Work - Volume 71, issue 4

Authors: Soroush, Sima | Arefi, Maryam Feiz | Pouya, Amin Babaei | Barzanouni, Somayeh | Heidaranlu, Esmail | Gholizadeh, Hamed | Salehi, Amir Reza | Raei, Mehdi | Poursadeqiyan, Mohsen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Chronic non-specific neck pain is the most prevalent neck pain with notable impacts on the quality of life in the elderly. OBJECTIVE: The impacts of the neck, core, and combined stabilization practices on pain, disability, and improvement of the neck range of motion in the elderly with chronic non-specific neck pain were examined. METHOD: A quasi-experimental (open label) study was carried out through a cluster sampling in two phases in Tehran-Iran in 2017. Totally, 102 patients were randomly allocated to three groups of specific neck stabilization, specific core stabilization, and combined practices through envelope method. …The intervention took 12 weeks. To measure the severity of pain and neck disability, the visual analog scale (VAS), neck disability index (NDI), and neck pain and disability scale (NPDS) was used. A goniometer was used to measure the range of the motion. To examine data, used SPSS (v.20). RESULT: The results, confirmed a significant decrease in pain over the time in the three therapeutic groups (p  = 0.000). In addition, there was a significant difference between neck, core, and combined stabilization groups. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the angle of motion in all treatment groups with different treatment duration (P  = 0.000). The highest increase in the angle of motion was after 12 weeks of practice in right lateral flexion (RLF) (p  = 0.000). CONCLUSION: Twelve sessions of the neck, core, and combined stabilization practices can alleviate the pain and improve the strength in the elderly with chronic non-specific neck pain. In addition, compared to two other methods, the combined method was a more efficient way to improve the range of motion in patients. Show more

Keywords: Neck stabilization practices, core stabilization practices, combined practices, chronic nonspecific neck pain

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213646

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 889-900, 2022

Authors: Lettieri, Andrea | Díez, Emiliano | Soto-Pérez, Felipe | Bernate-Navarro, Mara

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: People with mental health-related disabilities still experience difficulties in obtaining and maintaining a job. Previous international studies inform about employment barriers and facilitators but there is insufficient research in Spain. OBJECTIVE: To explore what type of employment barriers and facilitators were important for people with psychiatric disabilities with past work experiences in competitive and protected work settings. METHODS: In-depth, semi-structured qualitative interviews with 24 participants selected through purposive sampling. RESULTS: The personal sphere was the content most closely related to barriers, followed by the social environment. Facilitators were more closely related to the …interviewees’ social network, followed by elements in their personal sphere and job environment. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest the need to implement supported employment services in Spain to promote hiring people with psychiatric disabilities in competitive companies. The results also indicate the need to implement new services aimed at supporting the management of disability information during the process of obtaining and maintaining a job, while there is still a need to conduct anti-stigma and anti-discrimination campaigns. Show more

Keywords: Mental health disorders, psychiatric disability, work barriers, work supports

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213642

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 901-915, 2022

Authors: Taheri, Fereshteh | Torshizi, Yoosef Faghihnia | Saremi, Mahnaz | Pronin, Monica

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous researchers examined the effects of either drivers’ personal characteristics or traffic sign design features on the usability of traffic signs. Their research indicated a connection existed between personal characteristics and usability and between design features and usability. OBJECTIVES: The focus of this study was to investigate which personal characteristics of drivers and which features of traffic sign design affect traffic sign usability the most. METHODS: The study was conducted in three stages. In the first stage, the participants filled out a questionnaire designed to record each driver’s personal characteristics. In the second stage, a …System Usability Scale (SUS) was used to evaluate the subjective usability of traffic signs. The SUS had 10 statements that participants (N  = 386) scored on a 5-point Likert-type scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree. In the third stage, these participants assigned from 0 to 100 points to 20 signs based on participant perception of the five design features of familiarity, concreteness, simplicity, meaningfulness, and semantic distance. RESULTS: The results showed that four of the five personal characteristics studied (age, education level, possession of a driving license, and formal driving experience) correlated significantly with traffic sign usability. The exception was gender, which did not correlate significantly. Additionally, it was found that the five traffic sign design features correlated in varying degrees of significance with each other and with specific traffic signs. CONCLUSIONS: Traffic sign usability depends mostly both on driver education level and age group and on the design feature of meaningfulness. These findings have implications for how drivers should be trained and how signs should be designed. Show more

Keywords: Driver age, driver education level, driver experience, traffic sign features, usability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213636

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 917-925, 2022

Authors: Algeo, Naomi | Bennett, Kathleen | Connolly, Deirdre

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in females worldwide. While work is important for well-being, 84% of women in Ireland temporarily or permanently cease working up to six months post-breast cancer diagnosis. Under Irish law, there is a right to reasonable work accommodations, however paid sick leave has only recently been state-mandated. Legislation internationally varies across nations. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of women who have had breast cancer returning to, and/or remaining in work, in the context of employment legislation. METHODS: Fifteen women with breast cancer, …fifteen healthcare professionals, and nine employers nationwide participated in a qualitative-descriptive design, using semi-structured interviews. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and data analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Thirty-nine participants were recruited. A prominent theme from interviews was that most women with breast cancer and healthcare professional cohorts were not aware of employment rights in the context of cancer diagnoses. This is in contrast to employers. Experiences of sick leave and pay entitlements varied amongst women with breast cancer with financial pressure and expediated the return to work evident for some participants. Most women did not report any discrimination on returning to the workplace, although there were examples of indirect discrimination where unfair expectations were being placed on women by colleagues. CONCLUSIONS: Education and awareness on employment rights and entitlements during and after cancer treatment is warranted. This could be incorporated into work-focused interventions to support those living with and beyond cancer to transition back into the workplace. Show more

Keywords: Law, reasonable accommodations, discrimination, sick leave

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205044

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 927-939, 2022

Authors: Vázquez, José Juan | Cabrera, Adrian | Panadero, Sonia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: People living homeless represent one of the most extreme embodiments of the phenomena of poverty and social exclusion, and women are a particularly vulnerable group among people living homeless. METHODS: Various factors in a sample of women living homeless in Madrid, Spain (n  = 136) have been analyzed for relationships to connections to the employment and labor market. Information was collected using a structured interview. RESULTS: Results show the considerable difficulties women living homeless have in accessing the employment and labor market, despite largely having worked throughout their lives, mainly in unstable jobs, …in the informal sector or in related marginal activities. In general, women living homeless tended to attribute their difficulties in accessing the labor market to personal characteristics, dispositional factors, or situational factors beyond their control. A large number of interviewees wanted to work, although few of them did so. Interviewees who reported that they were seeking employment were primarily younger women, in better health, who had been unemployed for a short time, had spent less time homeless, and were of foreign origin. Show more

Keywords: Homeless, women, employment, social exclusion, poverty

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205002

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 941-949, 2022

Authors: Hanumegowda, Pradeep Kumar | Gnanasekaran, Sakthivel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Metropolitan bus drivers have higher prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) due to their nature of work and working environment. OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of WMSDs and associated risk factors and to conduct real-time testing to evaluate Whole Body Vibration (WBV) and Hand-Arm Vibration (HAV) in buses based on the ISO standards to assess the vibrations levels at different speeds. METHODS: Participants in this study were 370 full-time male bus drivers from the north and south zones of 13 depots of Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC), Bengaluru, south India. Information regarding …WMSDs symptoms during the previous 7 days and 12 months were collected by Modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (MNMQ). WBV and HAV testing was performed and vibration levels were compared with ISO-2631-1 (1997) and ISO-5349-1-2001 standards. It was found that 68.7% of participants reported WMSDs. RESULTS: Several individuals and work-related factors were found to be statistically significant with WMSDs. From the Gini impurity measure, vibration and road types (Asphalt pavement and Rough road) were considered as vital risk factors associated with WMSDs. CONCLUSION: From the WBV and HAV evaluations, it was found that for buses on asphalt pavement at > 60 km/h, the vibration level was higher compared to a lower speed. The vibration level exceeded the Exposure Action Value (EAV) on rough roads at all speeds (20km/h, 40km/h and 60km/h) and in several situations considered based on assumptions the vibration level exceeded the Exposure Limiting Value (ELV). Show more

Keywords: WMSDs, Bus drivers, whole body vibration, hand-arm vibration

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205007

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 951-973, 2022

Authors: Anaya-Aguilar, Carmen | Suárez-Cebador, Manuel | Rubio-Romero, Juan Carlos | Anaya-Aguilar, Rosa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The scientific literature contextualizes health and safety (H&S) in two major models, the first is based on a holistic perspective with H&S processes in all company departments, and the second approaches health and safety management from a more operational perspective. In this study, we examine the issue of health and safety in wineries. In 2017, a census showed that wineries account for 14% of the food and beverage industry in Spain. They provide direct employment for 24,051 people and involve complex winemaking processes that can cause accidents or occupational diseases. Wineries are part of the industrial sector, which, …with 5,264 lost-time accidents per 100,000 workers in 2017, ranks second in the number of occupational accidents in Spain. This shows the need to determine the changes needed to improve health and safety in wineries. METHODS: In this study, we identify H&S determinants in wineries using Delphi methodology with a panel of 11 experts. CONCLUSION: The experts gave high scores to the “activities” dimension, and others such as “control of personal and collective protective equipment” and “training”, together with “accident investigation“, “coordinated health and safety measures” and “signage” are associated with operational health and safety determinants, namely, capitalizing on knowledge gained in situ and promoting organizational learning. Show more

Keywords: Occupational accidents, wineries, risk assessment, safety, health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205024

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 975-985, 2022

Authors: Li, Jian | Bishop, Malachy | Fraser, Robert | Rumrill, Phillip D. | LaRocca, Nicholas | Burns, Maura | Lee, Deborah | Bhattarai, Muna

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) strives to ensure that people affected by multiple sclerosis (MS) can live their best lives. This mission is reflected in the Society’s strategic plan, which establishes the roadmap for the Society’s continued commitment to a world free of MS. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to add to the understanding of both the scope and complexity of the impact of MS and MS-related supports on quality of life (QOL). METHODS: A national sample of people with MS (n  = 748) participated in the study by completing …validated surveys assessing their QOL, physical and mental health, MS self-efficacy, resilience, participation in NMSS, perceived stress, emotional support, and social roles and activities. A path model was used to examine how the frequently identified MS QOL predictors, including demographic, MS, psychosocial, and physical functional status variables relate to each other and to QOL. RESULTS: The model exhibited reasonable model fit with hypothesized paths being statistically significant and in the hypothesized direction. CONCLUSION: Findings revealed that the relationships among mental health, demographic factors, overall MS experiences, QOL, NMSS participation, and resonance with the mission of the NMSS are complex, highly nuanced, and yet strongly correlated. More importantly, the study highlights the strong influence of variables that are more readily amenable to change through programmatic and clinical intervention, and active self-management and participation. Show more

Keywords: Multiple sclerosis, quality of life, psychosocial status, physical function

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205038

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 987-1005, 2022

Authors: Seagren, Kelly E. | Sommerich, Carolyn M. | Lavender, Steven A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Veterinarians appear to be at risk for work-related musculoskeletal discomfort (MSD), based on surveys conducted outside the US. OBJECTIVE: This study provides new information about MSD prevalence in veterinarians and veterinary technicians in the US. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey and observation. RESULTS: A survey of 56 veterinarians and 38 veterinary technicians in Ohio found 12-month prevalence of MSD exceeded 60% in the neck, low back, and legs/feet. More than 85% of participants reported that work activities exacerbated discomfort in at least one region. Less than one-third of participants reported symptom-related lost work time. Personal …and work-related burnout scores were higher for veterinary technicians, compared with veterinarians. Nine percent of observed work activities performed by veterinarians and 43% performed by veterinary technicians were rated high or very high risk. CONCLUSIONS: High prevalence of MSD and low lost work time suggest many individuals are working in pain. Increased adoption of existing ergonomics solutions (equipment and process changes), in addition to further investigation of unmet needs, could improve working conditions and reduce musculoskeletal stress in veterinary health professions. Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal discomfort, veterinarian, veterinary technician, veterinary technologist, veterinary nurse, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205043

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1007-1027, 2022

Authors: Suomi, Aino | Schofield, Timothy | Butterworth, Peter

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Growing experimental evidence shows that unemployment benefit recipients are generally perceived negatively in terms of their personality and employability by the general public. Welfare stigma tied to unemployment or receipt of income support may disproportionately negatively impact individuals who have been out of work due to disability, or chronic health conditions. OBJECTIVE: The current study examined whether welfare stigma and/or unemployment stigma, translate to perceptions and hiring decisions made by individuals working in recruitment, potentially creating barriers to re-employment for those without work and relying on unemployment benefits. METHODS: We used a vignette-based experiment (N = 213) …where participants working in recruitment rated personality and employment capabilities of characters who were described as employed, unemployed or unemployed and receiving benefits. RESULTS: Characters who were employed were generally rated more positively on employability and work-relevant skills, compared to the unemployed and unemployed benefit recipients, but these differences did not translate into a binary hiring decision (would you hire this person for the job). There were few differences in ratings of personality characteristics between the employed, the unemployed and those who were receiving unemployment benefits. CONCLUSIONS: These results add to knowledge about the determinants of welfare stigma showing that potential bias towards the unemployed and benefit recipients held by recruiters differs from that held by the general public. Show more

Keywords: Employability, unemployment, personality, big five, vignette

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205048

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1029-1041, 2022

Authors: Yılmaz, Evre | Balcı, Hatice | Başer, Gülfidan | Özkalp, Birol

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fear of pain, which is defined as verbal, physiological, and behavioral responses against potentially painful situations, refers to extreme fear of pain, painful sensation, and anything that may cause this sensation. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the pain fear levels of students and factors affecting fear of pain. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 544 students. To measure the students’ pain fear levels, a 12-item questionnaire, developed by the researchers, and 30-item Fear of Pain Questionnaire-III (FPQ-III) was used. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software. RESULTS: Students the severity of pain …subscale, 31.9±8.9; mild pain subscale, 23.8±7.5; medical pain subscale, 27.5±9.0; and average total FPQ score, 83.1±22.0 was foud as. Of the students participating in the study, 80% reported that they had previously experienced pain. Of those who experienced pain, 32.9% reported dysmenorrhea, 18.2% reported headache, and 16.6% reported posttraumatic pain. Moreover, 61.0% of the students attempted to relieve their pain by their own means (medicine, herbal medicine, hot–cold application, etc.), while 70.6% stated that they do not frequently use painkillers. CONCLUSION: It is recommended to develop multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches in the management of fear of pain, which has biological, psychological, social, cultural, economic aspects. Show more

Keywords: Pain, fear of pain, student

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205054

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1043-1050, 2022

Authors: Dong, Shengli | Mamboleo, George

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Almost one million individuals are living with multiple sclerosis (MS) in the United States with a majority being diagnosed when they are in their 20s or early stages of their careers. Employees with MS experience various job-related challenges such as high unemployment and underemployment. Accommodations assist individuals with MS to obtain and maintain employment, yet the current understanding of factors affecting decisions to request or withhold accommodations is limited. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore barriers and facilitators of workplace accommodation requests among individuals with MS through a qualitative approach. METHODS: Eighty-six participants were recruited …from agencies serving individuals with MS in the US. Content analysis was conducted to examine responses to one open-ended question related to their perception of barriers or facilitative strategies to request accommodations. RESULTS: Ten overarching themes related to barriers and facilitators for requesting accommodations were identified. Among them were three facilitators (i.e., positive work environment, employer compliance and flexibility, and employee self-advocacy and proactivity) and seven barriers (i.e., employers’ lack of knowledge of Americans with Disabilities Act and accommodations, employers’ discrimination and resistance to accommodation requests, employees’ fear/anxiety to request due to associated stigma, employees’ lack of knowledge about accommodations/disability/resources as well as inaccessible workspace). CONCLUSIONS: Rehabilitation professionals can educate and empower employees with MS to disclose disability and request needed accommodations. Rehabilitation professionals also can educate employers for individuals with MS about their obligations under the laws to provide accommodations and sensitize coworkers of individuals with MS regarding the disability. Show more

Keywords: Barriers, facilitators, disability, workplace, multiple sclerosis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205059

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1051-1061, 2022

Authors: Rosemberg, Marie-Anne S. | Granner, Josephine R. | Li, Wei V. | Adams, Mackenzie | Militzer, Maria A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Hotel room cleaners are disproportionately exposed to hazards that increase risk for poor health outcomes. Interventions are needed to improve the health of these workers. Yet we know little about the expressed needs of hotel room cleaners nor do we know about managers’ perspectives on how to best optimize employee health. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to develop an understanding of perceived intervention needs among hotel room cleaners and to assess managers’ views on the acceptability of the proposed interventions. METHODS: We used a community-based approach to recruit study participants. We conducted five focus groups among hotel …room cleaners and individual interviews with hotel managers. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using content analysis. RESULTS: The workers expressed needs centered on pay, workload, appreciation, ergonomics, chemical and biological hazards, nutrition, smoking cessation, exercise, mental health and stress management. In addition to echoing the workers’ expressed needs, managers emphasized employee retention and financial literacy. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first paper to include both workers’ and managers’ accounts on intervention approaches that will optimize health and wellbeing. This paper offers a guide for future program development among hospitality workers. Effective interventions need to be integrated, encompassing the individual, intrapersonal, organizational, and policy levels. Show more

Keywords: Hospitality, workload, tourism, low-wage worker, participatory action research, organization and administration, worker health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205060

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1063-1071, 2022

Authors: Rodríguez, Ariel Antonio | Escanilla, David Eduardo | Caroca, Luis Alberto | Albornoz, Christian Eduardo | Marshall, Paulina Andrea | Molenbroek, Johan F.M. | Lee, Wonsup | Viviani, Carlos | Castellucci, Héctor Ignacio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: An appropriate match between a product and its end-users requires anthropometric data, which show variations among different countries. Proper Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) fit is key for safety and comfort. Chile had no head and facial anthropometric data available in order to design face/head PPE. OBJECTIVE: To describe face/head anthropometric characteristics of Chilean workers. Additionally, this study compared those dimensions against other populations (United States (US), South Korea and China). METHODS: An anthropometric survey involving 21 measures was conducted between September 2013 to May 2016 using stratified sampling. The measurements were based on ISO/TS 16976-2 …and ISO 15535 to ensure the highest standards possible, and a total of 474 workers, aged from 18 to 66 years old, participated in the survey. RESULTS: The biggest differences were in Neck circumference, Weight, Nose breadth, Nose protrusion, Bitragion chin arc, Face length, Subnasale-sellion length, Face width, Bigonial breadth and Bitragion subnasal arc. Head length of Chileans were longer than Chinese and South Korean ones, but shorter than US Head length. Chilean Head breadth is smaller than Chinese and South Korean ones. Chileans Face length was the largest observed. Face width of Chileans was smaller than US and Chinese ones. Gender specific differences were also observed in the inter-country comparisons. Chilean males had larger anthropometric dimensions than females. CONCLUSION: Chilean Head and face dimensions differed significantly when compared against US, South Korean and Chines Head and Face dimensions. Chileans have longer and narrower faces with wider mouths, with a head size in between the US and Asian heads. Face and head PPE for Chileans should use dimensions in the current paper in order to ensure proper fit. Show more

Keywords: Design, anthropometrics, personal protection equipment, face, head

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205063

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1073-1085, 2022

Authors: Mokarami, Hamidreza | Ansari, Samira | Cousins, Rosanna | Varmazyar, Sakineh

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Inappropriate design of chairs and disproportion with students’ body dimensions can influence their physical and mental health as well as their educational efficiency and concentration. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the ergonomic status of commonly used chairs in Iran’s universities using combinational equations and anthropometric indices. METHODS: Participants in this cross-sectional study were 166 students in Iran. Eleven anthropometric parameters of the students and nine dimensions in seven types of commonly used chairs in Iran’s universities were measured. Combinational equations were used to determine the fitness of the chairs. …RESULTS: There was a major mismatch between most students’ anthropometric measurements and the dimensions of the chairs. Backrest height and seat height were the best and the worst features, respectively, according to ergonomic recommendations for chairs. The recommended measurements of seat height, seat depth, seat width, desk height, desk width, desk length, backrest width, backrest height, and desk distance were 332, 420, 436, 245, 95, 511, 426, 550, and 281 mm, respectively. CONCLUSION: None of the commonly used chairs in Iran’s universities were found to be a good fit to the students’ anthropometric dimensions. Therefore, in order to prevent inappropriate body postures, chair designs have to reviewed, and made to fit with Iranian students’ anthropometric data. The recommended measurements obtained in this study can be used to design a suitable ergonomic chair to match with a high percentage of Iranian students. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, anthropometric measurements, student chair, musculoskeletal disorders

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205097

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1087-1095, 2022

Authors: Čvorović, Aleksandar | Kukić, Filip | Heinrich, Katie M. | Dopsaj, Milivoj

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Body anthropometrics are biologically predetermined, while morphology responds to energy intake and output and stressors, thus impacting health. Fitness is impacted by these bodily characteristics. OBJECTIVE: This study determined to what degree anthropomorphic measures and age of police officers determined 2.4 km running performance. METHODS: Age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and 2.4 km running time (RUN) of 1916 male police officers were directly measured and analyzed. After determining correlations of anthropomorphic variables with RUN. Stepwise linear regressions evaluated individual associations of age, height, weight, BMI, WC, and WHtR with …RUN, to determine the model with the highest predictive value of RUN performance. RESULTS: WHtR was the strongest RUN predictor (r  = 0.672, R2  = 0.451, p  < 0.001), while the best predictive model apart from WHtR also included age and BM (R2  = 0.556, p  < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: WHtR was the strongest anthropomorphic predictor of RUN performance. As a predictor, WHtR provides information on both anthropometric and morphology components of police officers. Its utilization among police occupations may be more effective than BMI as it better relates to performance. Show more

Keywords: Aerobic capacity, waist circumference, WHtR, law enforcement, testing

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205105

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1097-1104, 2022

Authors: AlMubarek, Norah Abdullah | Al-Otaibi, Sultan T. | Herzallah, Hatem K.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among sonographers have raised significant concerns in recent years. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of WMSDs and identify risk factors for WMSDs among sonographers. To date, there is little research on WMSDs among sonographers in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aimed to contribute to the Saudi literature by filling this gap. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among sonographers (n  = 98) working in four major governmental hospitals in the city of Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. The participants completed a validated, self-administered questionnaire that focused on the analysis of musculoskeletal …symptoms among sonographers. RESULTS: The mean age of the respondents was 35.5±9 years. The majority of the participants were female (71.4%), non-Saudi (51%), and working as technicians (49%). The prevalence rates of shoulder and neck disorders among the participants were 65.3% and 57.1%, respectively. Gender (female), job title (sonography technicians), and years of experience (seasoned sonographers) were identified as risk factors for WMSDs. CONCLUSIONS: Among the studied sonographers, WMSDs were a significant, common problem. Being female, being a sonography technician, and being a seasoned sonographer were identified as risk factors for these disorders. Preventive measures should be implemented to reduce the risk of WMSDs in this occupational setting. Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorders, sonographers, hospitals, work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205145

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1105-1111, 2022

Authors: Akbolat, Mahmut | Durmuş, Ayhan | Ünal, Özgün | Çakoğlu, Seda

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Many factors threaten occupational health and safety, such as technology and production systems used by businesses as well as employee qualifications. This research addresses the issue of how these factors have become a threat to occupational health and safety. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine whether healthcare professionals’ fatalistic perceptions affect their perceptions of occupational health and safety practices. METHOD: The population of the study consists of 538 nurses and other auxiliary healthcare professionals working in a private hospital in Istanbul. The study initially intended to reach the whole population without establishing a sample, but …221 (41.1%) employees were reached due to reasons such as the shift system, employees’ unwillingness to participate, and personnel on leave. The study employed a survey form consisting of three parts as data collection tool. The first part of the survey includes demographic information, the second part is a Fatalism Scale and the last part is the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Practices Scale. Descriptive statistical analyses and SEM analysis were used for data analysis. The analyses were performed within the 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: A negative relationship was found between fatalism and occupational health and safety practices. In addition, employees’ fatalistic perceptions negatively affect their occupational health and safety practices. CONCLUSION: Fatalistic perception plays an important role in occupational health and safety practices. For this reason, employees can be shown through trainings that occupational accidents are not fate and can be prevented by certain measures they can take. Show more

Keywords: Occupational health and safety, fatalism, hospital

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205150

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1113-1120, 2022

Authors: Short, Nathan | Almonroeder, Thomas | Baumle, Madeline | Benvenuti, Katelyn | Bozett, Natalie | John, Olivia | Lovasko, Mollie | Rinaldi, Emily

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Wrist pressure and angulation while working at a computer workstation have been associated with cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) like carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). OBJECTIVE: This quantitative, comparative study analyzed wrist pressure and angulation between two common wrist supports while typing at a standardized computer workstation. METHODS: A convenience sample of healthy young adults completed a five-minute typing task at a standardized workstation with no wrist support, with the ErgoBeads™ wrist support, and with an Elzo™ (memory foam) wrist support. Pressure mapping (Tekscan™) ) and goniometry were used as quantitative measures to examine wrist …pressure and wrist angulation during the typing task; descriptive and inferential statistics were performed to compare wrist angulation and wrist pressure between two supports. RESULTS: For the sample (n  = 54), both wrist supports demonstrated a significant (p  < 0.001) reduction in wrist extension as well as pressure compared to typing at the workstation with no support. There was no statistically significant difference in peak or mean pressure between the ErgoBeads™ and Elzo™ wrist supports (p  = 0.99). Significant difference was identified ((p  < 0.001) for wrist angle as participants exhibited less wrist extension using the ErgoBeads™ ( x ¯ = 12 . 56 ∘ ; SD = 3.32°) support as compared to the Elzo™ ( x ¯ = 19 . 25 ∘ ; SD = 3.77°) support. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the ErgoBeads™ and Elzo™ memory foam wrist supports are effective for reducing pressure between the wrist and work surface while the ErgoBeads™ support may promote a more neutral angle of the wrist while typing. Show more

Keywords: Computer workstation, keyboarding, wrist support, cumulative trauma disorders (CTD), prevention

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205154

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1121-1128, 2022

Authors: Kim, Yongwook

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Few studies have reported the contribution of correction of leg length discrepancy (LLD) on the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of the pelvis and hip joints among those who must stand while working using shoe insoles and a three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system. OBJECTIVE: To investigate dynamic pelvic and hip joint angles and hip moments using a 3D motion analysis system with and without insoles in standing workers with LLD. METHODS: Kinematic and kinetic data of 31 participants with LLD were collected using a motion analysis system and force platforms. Participants were asked to walk wearing …standard shoes or shoes with LLD-corrected insoles. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the kinematic and kinetic data of the hip joints and pelvic orientation according to leg side and corrective interventions for LLD. RESULTS: There were significant differences in maximal ROM of hip adduction and abduction with vs. without LLD insoles in the longer and shorter legs (p  < 0.05). There were significant differences in maximal elevation (p  = 0.004) and total coronal motion (p  = 0.006) of the pelvic segment with and without insole corrections in the longer leg during gait. CONCLUSIONS: LLD correction using a customized insole is a recommended therapeutic intervention to improve the musculoskeletal imbalances of hip and pelvic segments in workers with LLD. Show more

Keywords: Hip moment, motion analysis, standing work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205160

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1129-1136, 2022

Authors: Waluya, Jajang Ganjar | Rahayuwati, Laili | Lukman, Mamat

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The high incidence of and death by breast cancer show that breast cancer requires serious treatment. Studies revealed that the physical activity of survivors of breast cancer significantly reduced after a diagnosis of breast cancer. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the effect of supportive–educative nursing intervention (SENI) on the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of survivors of breast cancer towards the intensity of physical activity. METHODS: The study population included patients with breast cancer living in a palliative shelter of a referral hospital. Data were obtained from 61 respondents (intervention group, n  = 30; control group, …n  = 31). The study used a pre-test and post-test design with a control group (quasi-experiment with control). RESULTS: SENI showed a significant effect on the knowledge (p  = 0.000) and attitude (p  = 0.000) of the participants towards physical activity. SENI did not demonstrate a significant effect on increasing the intensity of physical activity (p  = 0.413). CONCLUSIONS: Descriptively, the intensity of physical activity showed a tendency to increase in the intervention group, but no significant effect was noted. Palliative shelters in community can hold programmes that may increase the physical activity of survivors. Show more

Keywords: Educative nursing intervention, physical activity

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205165

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1137-1144, 2022

Authors: Hergenroeder, Andrea | Quinn, Tyler D. | Perdomo, Sophy J. | Kline, Christopher E. | Gibbs, Bethany Barone

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Research suggests reducing sedentary behavior improves low back pain; however, the impact on presenteeism, health, productivity, and sleep in desk workers with chronic low back pain is not known. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effect of a sedentary behavior intervention on multiple dimensions of workplace health. METHODS: 24 participants with chronic low back pain and desk jobs were randomized to either a sedentary behavior reduction intervention group or control. Outcomes included a modified Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), the Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS), Profile of Mood States (POMS), Health and Work Questionnaire (HWQ), SF-36 Health Survey (SF-36), …and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Six-month changes in outcomes were compared across intervention groups using ANCOVA regression, adjusting for baseline values. Cohen’s d effect sizes were calculated for outcomes to explain the magnitude of group differences. RESULTS: The intervention group reported 1.5 hours/day less sitting time (p  < 0.001) compared to controls at 6 months. SF-36 subscales of energy/fatigue, social functioning, and pain improved, and sleep disturbance was reduced among intervention participants. Productivity, concentration, and presenteeism were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: A sedentary behavior reduction intervention may improve well-being and workplace health without impacting productivity and concentration in desk workers with chronic low back pain. Show more

Keywords: Sit-stand desk, sitting, disability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205178

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1145-1155, 2022

Authors: Zamore, Elizabeth | Craig, Wendy | Pinette, Michael G. | Wax, Joseph R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The frequency with which physicians are injured or killed in acute care hospital shootings has more than tripled during the past two decades. Moreover, physicians may be exposed to firearm violence outside of hospital settings. Objective: To characterize physician-involved workplace-related firearms violence to inform risk identification and mitigation strategies. Methods: Quantitative content analysis of physician-involved workplace-related firearm violence resulting in injury or death. Two investigators independently abstracted web-based reports for each year from 2008-2017 with differences resolved by consensus. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics, and analyzed using chi-square, Fisher exact, or Kruskal Wallis test, …as appropriate. Results: Twenty-six incidents, 10 (38.5%) perpetrated by physicians and 16 (61.5%) perpetrated by nonphysicians, resulted in 83 casualties. All physician-perpetrated shootings represented either type III or IV violence motivated by grudges. Significantly more crimes perpetrated by nonphysicians were type II violence (11/16, 68.8%), P  < .001, most representing grudges related to medical or surgical outcomes (7/16, 43.8%), P  = .003. Physician perpetrated shootings occurred significantly more often in the victim’s home (5/11, 45.4%), compared to nonphysician perpetrated attacks which more often occurred at a hospital or physician office (14/16, 87.5%), P  = .03. Urologists (4/26, 15.4%) were disproportionately targeted. Conclusions: These data may inform practical education and training to identify potential perpetrators before a work-related attack occurs by or on a physician. Show more

Keywords: Physician shooting, healthcare violence, quantitative content analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205187

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1157-1162, 2022

Authors: Maia, Maurício Silveira | dos Santos, Gabriela Lopes | Porto, Celmo Celeno

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Stress is a consequence of or a general reaction to an action or situation that leads to physical, psychological or both demands on a person, which can cause major disabilities in different aspects of life. This study verified the presence and stress phase of physiotherapists in the musculoskeletal area, identifying the factors associated with stress. METHOD: Presence and phase of stress were assessed using the Lipp’s Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults, and sociodemographic, work, and subjective data through a structured questionnaire designed by the authors. RESULTS: 91 physiotherapists from 219 presented stress (41.55%). …The presence of stress was associated to the workplace (p  = 0.006, x2  = 20.01), number of patients per week (p  = 0.023, x2  = 7.55), weekly working hours (p  = 0.023, x2  = 7.56), and the perception of the work influenced their personal life (p  < 0.001, x2  = 14.81). 56.04% of the physiotherapists were in the resistance phase. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately half of the physiotherapists showed signs of stress. Moreover, workplace, number of working hours, number of patients per week and the perception of the influence of work on personal life were important aspects to stress. Show more

Keywords: Occupational stress, rehabilitation, physical therapy modalities, burnout

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205195

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1163-1173, 2022

Authors: Rashnuodi, Payam | Afshari, Davood | Shirali, Gholam Abbas | Amiri, Arman | Zadeh, Marziye Raesi | Samani, Ali Sahraneshin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The metabolic syndrome is a complex of interdependent risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Shift work might have an impact on metabolic variables, and be a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. To date, only few studies have been done on the prevalence of MetS in industrial work environments in Iran, and most of them have been conducted on a small sample size. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of shift work on prevalence of metabolic syndrome in one of the petrochemical companies in Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study …was conducted among 692 male workers of a petrochemical company in south-west Iran. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to criteria recommended by Adult Treatment Panel III. In order to determine correlation between MetS and its factors with shift work odds ratio (ORs) for the MetS, 95% confidence level (95% CL), chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were performed. RESULTS: Overall 15.1% of workers were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and 80% of them were shift workers. A significant difference for prevalence of metabolic syndrome and mean values for body mass index, blood pressure, fast blood sugar, waist circumference among shift workers and non-shift workers were identified (p  < 0.001). Compared with the day workers, shift workers had a significantly higher risk of MetS (odds ratio = 4.852; 95% CI 2.34–9.974). CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between metabolic syndrome and shift work in petrochemical workers. Promising intervention strategies are needed for prevention of metabolic disorders for shift workers. Show more

Keywords: Metabolic syndrome, shift work, worker, cardiovascular diseases, circadian rhythm

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205223

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1175-1182, 2022

Authors: Yerebakan, Mustafa O. | Hu, Boyi | Barbir, Ana | Lin, Michael Y.C. | Dennerlein, Jack T.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Tablets are ubiquitous in workplaces and schools. However, there have been limited studies investigating the effect tablets have on the body during digital writing activities. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the biomechanical impact of writing interface design (paper, whiteboard, and tablet) and orientation (horizontal, 45°, and vertical) on tablet users. METHODS: Fourteen adults (7 male, 7 female) participated in a study during which they performed simple writing tasks. Surface electromyography (sEMG) sensors were used to measure upper extremity muscle activation. RESULTS: Results indicate that the effects of writing surface type were most pronounced in …forearm muscle activation. Specifically, in the extensor carpi radialis (ECR), where muscle activity was lower on the tablet PC surface. The effects of writing configuration were prominent in the shoulder and forearm. The activation of the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) and trapezius muscles was significantly lower in the 45° configuration. An exception to the efficacy of this configuration was the anterior deltoid muscle, which exhibited the lowest muscle activity in the horizontal orientation. CONCLUSIONS: Tablet surface and the 45° configuration resulted in the lowest muscle activation levels. Future studies should include longer experiment duration to investigate the effects of continuous writing. Show more

Keywords: Tablet PC, writing, EMG, device configuration

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205242

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1183-1191, 2022

Authors: Poirier, Sébastien | Gendron, Annie | Trudeau, François | Lajoie, Claude

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Although the 20-meter shuttle run test (20MSR) is frequently used by police organisations for recruitment purposes, to our knowledge no study has yet assessed the accuracy of this test to estimate maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) in police recruits. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to assess the validity of the 20MSR as a predictor of VO2 max in police cadets. METHODS: 49 police cadets completed both an indirect calorimetry VO2 max assessment and a 20MSR. Based on their results, estimated VO2 max was calculated using an established equation. Furthermore, two models estimating …the VO2 max was also developed using the final stage completed and sex as independent variables in the first model (model A) as well as the final half-stage completed and sex in the second model (model B). RESULTS: A strong and significant bivariate correlation was found between measured VO2 max and the final stage completed at the 20MSR (r  = 0.874, p  < 0.001). Nevertheless, limits of agreement analysis showed relatively large agreement errors between measured VO2 max and estimated VO2 max based on the established equation (0.46±6.29 ml·min–1 ·kg–1 ), model A (0.00±5.58 ml min–1  kg–1 ), and model B (0.00±5.48 ml min–1 ·kg–1 ). CONCLUSIONS: Although the 20MSR can be a useful tool to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness for research and conditioning purposes, the large agreement errors found in this study suggest that results at the 20MSR should be interpreted with caution when making “pass or fail” decisions. Show more

Keywords: Physical employment standard, cardiorespiratory fitness, police recruits

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205289

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1193-1201, 2022

Authors: Robertson, Michelle M. | Lee, Jin | Huang, Yueng-Hsiang | Schleifer, Lawrence

Article Type: Correction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-228000

Citation: Work, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1203-1203, 2022