Work - Volume 70, issue 3

Authors: Gharibi, Vahid | Cousins, Rosanna | Jahangiri, Mehdi | Bargar, Mina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has required organizations to make changes to ways of working to prevent and mitigate COVID-19 in employees. OBJECTIVE: To assess the workplace response to COVID-19 in Iran. METHODS: 255 organizations completed a two-part survey. Part 1 collected data describing the business; part 2 comprised the International Labor Organization (ILO) 30-item Prevention and Mitigation of COVID-19 at Work Actions Checklist. A four-point Likert scale was used to score each item according to whether preventative measures had been actioned. RESULTS: We found a dichotomy of commitment to managing COVID-19 at …work. 42.5%of organizations had fully implemented the ILO recommended preventative actions, and 45.6%workplaces had not implemented any. Large organizations had significantly more preventative actions than SMEs; the healthcare sector had significantly better COVID-19 mitigation measures in place than construction projects; and organizations with a health and safety management system had significantly more prevention actions in place. CONCLUSIONS: ILO provided a good framework to support risk assessment of COVID-19, however only half the organizations were undertaking the necessary biological hazard control actions to prevent COVID-19 at work. There remains a need to understand the inaction of organizations who do not risk assess despite being in a pandemic. Show more

Keywords: Coronavirus, duty of care, ILO checklist, pandemic, risk assessment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205303

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 777-784, 2021

Authors: Kaleh, Hiro | Mohammadian, Farough | Pouyakian, Mostafa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The structure of buildings is in degradation over time, monitoring their safety status and providing timely warnings is crucial. Therefore, an efficient visual inspection of the building’s safety has intrinsic value to give early warnings to owners and managers. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to provide an audit tool for evaluation of the administrative in-operation buildings’ safety status. METHODS: Factors affecting the administrative buildings’ safety status was determined based on the National Building Regulations of Iran (NBRI) and other studies. Checklist items and their guidelines were prepared. Face validity (quantitative and qualitative), Content Validity Ratio (CVR), …and Content Validity Index (CVI) were calculated for the checklist. The Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) used for inter-rater reliability and Cronbach’s α was used to evaluate internal consistency of the checklist. RESULTS: Forty-seven items related to in-operation building safety were extracted from literature review. Based on the results of the psychometric analysis, 5 items were removed and 42 items remained. The values of different psychometric indices for the other items indicated their acceptable validity (α= 0.82, ICC ≥0.75). CONCLUSION: The designed checklist had a good level of validity and reliability for inspecting architectural, technical services, and managerial safety aspects of administrative in-operation buildings. Stakeholders can use it for quick and comprehensive assessment of building safety. Use of this checklist are expected to give early warnings about the safety of buildings to the stakeholders. Show more

Keywords: Building safety, in-operation building, inspection checklist, psychometric, administrative building

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205011

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 785-794, 2021

Authors: Liu, Quanlong | Zhao, Pan | Zhang, Yueqian | Li, Xinchun

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Most studies have focused on the establishment and application of the risk precontrol management system for safety in coal mines and have seldom considered the evaluation of the system operation effect. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the operation effect of risk precontrol management system of safety in coal mines and propose policy suggestions to improve the risk precontrol management level of safety. METHODS: This study applied the Objective and Subjective Weighting Method (OSWM) combined with the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to conduct evaluation and empirical research on …the operation effect of the risk precontrol management system of safety in coal mines. RESULTS: First, the evaluation index system is mainly composed of six first-level indicators and 30 subordinate secondary indicators. Second, the OSWM combined with TOPSIS is an effective method for operation effect evaluation, which yields accurate and undistorted evaluation results. Third, the calculation reference value of the operation effect in the Gengcun coal mine is 57.34, and its corresponding effect level is level III, which is basically effective. Moreover, the calculation reference values of production equipment management (P4) and inspection, audit and review (P6) are the lowest, while the calculation reference values of risk precontrol management (P1) and auxiliary management (P5) reach the critical value corresponding to effect level I, which indicates a good operation effect. CONCLUSIONS: Corresponding policy suggestions to improve the risk precontrol management level in the Gengcun coal mine are proposed based on the above evaluation results. Show more

Keywords: Coal mine enterprises, risk management, system evaluation, policy suggestions

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205039

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 795-804, 2021

Authors: O’Halloran, David | Thomacos, Nikos | Casey, Simone | Farnworth, Louise

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Research consistently shows that Australian employment services are failing those they are intended to serve. Based on findings in other human service areas, a valid and reliable instrument to measure unemployed workers’ experiences may provide an opportunity for improvement in this sector. OBJECTIVE: To establish a basis for developing a suitable rating scale. METHODS: An exploratory factor analysis combined with qualitative cross check for face validity of an existing large survey of Australian unemployed workers. RESULTS: Six factors appear to be important elements of service delivery: (F1) useful and competent, (F2) client-centred, (F3) …receptive to feedback, (F4) trustworthy, (F5) fair, and (F6) friendly. CONCLUSIONS: While each of these factors have been either described explicitly or referred to implicitly in previous studies, this study is the first to attempt to combine these factors and is a precursor to establishing a valid and reliable rating scale for use by unemployed workers in evaluating their employment service providers. At a time when Australia is exploring new approaches to employment services, such a scale using a robust set of factors may allow for the improvement of employment services and thus be held accountable to a significant stakeholder group whom they aim to serve –unemployed workers. Show more

Keywords: Unemployment, rating scale, quality improvement, service delivery, exploratory factor analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205120

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 805-813, 2021

Authors: Magri, Claudia A. | Garcia, Rodrigo G. | Binotto, Erlaine | Burbarelli, Maria F.C. | Gandra, Erika R.S. | Przybulinski, Bruna B. | Caldara, Fabiana R. | Komiyama, Claudia M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Poultry activity exposes workers to accidents and unhealthy conditions with physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychological risks. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to list risk factors in poultry farms in operational, behavioral, and environmental aspects. METHODS: We evaluated poultry farm workers through quantitative and qualitative analysis applying a semi-structured online questionnaire containing 58 questions to identify risks in the workplace and health implications. RESULTS: Most facilities were air-conditioned, workers performed their activities in a totally closed environment, with low light (1 to 10 lux), for more than 40 h/wk. Regarding accidents, 61%of workers claimed to …have suffered some type of accident, 34%claimed to not use personal protection equipment, and 41%felt unable to perform their activities at some time due to health problems; handling animals and animal waste were the most significant biological risks; dust and ammonia corresponded to the most significant chemical risks; and electric shock, burns, and heat exposure were the most significant physical/accident risks. CONCLUSIONS: Workers expose themselves daily to physical, chemical, biological, psychosocial, and ergonomic risks. These exposures often lead to symptoms such as stress, headache, eye and mucous membrane disorders, respiratory diseases, back and muscle pain, depression, and symptoms often associated with Sick Building Syndrome. Show more

Keywords: Work accident, poultry farming, worker welfare, ergonomics, stress

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205179

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 815-822, 2021

Authors: Ebrahimi, Hossein | Kharghani Moghadam, Seyedeh Melika

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In industrial towns, the dangers of each industry also poses a threat to other industries due to the proximity of different industries to each other. So there is a need for a safety management system. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to introduce a management system for managing the safety of industrial towns. METHOD: This cross-sectional and qualitative study was conducted in three main phases: (1) Identify the elements of the safety management systems using literature review, (2) screening and determining useful elements using Delphi technique and (3) determining the structure of safety management system. …RESULTS: Participation of the industries and their compliance with the standards were considered as the system foundation. The networks of safety information of the industries, accident’s database, safety training, contractors, emergency management and management of the changes were placed on the foundation as the system columns. The Industrial Town’s Safety Management (ITSM) system as the system roof was placed on the columns. This structure was placed within a two-line framework including the trade secrets and program audit. CONCLUSIONS: The ITSM system consists of a set of factors that can help manage the safety of the industrial towns. This system will increase the safety level of industrial towns by incorporating some safety principles. However, the safety management of an industrial town is very complex and requires a great deal of efforts. Show more

Keywords: Industry, safety, industrial town, safety management, system

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205327

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 823-832, 2021

Authors: Rhén, Ida-Märta | Fan, Xuelong | Kjellman, Magnus | Forsman, Mikael

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In the 90s, digital human manikins (DHMs) were introduced in planning of workstations, by static or semi-static simulations. Modern DHMs can simulate dynamic work and offer a rapid way for a virtual pre-production ergonomic evaluation. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders may affect surgical performance and patient safety. A prototype of an open console, which is contrary to the conventional closed consoles and may be seen as a representative for a new generation, has been designed to reduce workload for robotic surgery surgeons. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this project was to test a new DHM tool with improved usability to …evaluate the ergonomics of a console of a robotic surgical system in a pre-production stage. METHODS: The DHM tool IMMA was used together with a 3D model of the prototype console. Twelve manikins who represented females and males from two national populations were introduced. Manikin-console distances, after console adjustments per manikin, were compared with a US checklist and Swedish standard for VDU work. RESULTS: The DHM tool was useful for this case, but the distances of the checklist and the standard were needed to be obtained “manually”. The automatic functions of the DHM worked smoothly but were not optimized for VDU work. The prototype fulfilled most, but not all, of the ergonomic criteria of the checklist and the standard. CONCLUSIONS: There is room for improvements of the adjustable ranges of the console prototype. DHMs may facilitate rapid pre-production evaluation of workstations for static work; if ergonomic assessment models for VDU work are built-in, there may be a revival of DHMs in static work situations. Show more

Keywords: Robotic surgery, digital human manikin, simulation, ergonomic assessment, occupational ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213604

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 833-851, 2021

Authors: Anwar, Nabila | Alshammary, Freah | Siddiqui, Ammar Ahmed | Alenzi, Rana Homoud | Alshmmari, Bashayer Hamd | Alam, Mohammad Khursheed

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Dental students have been identified as having a high level of stress. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression among undergraduate dental students of university of Hail and to determine the association of anxiety and depression in terms of gender and respective year of study. METHODS: This was an observational cross-sectional study. Nonprobability sampling technique was used to assess the prevalence and association of anxiety and depression among male and female dental students of preclinical and clinical years of College of Dentistry, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia. Students were contacted …personally, explained the purpose of the study and asked to participate in the study. Students were asked to complete both Beck’s depression inventory and Beck’s anxiety inventory to assess the level of their respective status. RESULTS: The results of the survey revealed that a greater number of females suffered from ‘moderate’ level of anxiety (12.3%) as compared to males (3.2%). Additionally, the percentage for females to experience ‘borderline’ (11.6%) and ‘moderate’ (9.7%) level of depression was higher than their male counterparts –‘borderline’ (7.7%) and ‘moderate’ (2.6%). The level of anxiety and depression compared with genders was found to be statistically significant. It was noted that final year students (8.4%) experienced ‘moderate’ level of anxiety and there was a peak rise in level of depression among 4th year (6.5%) and 6th year (5.8%) students as compared with other years. CONCLUSION: The finding of the study emphasizes that the overall percentage of level of depression is comparatively higher than level of anxiety among dental students. Show more

Keywords: Beck’s anxiety inventory, Beck’s depression inventory, college of dentistry, Hail, undergraduate students

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213605

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 853-859, 2021

Authors: Abraçado, Mateus Pereira | Duarte, Francisco José de Castro Moura | Béguin, Pascal Daniel | Fontainha, Tharcisio Cotta | Oggioni, Barbara Passos | de Almeida, William Silva Santana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Activity ergonomics aims to include work variability into design process to enable various dimensions of use in projects. As design evolves with use, understanding its characteristics is essential to decipher real working requirements. However, situated design can be pluralistic and may lead to different interpretations than initially intended. OBJECTIVE: This paper aims at understanding the relationship between the designing phase of work systems and the situated task design in high uncertainty operations. METHODS: In an ergonomic work analysis, cargo handling operations were observed at offshore platforms, followed by discussions with workers. Two case studies were …selected for the intervention process to demonstrate how workers dealt with high uncertainty tasks on site. RESULTS: Situated task design exhibited three main characteristics: (1) the project emerges from the situation; (2) it has an intentional and original character; and (3) it is situated in time and space to solve local problems. CONCLUSIONS: This combination is the essence of a microproject, which is a concept proposed in this paper. The design must provide resources not only to execute work but also to redesign the task on site. Show more

Keywords: Activity ergonomics, unanticipated use, situated design, situated action, material handling

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213606

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 861-873, 2021

Authors: Rashnuodi, Payam | Amiri, Arman | Omidi, Maryam | Mohammadi, Abbas

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Research has shown that the decrease in the inner diameter of vessels caused by hyperlipidemia lowers the capacity for blood oxygen delivery to the cochlea. This leads to impaired cochlear metabolism and causes hearing problems. OBJECTIVE: The effects of dyslipidemia on noise-induced hearing loss in workers were examined. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 692 male employees in a petrochemical industry in the southwest of Iran exposed to 85 dB noise. Clinical audiometry and blood sample tests were used to evaluate the hearing and prevalence indices of dyslipidemia (cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL). …The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25 (p  = 0.05). RESULTS: The results showed that the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 24.5% with abnormal relative triglyceride frequency of 49.5%, HDL of 28%, LDL of 33%, and total blood cholesterol level of 37.8%. There was no significant relationship between NIHL and dyslipidemia (p  > 0.09). However, the major NIHL drops at different frequencies were in the individuals with dyslipidemia. The parameters age and dyslipidemia increased NIHL odds ratio (95% C.I.) by 1.130 (1.160–1.100) and 1.618 (2.418–1.082) respectively. CONCLUSION: The rate of hearing loss in individuals with dyslipidemia increases at different frequencies and it leads to an increase of the OR of NIHL in individuals with dyslipidemia. We can control dyslipidemia and its effective factors. The NIHL is more common in people exposed to noise. Show more

Keywords: NIHL, cholesterol, lipid, triglyceride, petrochemical

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213607

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 875-882, 2021

Authors: Hassanvand, Davoud | Shirvan, Hossein Elahi | Ghotbi-Ravandi, Mohammad Reza | Beytollahi, Milad

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Noise is a common harmful physical factor in the work environment. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to prioritize noise control methods using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) in a tire factory. METHODS: The study, which adopted a cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical design, was conducted in the baking hall of an Iranian tire manufacturing factory in 2018. 4 criteria (namely implementation and maintenance cost, method applicability, method effectiveness and efficiency, and intervention in the process) and 8 alternatives (including reducing individuals’ noise exposure time, designing and installing sound isolation chamber for operators, using of earmuffs and earplug simultaneously, …changing processes or operational procedures in machinery with excessive noise generation, forming noise control engineering teams, requiring people in charge to quickly fix the leaks and change baking press washers on time, using acoustic panels in the ceiling and walls, and designing and manufacturing silencer and nuzzle for the steam and compressed air outlet of baking press machinery) were selected. Then, to prioritize noise control methods based on objectives, criteria, and alternatives, an AHP questionnaire was developed and completed by domain experts and noise control specialists. Data analysis was performed using Expert Choice V. 11 and Excel. RESULTS: The results showed that the inconsistency rate in all cases was less than 10%, hence the consistency of responses was approved. Based on experts’ opinion about the selected criteria, “implementation and maintenance cost” had the highest weight (0.481), while “method effectiveness and efficiency” recorded the lowest one (0.046). With regard to the alternatives, “change in the process” registered the greatest weight (0.193), whereas “individuals’ noise exposure time” had the lowest weight (0.046). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the final weights, the most appropriate noise control methods in this industry are changing processes in machinery with excessive noise generation, forming noise control engineering team, and manufacturing silencer and nuzzle for the steam and compressed air outlet of baking press machinery. Furthermore, AHP is a suitable approach for prioritizing decisions related to noise control. Show more

Keywords: Multi-criteria decision making, expert choice software, occupational health, noise pollution

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213608

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 883-892, 2021

Authors: Calvet, Bénédicte | Vézina, Nicole | Laberge, Marie | Nastasia, Iuliana | Sultan-Taïeb, Hélène | Toulouse, Georges | Rubiano, Paula | Durand, Marie-José

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Integrated approaches are valued in several occupational health strategic programmatic orientations. A better understanding of the use of integrative prevention in coordinating measures is needed to develop its use in workplaces. OBJECTIVE: Identify workplace integrative prevention approaches and definitions of prevention (primary, secondary and tertiary) in the literature. METHODS: A scoping review was conducted following Arksey and O’Malley (2005). The literature search was carried out in three databases without date restrictions. In order to be retained, the articles needed to address at least two levels of prevention using an integrative approach in a workplace setting. …A qualitative analysis was conducted. RESULTS: The review yielded 16 published articles between 1995 and 2017. The articles addressed mental health, musculoskeletal disorder prevention and comprehensive approaches. Integrative prevention approaches are diverse and are not always named as such. Prevention definitions are not homogenous. CONCLUSIONS: This review identified some of the integrative prevention characteristics aimed at coordinated action for prevention in the workplace and to clarify measures taken at different levels of prevention. Further studies are needed to elaborate on the implementation of integrative prevention in the workplace. Show more

Keywords: Comprehensive approach, occupational health and safety, levels of prevention, musculoskeletal disorders, mental health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213609

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 893-908, 2021

Authors: Ghasemi, Rana | Abedinlou, Rezvan | Alimohammadi, Iraj | Abolghasemi, Jamileh | Ebrahimi, Vida | Rahimi, Jamshid | Taheri, Ehsan | Kharghani Moghadam, Seyedeh Melika | Ebrahimi, Hossein

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Human errors cause accidents in the workplace. Screening workers at employment can prevent future accidents from happening. Two important tools that can be helpful in screening are determining the emotional intelligence score and personality traits score of the workers. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between emotional intelligence, personality traits and safety behaviors in metal industries workers. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional survey. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the components of emotional intelligence, unsafe behaviors, and personality. To collect data for this study, Five-Factor Goldberg …questionnaire, Bar-On Emotional questionnaire and Safety behavior questionnaire were used. The collected data were entered into software (SPSS version 22) and refined. RESULTS: The results of this study showed that there was a significant positive correlation between personality traits, emotional intelligence and safe behaviors (p -value = 0.000). The confirmatory factor analysis showed that personality traits influence safe behaviours. Also, studies have shown that emotional intelligence has a positive effect on safe behaviours. The amount indicators of goodness of fit (GFI), Comparative Fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) and root mean square error approximation (RMSEA) were 0.944, 0.970, 0.965 and 0.061, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that personality traits and emotional intelligence influence safe behaviours in the workplace. Employers can use these two tools in the employment phase and prevent future human-related accidents. Show more

Keywords: Emotional intelligence, personality, safety behaviors, metal industries

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213610

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 909-915, 2021

Authors: Erçetin, Şefika Şule | Açikalin, Şuay Nilhan | Potas, Nihan | Neyişci, Nilay | Çevik, Mehmet Sabir

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Professionally, private security guards are expected to manage their anger and stress successfully. OBJECTIVE: The primary purpose of this study is to determine stress and anger levels of private security guards working in the Ankara Electricity, Gas and Bus Operations Organization. The secondary aim of this research is to determine the effectiveness of the training program given to private security guards within the scope of anger and stress control. The effects of training on 690 private security guards who participated in the training program were investigated. METHODS: In the first part of the study, the …validity and reliability of the Trait Anger, Anger Expression Scale and Coping with Stress Scale were investigated, and in the second part, the effectiveness of training given to 690 private security guards was examined. Also, as a comparison group, 201 private security guards who did not participate in the training were reached and the scales were applied. RESULTS: The results showed that private security guards had an inability to cope with stress and anger was triggered easily. The average treatment effect was E[Y(1) – Y(0)| X] = –0.111 and statistically significant. It shows that training had a significant effect on anger. Anger decreased when stress-coping behaviours increased and the training was effective. CONCLUSIONS: It is important that training about anger and stress control should be given to security forces at regular intervals. Show more

Keywords: Private safety service worker, physical mental pressure, in-service training, healthy work practices, stress anger management

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213611

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 917-928, 2021

Authors: Prazeres, Filipe | Passos, Lígia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Age discrimination affects older and younger workers, and prevents equal access to opportunities. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize age discrimination at work in health-related professionals, and to explore its association to demographic variables. METHODS: Exploratory cross-sectional, web-based questionnaire survey, including the Workplace Age Discrimination Scale (WADS), performed amongst 369 Portuguese health-related professionals. Participants were classified into two groups: physicians (medical doctors) and non-physicians (all other health-related professions). RESULTS: 82%of the professionals experienced age discrimination at work, non-physicians being the ones who most often experienced it (WADS 20.1 vs. 17.6). They have been …more frequently passed over for a work role, evaluated less favourably and blamed for failures or problems due to their age. CONCLUSION: Non-physicians, with less experience in the profession, and with lower quality of life may experience age discrimination more frequently. They need to be closely monitored for discrimination. A key policy priority should be to plan for age diversity teams where older and younger professionals may work together and where older can teach/mentor younger colleagues. Show more

Keywords: Ageism, workplace discrimination, health-care workers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213612

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 929-935, 2021

Authors: Brandão, Maria Piedade | Romani, Annettte Quinto | Sudzina, Frantitsek | Bo, Inger Glavind | Mikkelsen, Bent Egberg

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Appropriate body image self-perceptions provide a good help to increase the feeling of personal well-being, thus having an important impact on health. Universities, having an important role in shaping of the future workers, represent an important setting to approach health issues. OBJECTIVE: This study determined to what extent different types of students in higher education (four categories of students were created: “self-secure”, “perfect”, “destructive” and “apologetic”) are likely to adopt different health risk behaviors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study in a sample of students from five European Universities in the 2016/2017 academic year was conducted. Based …on the combination of body image perception and body mass index, four types of students were identified: “self-secure” (overweight students with a good self-esteem); “perfect” (underweight students with a good self-esteem); “destructive” (overweight students with a poor self-esteem); “apologetic” (underweight students with a poor self-esteem). RESULTS: The study reveals that the defined types of students differed in terms of risk behavior. When the control was included, the “self-secure” student type had a reduced likelihood of being on a diet (22.3%) and physically active (17.8%) than other students (p  < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this paper raise concerns about the future because the body dissatisfaction of the college student could be a big impact in long term whether at collective, personally or even professionally. Show more

Keywords: Lifestyle, self-perception, health risk behaviors, graduate education

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213613

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 937-944, 2021

Authors: Khan, Tauhid Hossain | MacEachen, Ellen | Hopwood, Pamela | Goyal, Julia

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Self-employment (SE) is a growing precarious and non-standard work arrangement internationally. Economically advanced countries that favor digital labor markets may be promoting the growth of a demographic of self-employed (SE’d) workers who are exposed to particular occupational diseases, sickness, and injury. However, little is known about how SE’d workers are supported when they are unable to work due to illness, injury, and disability. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to critically review peer-reviewed literature focusing on advanced economies to understand how SE’d workers navigate, experience, or manage their injuries and illness when unable to work. METHODS: Using …a critical interpretive lens, a systematic search was conducted of five databases. The search yielded 18 relevant articles, which were critically examined and synthesized. RESULTS: Five major themes emerged from the review: (i) conceptualizing SE; (ii) double-edged sword; (iii) dynamics of illness, injury, and disability; (iv) formal and informal health management support systems; and (v) occupational health services and rehabilitation. CONCLUSION: We find a lack of research distinguishing the work and health needs of different kinds of SE’d workers, taking into consideration class, gender, sector, and gig workers. Many articles noted poor social security system supports. Drawing on a social justice lens, we argue that SE’d workers make significant contributions to economies and are deserving of support from social security systems when ill or injured. Show more

Keywords: Precarious employment, work disability, social supports, self-employment, occupational health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213614

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 945-957, 2021

Authors: Näring, Gérard | van Scheppingen, Arjella

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Traditionally, the field of health and employment has mainly focused on preventing unhealthy work practices. Nowadays, there is increasing interest in also promoting a positive work environment. It is relevant to investigate how organizations can integrate both approaches into their work practices. We posit this could promote the sustainable employability of employees. OBJECTIVE: We explored whether a tool that monitors health and safety risks can also be used to create a positive work environment. METHODS: Almost 600 employees completed the Dutch version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ). We used regression analyses to investigate the …associations between dimensions of work and employees’ outcome (stress and sustainable employability). We also validated the Dutch version of this questionnaire by adding Sustainable employability and Vigor. RESULTS: A theory-based selection of dimensions explained 32%of the variance in Sustainable employability, whereas a set of established predictors explained 16%in Stress. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated a good fit of the COPSOQ to the hypothesized model. Reliabilities of the dimensions were satisfactory to good. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that organizations can use COPSOQ both as a tool to monitor risk, as well as a means of promoting positive work practices. Show more

Keywords: COPSOQ, psychosocial risks, work resources, sustainable employability, stress

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213615

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 959-966, 2021

Authors: Hirapara, Samruddhi | Vishal, Kavitha | Girish, N.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work ability is the physical and psychological capacity of workers to meet the demands of a job; it declines with age, and the effect is multiplied in a sedentary job. Early detection of workers at risk would help to improve their functional capacity and work efficiency. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors and develop a prediction model for low work ability among sedentary aging office workers. METHODS: In this case-control study, work ability among sedentary aging workers was evaluated using a Work Ability Questionnaire (WAQ). The worker’s age, gender, BMI, marital status, years at work, diabetes, hypertension, …diagnosed medical condition, musculoskeletal problems, medicine intake, menopause, physical activity, sedentary work behaviour and six job-related tasks were recorded. Multiple logistic regression was performed, and the odds ratio was calculated for the variables assessed. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty seven sedentary aging workers were assessed for 19 independent factors. BMI and years at work in the demographic domain, diagnosed medical condition and intake of medicine in the health-related domain and handgrip strength in the task domain were found to have a statistically significant odds ratio for poor work ability. CONCLUSIONS: The study identified factors influencing work ability among sedentary aging workers and a prediction model was developed. Show more

Keywords: Sedentary worker, work ability, work ability assessment, work ability questionnaire, occupational health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213616

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 967-972, 2021

Authors: Raeside, Claire | McQueen, Jean

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Evidence continues to build on the value of Individual Placement and Support (IPS), enabling those with long-term mental health conditions to find mainstream employment. Many of these individuals would like to work; however, unemployment for this population remains high. IPS research thus far has targeted the effectiveness of the model, with less emphasis on how individuals perceive and experience IPS and the return to work. OBJECTIVE: This study explores the barriers, enablers, meaning and personal experience of being supported to find work through IPS, for individuals with long-term mental health conditions. Findings based on lived experiences of …nine participants from two Scottish centres running IPS, should be useful to enhance and develop services. METHODS: This study involves qualitative data collection, using semi-structured interviews and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). RESULTS: Transcript analysis revealed three master themes: 1) “Working is good for me”: positive aspects to working; 2) “Rome wasn’t built in a day”: time-unlimited supported journey and 3) “My inner critic”: negative aspects to working. Participants praised IPS for the on-going practical and emotional support in overcoming self-identified occupational barriers. CONCLUSION: Paid employment was greatly associated with financial freedom, social inclusion, increased self-esteem and alleviation of depressive symptoms. Participants described the person-centred, time-unlimited approach taken by the employment specialists (ESs) or occupational therapists (OTs), as the main enabler to maintaining paid employment. Barriers, such as anxiety and work-related stress were identified, however, participants felt supported to overcome some of these negative symptoms. Show more

Keywords: Individual placement support, employment, vocational rehabilitation, long-term mental health condition, occupational therapy, employment specialist, work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213617

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 973-983, 2021

Authors: Verma, Indresh Kumar | Karmakar, Sougata

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Both professional and personal car drivers use smartphones as In-Vehicle Infotainment System (IVIS) and generally mount it wherever they feel convenient. Inappropriate or sub-optimal positioning of navigation devices increases off-road eye-glance duration and fixation frequency. OBJECTIVE: The current research aimed to develop a smartphone holding device to facilitate the mobile-phone’s easy mounting on the steering wheel’s hub, ensuring the screen’s visibility at a comfortable viewing angle in a vertical upright position irrespective of the steering wheel’s rotation. METHODS: A systematic product design methodology was adopted to develop the final product. The morphological chart was adopted …for generating the different concepts of the smartphone mounting device. A Pugh chart was used for screening the various concepts generated in the previous step. Finally, a prototype of the selected best concept was made. User acceptance was assessed by taking feedback from users, and System Usability Scale (SUS) was used for usability evaluation. RESULTS: The developed innovative mounting device was light-weight and easy to use (SUS score 83.5). The final prototype was very effective in changing the angle of the smartphone to facilitate easy visibility at a comfortable viewing angle through the use of a ball and socket mechanism at the base. A ball bearing system was used in the mobile-phone holder for maintaining vertical stationary position during steering wheel rotation. CONCLUSION: As the device is useful for mounting the smartphone on the steering wheel’s hub, it might reduce driver distraction. Show more

Keywords: Driver distraction, automobile accessories, viewing comfort, design methods, usability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213618

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 985-996, 2021

Authors: Boye, Michael W. | Cohen, Bruce S. | Canino, Maria C. | Foulis, Stephen A. | Sharp, Marilyn A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In 2013 the U.S. Army began developing physical tests to predict a recruit’s ability to perform the critical physically demanding tasks (CPDTs) of combat arms jobs not previously open to women. OBJECTIVE: To revalidate 15 CPDTs chosen by subject matter experts (SMEs) and researchers through questionnaires pertaining to task performance frequency, perceived importance, and performance expectations. METHOD: Web-administered job analysis questionnaires were completed by 2,090 soldiers. Seventy-three percent ranged between 25–38 years of age, 66%were staff sergeants or above, and 73%were in service for 7 + years. RESULTS: Overall, the nine SME-endorsed CPDTs were conducted …more frequently and rated as more important than the six tasks identified by researchers. Foot march, dragging a casualty to safety, and connecting a tow bar (vehicle transport) were identified as the combined most important, most frequently performed and highly expected CPDTs to be performed. The canonical correlation between task performance frequencies and ratings of task importance across all 15 CPDTs was 0.82 (p  < 0.001). Expectations of task completion were strongly associated with more frequent task performance (Cramer’s Vs ranged 0.22 to 0.71; all p ’s < 0.001), but not task importance (only four CPDTs at p  < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study revalidates the value of CPDTs chosen by SMEs and researchers. Soldier readiness should reflect tasks identified by incumbents as important to success (e.g., evacuating a casualty) be trained more often, whereas others classified as frequently performed, but less important (e.g., filling sandbags), be deemphasized while ensuring that standards are met. Show more

Keywords: Military effectiveness, common tasks, military tasks, physical demands, job analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213619

Citation: Work, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 997-1007, 2021