International Journal of Developmental Science - Volume 1, issue 2

Authors: Halpern, Carolyn Tucker | Hood, Kathryn E. | Lerner, Richard M.

Article Type: Other

DOI: 10.3233/DEV-2007-1201

Citation: International Journal of Developmental Science, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 97-101, 2007

Authors: Valsiner, Jaan

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: Gilbert Gottlieb's theory of probabilistic epigenesis is a fertile ground for further theoretical construction in developmental science. It fills the gap in the domineering empiricism and honoring of inductive generalization that dominates psychology in the beginning of the 21st century, by offering a basic deductive framework for guiding the efforts of developmental science. Further development of his theory takes the form of (a) explicating the propensity notion of probability in his model, (b) extending his multi-level system to include psychological and social levels of organization, and (c) adopting the core notion of systemic catalytic causality for explanations of developmental processes.

Keywords: probabilistic epigenesis, idiographic science, catalytic causality, developmental manifold

DOI: 10.3233/DEV-2007-1202

Citation: International Journal of Developmental Science, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 102-110, 2007

Authors: Greenberg, Gary

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: While Gottlieb recognized the significance of biological factors for behavioral development, the system of psychology he developed did not cast the discipline as a purely biological science. Rather, genes, brains, hormones were understood by him as participating, rather than causal factors in behavioral origins. He worked from two basic principles that he said he became aware of in graduate school: the importance of prenatal development and the bidirectional nature of structure-function relations. Development was, for him, epigenetic, although it was probabilistic and not predetermined. He was, therefore, against biological determinism and strict genetic reductionism. Behavioral origins have an experiential basis, …although he understood much of that experience to be non-obvious and arduous to discern. Show more

Keywords: probabilistic epigenesist, bidirectionality, prenatal development, behavioral neophenotype, norm of reaction

DOI: 10.3233/DEV-2007-1203

Citation: International Journal of Developmental Science, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 111-121, 2007

Authors: Johnston, Timothy D.

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: Gilbert Gottlieb's theory of probabilistic epigenesis replaced the nature-nurture dichotomy, and similar oppositions, with an integrated account of the development of the entire behavioral phenotype. In that theory, invariant developmental outcomes cannot be identified with an organism's ‘nature,’ if by that term is meant a set of predetermined and unalterable features, such as a genetic blueprint. All developmental outcomes result from dynamic interactions among a variety of factors. Some of those outcomes (such as behavior often labeled ‘innate’ or ‘instinctive’) are relatively invariant, but this invariance reflects a dynamic rather than a static constancy, ensured by a system of stable …developmental interactions, not a predetermined set of instructions encoded in the genes. Show more

Keywords: nature-nurture, innateness, developmental system, probabilistic epigenesis, genetic blueprint, instinct

DOI: 10.3233/DEV-2007-1204

Citation: International Journal of Developmental Science, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 122-130, 2007

Authors: Wahlsten, Douglas

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: Near the end of his illustrious career, Gottlieb lamented the continued dominance of heritability analysis in human psychology and the difficulties in winning support for the developmental point of view. Recent, spectacular progress in molecular genetic neuroscience and the genetic study of behavior, however, is rendering heritability analysis passé. In many recent articles that mention “heritability,” the term is employed in the generic sense of transmission of something, not necessarily genes, from parent to offspring, rather than as a claim to separate genetic and environmental influences on development. Increasingly, genetic analysis shows why genetic and environmental effects are not and …cannot be additive in reality. Show more

Keywords: heritability, gene-environment interaction, additivity, twins, knockout, behaviour genetics, probabilistic epigenesis

DOI: 10.3233/DEV-2007-1205

Citation: International Journal of Developmental Science, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 131-137, 2007

Authors: Molenaar, Peter C.M.

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: In this contribution it is shown that Gilbert Gottlieb's theoretical contributions to developmental science, in particular his focus on individual development and his discussion of the limitations of developmental behavior genetics in this respect, are vindicated by recent theoretical developments in mathematical biology and psychometrics.

Keywords: Individual development, Developmental behavior genetics, Nonlinear epigenetics, Biological pattern formation, Ergodic processes

DOI: 10.3233/DEV-2007-1206

Citation: International Journal of Developmental Science, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 138-144, 2007

Authors: Moore, Celia L.

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: Gilbert Gottlieb's formative role in establishing a science of experimental behavioral embryology is described. His experimental program on the development of species identification served as a model for developmental psychobiologists seeking alternatives to the nature-nurture dichotomies prevalent in the 20th century. Two of the major concepts included in his theory of probabilistic epigenesis, the bidirectional nature of structure-function relationships and the developmental manifold, had profound effects on developmental science during the second half of the 20th century. The recent rise of developmental systems theory as an integrated view of development, heredity, and evolution owes much to Gottlieb's sustained …experimental and theoretical work in this broad domain. Show more

Keywords: developmental manifold, developmental systems theory, bidirectional structure-function relationships, probabilistic epigenesis, species-typical behavior

DOI: 10.3233/DEV-2007-1207

Citation: International Journal of Developmental Science, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 145-154, 2007

Authors: Michel, George F.

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: Gottlieb used naturalistic observations of normally occurring events in the life history of individuals for the purpose of discovering the role of experience in the development of species-typical behaviors. His research revealed the impact of self-generated experiences (particularly those experiences that were self-stimulated) in the establishment of the universality of developmental traits. Some examples are described that highlight the differences between the direct (self-stimulative) and indirect influences (eliciting changes in the social and physical environment) of self-generated experience on the developmental progression of species-typical behavior. The development of species typical traits such as reproductive behaviors in birds and handedness in …human infants is presented as examples of how self-generated experience can contribute toward the understanding of the development of behavioral traits. Show more

Keywords: development, experience, innate, handedness, learning, naturalistic observation

DOI: 10.3233/DEV-2007-1208

Citation: International Journal of Developmental Science, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 155-164, 2007

Authors: Miller, David B.

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: Gilbert Gottlieb was an elegant experimentalist whose research was inspired in part by naturalistic observations of parent-offspring vocal-auditory interactions of waterfowl. Such observations are essential in identifying potential linear (obvious) as well as nonlinear (subtle) mechanisms underlying the development of species-typical behavior. His series of experiments on the development of species identification in birds illustrates the fruitfulness of his conceptual and theoretical approach, which also inspired my own work on alarm call responsivity of ducklings. The respective developmental systems we studied both in nature and in the lab are greatly influenced by nonlinear experiential factors and also illustrate multiple pathways …toward developmental outcomes. Show more

Keywords: Naturalistic observation, Nonlinear experience, Transactionalism, Auditory communication

DOI: 10.3233/DEV-2007-1209

Citation: International Journal of Developmental Science, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 165-171, 2007

Authors: Lickliter, Robert | Bahrick, Lorraine E.

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: Gottlieb promoted the value of a developmental psychobiological systems approach to the study of human development. This approach recognizes the importance of comparative, animal-based research to advancing our understanding of the complexities and dynamics of the process of development. The major contribution of animal developmental studies is their provision of food for thought (hypotheses, not facts) about human development and general principles of development. Here we briefly describe how, guided by Gottlieb's pioneering vision, we have utilized coordinated studies of non-human animal and human infants to begin to identify patterns of selective attention and perceptual processing that are common across …species in early development. Our converging findings highlight the importance of multimodal (intersensory) redundancy in guiding and constraining early perceptual learning in avian and mammalian species. Show more

Keywords: comparative developmental psychology, perceptual development, intersensory redundancy, psychobiology, Gilbert Gottlieb

DOI: 10.3233/DEV-2007-1210

Citation: International Journal of Developmental Science, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 172-183, 2007

Authors: Gariépy, Jean-Louis

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: In the wake of his death, it is a fair tribute to Gilbert Gottlieb to recognize him as a central figure in the creation of conditions that permitted the introduction of developmental thinking in developmental psychology. These included exposing the sterility of the nature-nurture debate and the adoption of a biological framework that conceives of living entities, not as machines, but as self-organizing systems. It is from this vantage point that Gottlieb brought to the attention of psychologists the epigenetic view of development. I this article I summarize various themes that were central to Gottlieb's conception of epigenesis, including, the …notions of differentiation and functional integration, bidirectionality between structure and function, and the fact that new information for development is generated by the process of development itself. Show more

Keywords: Epigenesis, differentiation, systems theory, bidirectionality, coaction, psychobiology, neophenogenesis

DOI: 10.3233/DEV-2007-1211

Citation: International Journal of Developmental Science, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 184-193, 2007

Authors: Rosenblatt, Jay S.

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: In addition to his pioneering studies on prenatal development of social responses in the mallard, Gilbert Gottlieb made important theoretical contributions to the study of the evolution of behavior. This tribute to Gottlieb presents his early view that prenatal behavioral development is the product of evolution and his revision of this view in his later writings. In these he saw behavioral development as a prime mover in evolution through the development of behavioral neophenotypes. These contributions place him in the company of his mentors, Z-Y Kuo, T.C. Schneirla, and D.S. Lehrman.

Keywords: behavioral neophenotype, norms of reaction, probabalistic epigenesist, adaptation, speciation, phylogenesis

DOI: 10.3233/DEV-2007-1212

Citation: International Journal of Developmental Science, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 194-199, 2007

Authors: Gottlieb, Marc S.

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: This article aims to illustrate some of the far-reaching theoretical impacts the research of Gilbert Gottlieb has made outside the fields of psychology, biology and sociology. Specifically, this theorist's “Developmental Point of View” has far reaching impacts as a potential model for investigating in the fields of health care. Epigenetic development cannot be adequately described or explored without considering a multitude of factors including, but not limited to; genetic, neural, behavioral and environmental “bi-directional influences.” The goal of the present article is to acknowledge a great theorist, Gilbert Gottlieb and demonstrate how his ideas inspire other ideas and in fact …may change one's own understanding of development. Show more

Keywords: Development, bi-directional influence, nature and nurture, Chiropractic, Parkinson's Disease, joint dysfunction

DOI: 10.3233/DEV-2007-1213

Citation: International Journal of Developmental Science, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 200-207, 2007