Using path coloring of graphs for communication in social networks

Article type: Research Article

Authors: Dhanyashree, ^a | Meera, K.N.^{a; *} | Broumi, Said^b

Affiliations: [a] Department of Mathematics, Amrita School of Engineering, Bengaluru, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India | [b] Laboratory of Information Processing, Faculty of Science Ben M’Sik, University of Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco and Regional Center for the Professions of Education and Training, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco

Correspondence: [*] Corresponding author. K.N. Meera, Amrita School of Engineering, Bengaluru, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India. E-mail: kn_meera@blr.amrita.edu.

Abstract: An L (p1,  p2,  p3,   … ,  pm)- labeling of a graph G, has the vertices of G assigned with non-negative integers, such that the vertices at distance j should have at least pj as their label difference. If m = 3 and p1 = 3,  p2 = 2,  p3 = 1, it is called an L (3,  2,  1)-labeling which is widely studied in the literature. In this paper, we define an L (3,  2,  1)-path coloring of G as a labeling g : V (G) → Z+ such that between every pair of vertices there exists at least one path P where in the labeling restricted to this path is an L (3,  2,  1)-labeling. Among the labels assigned to any vertex of G under g, the maximum label is called the span of g. The L (3,  2,  1)-connection number of a graph G, denoted by k3c (G) is defined as the minimum value of span of g taken over all such labelings g. We call graphs with the special property that k3c (G) = |V (G) | as L (3,  2,  1)-path graceful. In this paper, we obtain k3c (G) of graphs that possess a Hamiltonian path and carry forward the discussion to certain classes of graphs which do not possess a Hamiltonian path, which is novel to this paper. Although different kinds of labeling are studied in the literature with different mathematical constraints imposed, the idea of showing the existence of a graph with a given number as its minimum labeling number has rarely been addressed. We show that given any positive integer, there always exists an L (3,  2,  1)-path graceful graph with the given integer as its k3c (G), thus addressing the inverse question. Finally exploiting the fact that there is no gap on the k3c (G) number line, we give an application of path colorings for secure communication on social networking sites. Efforts to deploy graph coloring in task scheduling, interference-free transmission, etc have been dealt by earlier researchers. In this paper, we deploy the L (3,  2,  1)-path coloring technique defined by us for secure communication in social networks, which has not been dealt with so far.

Keywords: Multi level distance labeling, L (h, k)-labeling, L (3,  2,  1)-labeling, path coloring, social networks

DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-222784

Journal: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 3129-3139, 2024