new driving surface, limiting the maximum speed and the introduction of an air suspension seat reduced the whole body vibrations below the action limit of 0.5 m/s2 as mentioned in the European directive. None of the interventions were effective enough on their own. Show more

Keywords: whole body vibration, forklift driver, driving surface, air suspension seat, driving speed

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0484-2476

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2476-2481, 2012

Authors: do Nascimento Júnior, Leonildo Santos | da costa Santos Pessoa, Juliana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract This study had as objective to evaluate the workstation of the responsable for the collection of urban garbage in relation to the factors associates with the appearance or aggravation of WMRD, as well as identifying signals and symptoms of these illnesses in the related professionals. For this, was developed a form with open and closed questions, that approached item relative to the identification of the searched, to the organization and execution of the work and to the signals and symptoms of WMRD, e that was applied in 44 agents in a company of collection of urban residues in a …Brazilian metropolis. As the results can be evidenced that between the factors that the cleanness’ agents are susceptible to the appearance of WMRD can detach the lack of orientation of these professionals as the positions adopted in the work, the lack of training and qualification, as well as the repetitivity of tasks and not use of individual protection equipment. However, yet with the existence of innumerable factors of risk, evidenced a small incidence of pain. Show more

Keywords: working conditions, WMRD, cleanness agent

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0485-2482

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2482-2486, 2012

Authors: Torres, Yaniel | Viña, Silvio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study was conducted in a warehouse at a vaccine production centre where improvement to existing storage and working conditions were sought through the construction of a new refrigerated store section (2-8C°). Warehousing tasks were videotaped and ergonomics analysis tools were used to assess the risk of developing MSDs. Specifically, these tools were the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) and the NIOSH equation. The current plant layout was sketched and analyzed to find possible targets for improvement trough the application of general work space design and ergonomics principles. Seven of the eight postures evaluated with REBA had a total score …between 8 and 10, meaning a high risk, and only one was at a medium risk level. Nine of the eleven manual material handling tasks analyzed with the NIOSH equation had a Lifting Index between 1.14 and 1.80 and two had a recommended weight limit of 0kg, indicating a need for job redesign. Solutions included the redesign of shelves, the design of a two-step stair and a trolley with adjustable height; also, changes in work methods were proposed by introducing a two-workers lifting strategy and job rotation, and, finally, a restructuring of plant layout was completed. Show more

Keywords: ergonomic intervention, lifting strategies, plant layout, NIOSH equation, REBA

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0486-2487

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2487-2491, 2012

Authors: Moriguchi, Cristiane Shinohara | Carnaz, Leticia | de Miranda Junior, Luiz Carlos | Marklin, Richard William | Gil Coury, Helenice Jane cote

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Loading/unloading a ladder on vehicles are frequent tasks and involve overhead handling that may expose workers to risk factors of shoulder musculoskeletal disorders. The objective of the present study was to evaluate posture, forces required and perceived exertion when loading and unloading the ladder on a utility truck. Thirteen male overhead line workers from an electric utility in Brazil participated in this study. Shoulder elevation angle was measured using inclinometers. The required force to load/unload the ladder was measured by dynamometer. Subjective assessment of the perceived exertion was recorded to compare the exertion reported during the test conditions to the …field conditions. The task of loading/unloading the ladder presented risks of shoulder musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) to workers because it requires high levels of force (approximately 60% of the maximal force) combined with overhead posture of the shoulders (more than 100° from the neutral posture). Age and height presented to interfere in biomechanical risks presented in load/unload task. There was no significant difference between the subjective exertion during the test conditions and handling the ladder in the field. Ergonomic intervention is recommended to reduce these risks for shoulder MSDs. Show more

Keywords: overhead workers, biomechanics, musculoskeletal disorders, shoulder

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0487-2492

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2492-2495, 2012

Authors: Silva-Júnior, J.S. | Correa, L.R.C. | Morrone, L.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are responsible for important amount of declining productivity among workers. Its economic impact is considered important because, in some aspects, such as sickness absence, it can cause increase in costs for employers. This paper aimed at identifying whether the activities that the hotel maids perform during working hours may lead to the development of musculoskeletal disorders. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in a hotel in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Performed an ergonomic analysis of the job application with a checklist consisting of risk assessment of low back pain. Results: The maids are responsible for the …cleaning of hotel rooms, including to lean in order to clean the bathroom. The activity is associated with ergonomic risk for poor posture, manual transport of loads and use of physical force in the upper limbs. This job presents a moderate risk of low back pain according to checklist for assessing the ergonomic situation. Conclusions: Negative ergonomic aspects are associated with the development or aggravation of musculoskeletal disorders in these workers. We suggest modification in work organisation. Another possibility is decreased the weight of the carts, keeping areas of replacement material on each floor. Show more

Keywords: low back pain, occupational health, ergonomics, absenteeism

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2496-2498, 2012

Authors: Cristancho, María Yanire León

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The objective of this paper was to control ergonomic risks among female cashiers working in a department store belonging to the retail market. This study was conducted between May and November 2010. Participatory ergonomics was applied through knowing and understanding how the company works, establishing the work team (Ergo group), training the team in ergonomics-related topics, and making decisions and interventions. The sample was composed of 71participants –mostly female cashiers–, and all of them have a musculoskeletal compromise, declaring pain or discomfort mainly in the neck, lower back, right wrist and shoulders. Among others, following problems were found: postural overload, …repetitive work, manual load handling, mental fatigue, environmental discomfort, variable work schedules, extended working days, and absence of breaks. In the intervention, the main implemented changes were the redesign of workstation, complete change of chairs and keyboards, and the implementation of a rotation system, as well breaks for compensatory exercises. After that, an evident improvement of found problems was observed, therefore it can be concluded that participatory ergonomics is an attractive methodology, appropriate and efficient for solving and controlling ergonomic risks and problems. Show more

Keywords: Participatory Ergonomics Intervention, Female Cashiers, Retail Market, Ergo Group

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0489-2499

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2499-2505, 2012

Authors: Cândido, Paula Emanuela Fernandes | Teixeira, Juliana Vieira Schmidt | Moro, Antônio Renato Pereira | Gontijo, Leila Amaral

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The work of the goldsmiths consists in the manufacture of jewelry. The piece, be it an earring, bracelet or necklace, is hand-assembled. This task requires precision, skill, kindness and patience. In this work, we make use of tools such as cuticle clippers and rounded tip, beads or precious stones and also pieces of metal. This type of activity requires a biomechanical stress of hands and wrists. In order to quantify the biomechanical stress, we performed a case study to measure the movements performed by an assembly of pieces of jewelry. As method for research, filming was done during assembly of …parts to a paste, using a Nikon digital camera, for 1 (one) hour. The film was edited by Kinovea software, and the task was divided into cycles, each cycle corresponds to a complete object. In one cycle, there are four two movements of supination and pronation movements of the forearm. The cycle lasts approximately sixteen seconds, totaling 1800 cycles in eight hours. Despite the effort required of the wrists, the activity shows no complaints from the employees, but this fact does not mischaracterizes the ability of employees to acquire repetitive strain injuries and work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Show more

Keywords: biomechanics, ergonomics, repetitive movements, manual labor

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0490-2506

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2506-2509, 2012

Authors: Chaiklieng, Sunisa | Suggaravetsiri, Pornnapa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Prolonged posture, static works and repetition are previously reported as the cause of repetitive strain injuries (RSIs) among workers including teachers. This cross-sectional analytic study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of RSIs among school teachers. Participants were 452 full-time school teachers in Thailand. Data were collected by the structural questionnaires, illuminance measurements and the physical fitness tests. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics which were Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used. Most teachers in this study were females (57.3%), the mean years of work experience was 22.6 ± 10.4 years. The six-month prevalence of RSIs …was 73.7%. The univariate analysis identified the related risk factors to RSIs which were chronic disease (OR=1.8; 95% CI = 1.16-2.73), history of trauma (OR=2.0; 95% CI = 1.02-4.01), member of family had RSIs (OR=2.0; 95% CI = 1.02- 4.01), stretch to write on board (OR=1.7; 95% CI = 1.06-1.70) and high heel shoe >2 inch (OR=1.6; 95% CI = 1.03-2.51). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that chronic diseases and high heel shoe >2 inch significantly related to developing of RSIs. The poor grip strength and back muscle flexibility significantly affected RSIs of teachers. In conclusions, RSIs were highly prevalent in school teachers that they should be aware of health promotion to prevent RSIs. Show more

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, ergonomics, prevalence

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0491-2510

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2510-2515, 2012

Authors: Coluci, Marina Zambon Orpinelli | Alexandre, Neusa Maria Costa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The study aimed to conduct a literature review as a step of the development of a new questionnaire about the nursing workers’ perception of job factors that may lead to musculoskeletal symptoms. An information synthesis was achieved by collecting data from studies that fitted the search criteria. The results showed that despite the existence of several job factors related to musculoskeletal symptoms, no specific questionnaire that evaluates this relationship was found. Therefore, this literature review presents important topics for developing the first questionnaire to analyze work activities that may contribute to pain and discomfort among nursing personnel.

Keywords: work-related musculoskeletal disorders, job factors, nursing

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0492-2516

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2516-2520, 2012

Authors: Iqbal, Rauf | De, Amitabha | Mishra, Wricha | Maulik, Shreya | Chandra, AM

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The study was taken up to investigate the effects of heel heights on lumbar kinematics and the risk of Low Back Disorder (LBD) in females. Nineteen female university students (24.5±3.36 yrs) volunteered in the study. Lumbar kinematics was measured by using Industrial Lumbar Motion Monitor (iLMM). The volunteers were asked to walk for a distance of 50 meters in 3 different given conditions i.e bare foot (Heel 0), with flat heels (Heel 1) and with high heels (Heel 2). Heights of Heel 1 and Heel 2 were 1.5±0.84 cm and 5.5±1.70 cm respectively. The Lumbar kinematic parameters studied were- Average …Twisting Velocity (ATV), Maximum Sagital Flexion (MSF) and Maximum Lateral Velocity (MLV). It was observed that all the above mentioned Lumbar kinematics - ATV, MSF and MLV increases with increase of heel heights, which in turn increases the risk of LBD. As a result of increase in Lumbar kinematic values with increase in heel heights, LBD risk has also increased. Mean and SD of the LBD risk with Heel 0, Heel 1 and Heel 2 were 16.79±6.04%, 19.00±7.38% and 22.11±6.98% respectively. Lower stature with high heels showed higher risk of LBD than the higher stature with high heels. Show more

Keywords: iLMM, high heel, Lumbar kinematics, LBD

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1026-2521

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2521-2526, 2012

Authors: Srinivasan, Divya | Mathiassen, Svend Erik

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Several recent reviews have reported that ‘repetitive movements’ is a risk factor for occupational musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in the neck, shoulder and arm regions. More variation in biomechanical exposure is often suggested as an effective intervention in such settings. While increasing variation using extrinsic methods like job rotation may not always be possible in an industrial context, the intrinsic variability of the motor system may offer an alternative opportunity to increase variation. Motor variability (MV) refers to the natural variation in postures, movements and muscle activity observed to different extents in all tasks. The current review explores the state of …the art in MV research from motor control, sports and occupational biomechanics literature to answer whether MV is important to consider in an occupational context, and if yes, whether this literature stimulates further studies to test if MV can be manipulated as a deliberate intervention for increasing biomechanical variation without jeopardizing production. Show more

Keywords: Work-related musculo-skeletal disorders, exposure variability, motor variability, occupational health, performance, kinematics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0493-2527

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2527-2534, 2012

Authors: Hanvold, Therese N | Wærsted, Morten | Veiersted, Kaj Bo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim was to analyze the relationship between periods with uninterrupted neck muscle activity for ≥4 min and neck and shoulder pain. The trapezius muscle activity was recorded bilaterally on 40 young workers and students during a full shift. Neck and shoulder pain, mechanical work load and decision control were reported at the same time as the muscle activity recording and 6 months later. A dose-response relationship was found between uninterrupted muscle activity and neck and shoulder pain, with a ten-fold higher risk for the group with more than half, compared to less than a third, of the shift with …uninterrupted muscle activity. Self-reported mechanical work load showed a small but protective effect related to pain. Gender and decision control did not emerge as important risk factors in this model. In conclusion, this study indicates that work or other exposures that contains long periods with uninterrupted neck muscle activity of 4 min duration or longer should be minimized to reduce risk of neck and shoulder pain. Show more

Keywords: prospective, motor control, sustained muscle activity, neck and shoulder pain

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0494-2535

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2535-2538, 2012

Authors: Fallentin, Nils | Maikala, Rammohan | Banks, Jacob | Obrien, Niall | Rivard, Amanda

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A fatigue-related decrease in quality and accuracy of the proprioceptive feedback from muscle spindles in the back (e.g. stretch reflexes) may lead to a deterioration of spinal stability, thereby making the spine more vulnerable to external perturbations. Endurance time, tissue oxygenation, reflex latency and blood pressure response were studied in twenty subjects during a submaximal endurance test of the back extensors (20 % MVC) performed as either a position task (supporting a weight stack while maintaining trunk position) or a force task (exerting a force against a dynamometer). Mean endurance time was 8.91 (± 2.79) min for the force task …and 10.86 (± 6.93) min for the position task. This result is in striking contrast to what has previously been reported from limb muscles, and suggests that back muscles are especially well suited for postural tasks. An increased reflex latency found after the position task indicates that the disadvantage of the prolonged endurance time is a deterioration of the afferent input from the muscle spindles that may potentially hamper the protection of the spine Show more

Keywords: Back muscle fatigue, reflex responses, cumulative trauma disorders, heavy lifting

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0495-2539

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2539-2544, 2012

Authors: Cho, Young-Jin | Kim, Jung-Yong

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the stationarity of the electromyographic (EMG) signals during isokinetic exertions of the trunk muscle. Six healthy subjects participated in this study. The erector spinae muscles were used to collect the signals. In order to simulate the isokinetic exercises of the trunk, a Cybex system with a trunk modular component was used. All subjects performed sustained exertions with a combination of load (25%, 50% MVC) and angular velocity (0, 15, 30 degree/s). The stationarity of the signals was tested by the reverse arrangements test and modified reverse arrangements test. In the results, the …signal stationarity was high in all conditions in the reverse arrangements test. However, in the modified reverse arrangements test it was relatively low at about the 30 degree/s angular velocity. In the analysis of variance, the effect of angular velocity was statistically significant at the 0.05 significance level in the modified reverse arrangements test and Tukey’s HSD grouping showed that the stationarity of 30 degree/s angular velocity was significantly different from 0, 15 degree/s condition. These results indicate that the stationarity of the EMG signals showed no difference between isometric and isokinetic conditions when the angular velocity was equal to 15 degree/s. Show more

Keywords: lifting, spectral analysis, low back pain, muscle fatigue

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0496-2545

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2545-2548, 2012

Authors: de Souza Moraes, Geraldo Fabiano | Mendes, Davidson Passos | Papinni, Adriana Antunes

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the electromyographyc activity of the muscles of the leg and spine associated with different types of shoes and barefoot, in the various plans of locomotion, in the situations before and after fatigue. Methods: Is a cross-sectional study, which was used a sample of convenience with 15 young women, aged between 18 and 35 years, sedentary. The examined muscles were tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis and erector spinae. The muscular activity was assessed during locomotion on flat surface, up and down stairs and in an inclined surface. The shoes were a high-heeled, …small heeled, tennis, slipper and barefoot. Results: The results of electromyographyc analysis showed that the muscles of the leg had greater electromyographyc activity in the position of pre-fatigue of the lower limbs and erector spinae in the postfatigue of the lower limbs, in most of the conditions and situations. Discussion: Adaptive conditions associated with regular use of high shoes, has been widely questioned in relation to the incidence of injuries. Conclusion: In post-fatigue of the lower limbs, there was a decline in the activities of the muscles of the leg and increased recruitment of the erector muscles justified by the need for greater stability of the spine and pelvis during the locomotion of young women. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, occupational risk, gait, shoes

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0497-2549

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2549-2555, 2012

Authors: Reis, P. | Moro, A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This research was conducted with slaughterhouse female workers in the municipality of São Miguel do Iguaçu, state of Parana, Brazil. The sample was composed of 103 women aged 25 to 40 ( 7.57 years, and the study aimed to verify the nerve conduction of the median nerve. An esthesiometer consisting of a Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments was used to measure the hand skin sensitivity in the region of the median nerve and a Jamar® hand dynamometer, which was used to determine the handgrip strength. About 81% of individuals had normal sensitivity with 0.05 g and average levels of handgrip strength in dominant …hand (DH) of 35.30 kgf (( 3.10) and in the non-dominant hand (NDH) of 28.30 ( 3.09 kgf. 14% of individuals had reduced sensitivity, with values equivalent to 0.2 g and 2.0 g (blue and violet) and levels of handgrip strength in the DH equal to 28.10 kgf (( 2.90) and in the NDH of 26.40 kgf (( 3.28). 5% of individuals showed bilateral sensitivity deficit (4.0 g) and levels of handgrip strength in the DH of 16.10 kgf (( 2.10) and in the NDH of 18.20 kgf (( 3.28), resulting in a strong correlation between handgrip strength and sensitivity of the median nerve (r = 0.786) between variables dominant hand (DH) and (r = 0.626) for the non-dominant hand (NDH). It could be concluded that assessing the nerve conduction of the median nerve by hand esthesiometry can be an important tool in preventing the Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Show more

Keywords: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, handgrip strength, nerve conduction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0498-2556

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2556-2562, 2012

Authors: de Oliveira, Lilian Becerra | Cajaíba, Franklin | Costa, Wesley | Rocabado, Mariano | Lazo-Osório, Rodrigo | Ribeiro, Sanzia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: There are several instruments of evaluation of the craniocervical equilibrium; the most reliable are the radiographies. This study used the cephalometric analysis of Rocabado to measure the sensibility and specificity of the Cervical Range of Motion (CROM), a goniometer designed to assess cervical movements in degrees, and measure the forward head position in centimeters. This instrument frequently used, has been tested as a reliable instrument to evaluate the cervical movements but not the forward head. The sample consisted of 30 volunteers, 18 females, 12 males, mean age of 24.63 years. All participants were evaluated with CROM and radiographies in the …resting head position and in erect head position. The values considered by the cephalometry consisted in the angle made between the McGregor plane and the vertical line formed by the base of the odontoid process to its apex; the posterior space between C0-C1 and C1-C2 and the hyoid triangle. Results: 30% of the subjects had forward head posture, according to de cephalometry of Rocabado (decreased space between C0-C1, C1-C2) and 43,3% according to CROM. 16,6% had decreased posterior-inferior angle, and 13% had the hyoid triangle facing up. ROC curve of identifying forward head posture yielded area under the curve of 0,778 (95% confidence interval 0,596-0,960). The sensibility of CROM was: 77%. The specificity 71%. Conclusion: This study suggests that CROM has a moderate sensibility and specificity, useful for clinic use, but not for research. Show more

Keywords: cephalometry, CROM, forward head posture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0499-2563

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2563-2568, 2012

Authors: Camargo, C. | Ordorica, J. | De la Vega, E.J. | Olguín, J.E. | López, O.R. | López, J.A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study examines changes in body temperature generated in the wrist area through sensory thermography technique because of highly repetitive movements, proving with this technique that there is a decreased ability to perform muscular work, and thereby assess possible pathologies of Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs). Methods: Two healthy right-handed individuals, who performed repetitive work, emulating an operation of the textile industry for three days, generated DTA in the area of the wrist. The evaluation time was of 3 hours 30 minutes in a controlled temperature between 20 and 25°C, 20 minutes stabilization time at the beginning and end of the …operation. Results: The maximum temperatures reached were on the right wrist (RW) of 35. 078°C over a period of 1 hour 41 minutes 52 seconds; and on the left wrist (LR), 34.663°C over a period of 2 hours 42 minutes 51 seconds, detected discomfort in their right shoulder and wrist in the time range which identified the highest temperatures. It was shown that the data does not fit a normal distribution for RW and LW; the data fit the three- parameters Weibull distribution for WR and LW with a correlation coefficient between 0.93 to 0.99. Show more

Keywords: hand disorders, work assessment, CTDs, CTS, IR

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0500-2569

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2569-2575, 2012

Authors: de Souza Moraes, Geraldo Fabiano | Mendes, Davidson Passos

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The impaired performance of the muscles of the scapular region may result in injuries, fatigue, weakness and pain. The main objective of this research was to analyze the scapular positioning during the abduction of the shoulder movement in the frontal, scapular and sagittal plans. Method: This cross-sectional study comprised a convenience sample of 20 individuals. It was used the disability of the arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire (DASH Brazil), the digital inclinometer was used for measuring the scapular positioning. Having the purpose of regulating and ensuring the correct positioning of the upper limbs Assessed in the plans, it was developed …the bulkhead which was used while the examination was performed. Results: The population study was asymptomatic. No significant difference was found for the right shoulder during the concentric and eccentric contraction at all angles of scapular inclination on the three analyzed plans. Significant difference was found in the left shoulder during the concentric contraction in the scapular angle at 90° and in the eccentric contraction at the scapular angles of 30°, 60° and 90° of inclination in the frontal plan compared to men and women. Furthermore, it was found a decreasing left shoulder in the scapular angle during the eccentric contraction above 90° in the scapular and sagittal plans when compared to men and women. Conclusion: we concluded that in the three plans studied, the scapula behaved differently various angles in the measured and yet it was influenced by the direction of motion. Moreover, it is possible to say that showed that this study there is a difference in the rotational behavior of the scapula relating to women and men due to the anthropometric existed differences between them. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, occupational risk, scapular position, biomechanics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0501-2576

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2576-2581, 2012

Authors: de Souza Moraes, Geraldo Fabiano | Mendes, Davidson Passos | Papinni, Adriana Antunes

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: One of the most prevalent aspects is women with complaints of discomfort in the lumbar region for the use of high heeled shoe. Authors described that there may be a relation between attitude and the present discomfort, often associated with muscular fatigue and increase the forces of reaction soil during the use of such footwear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate possible changes postural associated with the use of different types of shoes and barefoot. Fifteen sedentary women were subjected to a static evaluation posture with the use of the software SAPO. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) repeated measures …was used to investigate differences between the shoes in all variables postural analyzed. The results showed no significant difference in static position with the types of shoes and barefoot. It was concluded that the shoes did not interfere in static position. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, shoes, posture occupational risk, work process

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0502-2582

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2582-2587, 2012

Authors: Kim, Jeong Ho | Johnson, Peter W

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: An exposure-response relationship has been shown between muscle fatigue and its effects on keystroke durations. Since keystroke durations can readily be measured by software programs, the method has the potential as a non-invasive exposure assessment tool. However, the software based keystroke durations may be affected by keyswitch force-displacement characteristics. Thus, this study used a force platform to measure the keystroke durations and compared them to software measured keystroke durations in order to determine whether the software based keystroke durations can be used as a surrogate force exposure measures. A total of 13 subjects (6 males and 7 females) typed for …15 minutes each on three keyboards with different force-displacement characteristics. The results showed that the software based keystroke durations were more sensitive to the keyboard force-displacement differences than the force based measures. Although the digital signal based keystroke durations depend on the force-displacement characteristics, the high correlation between the two measures indicated that the keystroke durations derived from the digital signal approximated the true force derived keystroke durations, regardless of the keyboard force-displacement characteristics. Therefore, the software based keystroke durations could be used as a non-invasive, surrogate force exposure measure in lieu of the more invasive actual force measurements. Show more

Keywords: Computer use, musculoskeletal disorders, exposure assessment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0503-2588

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2588-2590, 2012

Authors: Chiou, Wen-Ko | Chou, Wei-Ying | Chen, Bi-Hui

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the posture, muscle activities, and self reported discomforts of neck pain notebook computer users on three monitor tilt conditions: 100°, 115°, and 130°. Six subjects were recruited in this study to completed typing tasks. Results showed subjects have a trend to show the forward head posture in the condition that monitor was set at 100°, and the significant less neck and shoulder discomfort were noted in the condition that monitor was set at 130°. These result suggested neck pain notebook user to set their monitor tilt angle at 130°.

Keywords: display angles, chronic neck pain, forward head posture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0504-2591

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2591-2595, 2012

Authors: de cassia Clark Teodoroski, Rita | Espíndola, Edilene Zilma | Silva, Enéias | Moro, Antônio Renato Pereira | Pereira, Vera Lucia D.V.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: With the advent of technology, the computer became a working tool increasingly present in companies. Its purpose is to increase production and reduce the inherent errors in manual production. The aim of this study was to analyze the usability of 2D graphics software in creating clothing designs by a professional during his work. The movements of the mouse, keyboard and graphical tools were monitored in real time by software Camtasia 7® installed on the user’s computer. To register the use of mouse and keyboard we used auxiliary software called MouseMeter®, which quantifies the number of times they pressed the right, …middle and left mouse’s buttons, the keyboard and also the distance traveled in meters by the cursor on the screen. Data was collected in periods of 15 minutes, 1 hour and 8 hours, consecutively. The results showed that the job is considered repetitive and high demands physical efforts, which can lead to the appearance of repetitive strain injuries. Thus, the goal of minimizing operator efforts and thereby enhance the usability of the examined tool, becomes imperative to replace the mouse by a device called tablet, which also offers an electronic pen and a drawing platform for design development. Show more

Keywords: Technology, Applicability, Ergonomics, Repetitive Strain

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0505-2596

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2596-2599, 2012

Authors: Vink, P. | Blok, M. | Formanoy, M. | de Korte, E. | Groenesteijn, L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In 2010 15.2% of the work force in the Netherlands works with a computer at another location than at the office or at the clients’ location. 27% of the Dutch working population is not satisfied about the possibility to work at home and 18% is not satisfied on the possibility to plan your own working time. The case control study affirms what has been reported as effects of new ways of work: the experienced productivity by communication and the representativeness of the office interior are improved and attention is needed for workers that need concentration space and need to personalize …their work environment. In implementing new ways of work these issues need attention. Show more

Keywords: new ways of work, office interior, telework, work at home, flexible working time

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1027-2600

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2600-2604, 2012

Authors: Blok, Merle M. | Groenesteijn, Liesbeth | Schelvis, Roos | Vink, Peter

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In the changing modern economy some new factors have been addressed that are of importance for productivity and economic growth, such as human skills, workplace organization, information and communication technologies (ICT) and knowledge sharing. An increasing number of companies and organizations are implementing measures to better address these factors, often referred to as ‘the New Ways of Working (NWW)’. This consists of a large variety of measures that enable flexibility in the time and location of work. Expectations of these measures are often high, such as a reduction in operating costs and an increase of productivity. However, scientific proof is …still lacking, and it is worth asking whether al these implementations actually cause a change in work behavior and effect business outcomes positively. This article describes a case study of three departments (total of 73 employees) that changed from a traditional way of working towards a new way of working. Questionnaires and a new developed objective measurement system called ‘work@task’ were used to measure changes in work behavior (i.e. increased variation in work location, work times and a change towards NWW management style) and the effect on business objectives such as knowledge sharing, employees satisfaction, and collaboration. Show more

Keywords: new ways of working, task facilitating office, knowledge worker, work behavior, business objectives

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1028-2605

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2605-2610, 2012

Authors: Robertson, Michelle M. | Schleifer, Lawrence M. | Huang, Yueng-hsiang

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: With the rising number of teleworkers who are working in non-traditional work locations, health and safety issues are even more critical. While telework offers attractive alternatives to traditional work locations, it is not without challenges for employers and workers. A macroergonomics approach or work system design for telework programs is proposed to address these new challenges. This approach explains the impact of organizational, psychosocial and workplace risk factors on teleworker’s health and safety. A process for managing the health and safety of teleworkers is presented along with preventive strategies to provide an injury-free working environment.

Keywords: telework, macroergonomics, musculoskeletal symptoms, safety, psychosocial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1029-2611

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2611-2615, 2012

Authors: Bazley, Conne Mara | De Jong, Annelise | Vink, Peter

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A human factors specialist researched the expectations of a culturally and professionally diverse team throughout a year long participatory design process of a large processing facility. For a deeper understanding of high-level team expectations and characteristics, the specialist collected data and information through in-situ ethnography and traditional case study methods, personal interviews, and a questionnaire that included a likert scale rating for expectation levels. Results found that expectation levels rated extremely satisfied for individual team members and the overall team itself before and during the participatory process. In contrast, expectations for upper management from the team were satisfied before the …participatory process, but changed to uncertain, to unsatisfied, to extremely unsatisfied during the process. Additionally, the participatory design team exhibited high-level team characteristics to include honesty, competence, commitment, communication, creativity, and clear expectations Show more

Keywords: Expectations, Team Characteristics, Participatory Design Process, Control Room Design, Diversity

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1030-2616

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2616-2624, 2012

Authors: Olsen, Kirsten

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Research suggests that Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) practitioners have difficulty influencing the decisionmaking process because they are placed on the sidelines in the organisation. This paper analyses the strategies that OHS practitioners use to fulfill their job role and the impact they have on the working environment and OHS management systems. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten New Zealand OHS practitioners from mainly large private and public organisations about their job role, OHS tasks, strategies and their impact. The interviews were tape recorded, transcribed, entered into a qualitative data management programme and analysed thematically in relation to their strategies, …barriers and their impact on the OHS management system and working environment. The analysis revealed that these OHS practitioners used multiple strategies - chosen in relation to the situation, the stakeholders and their own resources. They saw themselves as change agents or facilitators. They preferred to use a knowledge strategy, supported by an audit strategy. Their last resort was a regulation strategy. All of the practitioners had a positive impact on stakeholders’ knowledge, attitude and behavior and on OHS management systems. Some practitioners improved the working environment but few were involved in introduction of new technology. Show more

Keywords: Change process, change strategy, management, practitioners, influence

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0506-2625

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2625-2632, 2012

Authors: de Freitas Penteado, Eliane Villas Bôas | de França, Maria Goretti | de Brito Ramalhoto, Ana Maria | de Oliveira, Ana Maria | Machado, Bruno Rangel Cortoppassi | Genipapeiro, Joana Angélica Matos

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article discusses the implementation of ergonomics in a service unit of a major company in the energy sector. From the perspective of management, it analyses the process of implementation of ergonomics programmes in four operational areas. The objective was to diagnose the level of implementation of ergonomics. The study is descriptive, undertaken through the interaction with the technical staff of the operational areas involved, incorporating the perception of these role players concerning their work routines. The results indicated significant differences in the level of implementation of the programmes, especially those concerning structural conditions. Important conquests were registered, such as …the investment in the training of specialists, the establishment of a facilitator network and the improvement of the standard for the directioning and alignment of the execution of initiatives. The linking in of the programmes with those of occupational health management emphasises its contribution to the safety and well-being of the workforce through interventions aimed mainly at eliminating and reducing ergonomic biomechanical risks. However, the need to broaden and deepen the ergonomic approach regarding organizational and cognitive aspects, as well as the insertion of ergonomics in project design of new work spaces and processes were also identified. Show more

Keywords: programme management, occupational health, safety

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0654-2633

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2633-2636, 2012

Authors: Moraes, Berla | Andrade, Valéria Sousa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article aims to describe step-by-step the implementation of an ergonomics administration system in a company from March 2009 till March 2011 by an occupational therapist specialist in ergonomics based on the OSHAS 18001 guidelines and the Regulatory Norms 17 manual. The process began with the definition of five requisites with bases on the manual of application of the Regulatory Norms 17: survey; materials individual transportation and discharge; workplace furniture; workplace equipments; work environment and organization of the work to be managed with bases on the OSHAS 18001 guidelines. The following steps were established: sensitization of the company high administration, …elaboration and institution of an ergonomics politics, development of ergonomics committees, ergonomics analysis of the work with recommendation of ergonomic improvements, implantation of improvements and evaluation or the results. This research experiment suggests the importance not only of a guiding axle but also of a professional qualification and participation of the company on the implementation of an ergonomics management system. Show more

Keywords: Health, Risk, Disease

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0655-2637

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2637-2642, 2012

Authors: Silva e Santos, Marcello

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The discipline and practice of human factors and ergonomics is quite rich in terms of the availability of analysis, development and evaluation tools and methods for its various processes. However, we lack effective instruments to either map or regulate comprehensively and effectively, cognitive and organizational related impacts, especially the environmental ones. Moreover, when ergonomic transformations through design – such as a new workstation design or even an entire new facility – is at play, ergonomics professionals tend to stay at bay, relying solely on design professionals and engineers. There is vast empirical evidence showing that participation of ergonomists as project …facilitators, may contribute to an effective professional synergy amongst the various stakeholders in a multidisciplinary venue. When that happens, everyone wins – users and designers alike –because eventual conflicts, raised up in the midst of options selection, are dissipated in exchange for more convergent design alternatives. This paper presents a method for participatory design, in which users are encouraged to actively participate in the whole design process by sharing their real work activities with the design team. The negotiated results inferred from the ergonomic action and translated into a new design, are then compiled into a “Ergonomic Pattern Manual”. This handbook of ergonomics-oriented design guidelines contains essential guidelines to be consulted in recurrent design project situations in which similar patterns might be used. The main drive is simple: nobody knows better than workers themselves what an adequate workplace design solution (equipment, workstation, office layout) should be. Show more

Keywords: ergonomic methodology, ergonomic design, participatory ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0507-2643

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2643-2650, 2012

Authors: Coelho, Denis A. | Ferrara, Patricia R. | Couvinhas, Ana F. | Lima, Tânia M. | Walter, Jake K.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper revisits three reports on ergonomic aspects of development initiatives taking place in Industrially Developing Countries (IDCs). These include a macro-ergonomics intervention in a habitation community in Cape Verde (aimed at designing solutions contributing to sustainable development), the evolution of poultry growers’ control strategies as an integrative broiler operation is introduced in Mozambique, and a set of macro-ergonomic considerations related to the Agro Forestry Village Project in Mozambique. The paper seeks to set the reviewed development endeavors against the backdrop of the goals of ergonomics interventions. This reflection may inform development agents in future processes of design and implementation …of integrated community and work systems transformation. Show more

Keywords: Industrially developing countries, sustainability, systems approach, community centered design, ergonomic goals

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1031-2651

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2651-2655, 2012

Authors: Tosello, Michèle | Lévêque, Françoise | Dutillieu, Stéphanie | Hernandez, Guillaume | Vautier, Jean-François

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This communication presents some elements which come from the experience feedback at CEA about the conditions for the successful integration of HOF in the nuclear safety analysis. To point out some of these conditions, one of the concepts proposed by Edgar Morin to describe the functioning of “complex” systems: the dialogical principle has been used. The idea is to look for some dialogical pairs. The elements of this kind of pair are both complementary and antagonist to one another. Three dialogical pairs are presented in this communication. The first two pairs are related to the organization of the HOF network …and the last one is related to the methods which are used to analyse the working situations. The three pairs are: specialist – non-specialist actors of the network, centralized – distributed human resources in the network and microscopic – macroscopic levels of HOF methods to analyse the working situations. To continuously improve these three dialogical pairs, it is important to keep the differences which exist between the two elements of a pair and to find and maintain a balance between the two elements of the pairs. Show more

Keywords: dialogical pairs, complex systems, human and organizational factors, nuclear safety

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0508-2656

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2656-2660, 2012

Authors: Gaudart, Corinne | Garrigou, Alain | Chassaing, Karine

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents an ergonomic intervention in the petrochemical sector. The scheduled shutdown of one of the gas production sites has led the management to reduce the number of personnel on site, and then to get new recruits and experienced technicians from other sites as the policy for leaving personnel had not been properly planned, resulting in understaffing on site. Workers with seniority on the site, and who are also the most experienced do not accept the way newcomers are induced on site, whereas the management accuses them of resisting change. The intervention consisted in reconnecting local and corporate management …through making the work activity visible and linking two sets of data that they held separately. Different types of analyses were made, work demography, decision making processes and tools used by the management, analysis of the building of career and work logics. Those different levels of analysis are gathered in macro-ergonomics, while showing the possible combinations between top down and bottom up approaches. The intervention resulted in concrete changes: HR simulation tool, training organisation, feedback. Show more

Keywords: macroergonomics, reliability, high hazard industry, activity ergonomics four, demography of work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1032-2661

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2661-2667, 2012

Authors: Soares, Eva Bessa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The investigative focus of this paper is the issue of non-use of PPE (personal protective equipment) in a trading company of chilled and frozen food products. To conduct the study we have used an ergonomic work analysis that allowed us to highlight important organizational aspects that contribute to the non-use of such equipment. In conclusion, there are suggestions for minimizing problems.

Keywords: ergonomics, occupational exposure to cold

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0509-2668

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2668-2674, 2012

Authors: Zülch, Gert | Stock, Patricia | Schmidt, Daniel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Many companies currently strive to support their employees’ work-life balance through appropriate measures in order to improve employees’ loyalty towards the company and to recruit new employees. In this context, flexibility in the area of working times is a measure that can influence employees’ private lives immensely. This is why the individualisation of working time arrangements has been accorded high importance in current discussions on work-life balance. In this area, best practice examples can be found showing how working-time arrangements can improve the situation of the employees. It should be noted, however, that there is not one single perfect working-time …model. A working-time model must always be adapted specifically to the actual situation of the company and the employees. Therefore, a targeted analysis of the challenges facing the company and the demands on the employees is essential for the creation of an appropriate working time policy. In particular, the employees’ working-time preferences must be appropriately taken into account. Owing, however, to a combination of organisational complications and legal data protection restrictions, it is for the most part impossible to meet these working-time preferences in their entirety. This paper, which is based on an employee survey, illustrates the strain on employees in the retail sector and identifies different types of working-time preferences. Show more

Keywords: Working-time configuration, work-life balance, retail stores

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0510-2675

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2675-2682, 2012

Authors: Blomé, Mikael

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim of the study was to visualize design regulations of furniture by means of interactive technology based on earlier studies and practical examples. The usage of the visualized regulations was evaluated on two occasions: at the start when the first set of regulations was presented, and after six years of usage of all regulations. The visualized regulations were the result of a design process involving experts and potential users in collaboration with IKEA of Sweden AB. The evaluations by the different users showed a very positive response to using visualized regulations. The participative approach, combining expertise in specific regulations …with visualization of guidelines, resulted in clear presentations of important regulations, and great attitudes among the users. These kinds of visualizations have proved to be applicable in a variety of product areas at IKEA, with a potential for further dissemination. It is likely that the approaches to design and visualized regulations in this case study could function in other branches. Show more

Keywords: Learning tool, human computer interaction, participatory ergonomics, product design, visualization

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0511-2683

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2683-2685, 2012

Authors: Bitencourt, Rosimeire Sedrez | de Macedo Guimarães, Lia Buarque

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article presents the analysis of the effect of two different types of work organization (the traditional and a new mechanized, more segmented one) in the packing sector of a luminary manufacturing company in Curitiba, Brazil. A macroergonomic analysis was conducted to evaluate the workers satisfaction with the job; the possible associated postural risk, the level of body pain/discomfort and to compare the two models (traditional and mechanized). The mechanized model showed to involve higher postural risk, to generate more pain and less satisfaction, even in relation to the temperature, illumination, uniform and salary, which are the same for the …two groups. Excluding job rotation that was well evaluated and should be adopted for all workers, the new model proved to be worse than the traditional although it also needs improvements. Show more

Keywords: participative ergonomics, macroergonomics, packing, luminary

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0512-2686

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 2686-2694, 2012