Work - Volume 69, issue 3

Authors: Johansson, Malin K. | Rissanen, Ritva

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To provide a review of current knowledge about interventions aimed to facilitate young adults to return to work following work-related injuries. METHODS: A systematic review of published literature from the year 2010 and onwards was conducted to identify studies examining return to work interventions for young adults (aged 19–29) following work-related injuries using PubMed and Web of Science. Two reviewers conducted the screening process and assessed the study quality using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute assessment tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional studies. Due to wide heterogeneity and small number of studies retained post-screening, a …descriptive summary analysis of the included studies was conducted. RESULTS: No studies were identified that focused exclusively on interventions for young adults. However, two studies, in which an age category of young adults was available, were included and assessed for quality. The study populations were primarily suffering from work-related injuries in the lower back or lower limbs. Both studies revealed that return to work interventions using a case manager coordinating and providing consultation, advice, and risk management to multidisciplinary teams was associated with lower sick leave days. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the emerging evidence that young adults have higher rates of work-related injuries compared to older colleagues, information concerning work-related injuries and return to work interventions specifically targeting young workers is still lacking. Further research is therefore needed to develop and evaluate return to work interventions for the population of young adults. Show more

Keywords: Occupational accident, occupational injuries, rehabilitation, return to work, young adult

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205028

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 795-806, 2021

Authors: Ayhan, Cihan | Işık, Özkan | Kaçay, Zülbiye

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Physical activity is very important for a healthy life in the human existence, and regular physical activity and high attitudes towards physical activity can contribute to higher levels of life satisfaction of individuals. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between university students’ attitudes towards physical activity and their life satisfaction levels. METHODS: In the study, the Cognitive Behavioral Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to measure the participants’ attitudes towards physical activity. In order to measure the participants’ life satisfaction levels, The Satisfaction with Life Scale was used. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t -test, …one-way ANOVA, pearson correlation analysis, and regression analysis were used in the analysis of the obtained data. RESULTS: According to gender, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference both in the result expectation and self-regulation sub-dimensions of physical activity attitude and the total score of physical activity attitude. When the correlation analysis results were analyzed, the statistically significant positive relationship between life satisfaction and outcome expectation, self-regulation sub-dimensions of physical activity attitude, and the total score of physical activity attitude was determined. Also, it was found that the attitude towards physical activity explained approximately 6%of life satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: It was determined that as the attitudes of the participants towards physical activity increased, their life satisfaction increased. Show more

Keywords: Physical activity, healthy life, subjective well-being, leisure benefits

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213513

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 807-813, 2021

Authors: Ilić Krstić, Ivana | Avramović, Danijela | Živković, Snežana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Mining, especially underground coal mining, has always been a hazardous occupation. Injuries, including those that are fatal, are a major occupational risk that all miners have to face. OBJECTIVE: Despite the fact that all workers are aware of the risks, efforts must be made to increase their safety through the implementation of preventive measures. METHODS: This retrospective study includes injury data from all nine Serbian coal mines over a 16-year period, from 2000 to 2016. All injury data were collected from employee safety and health records. RESULTS: In the analyzed period, a total …of 9,273 occupational injuries were recorded at Resavica. The highest number of occupational injuries (over 600) were recorded in 2008 (669), 2004 (651), and 2005 (603). The data shows that almost one fifth of the total number of occupational injuries, or 20.74%, occurred during the said three years. On average, 493.06 minor, 51.12 severe, and 1.29 fatal injuries occurred each year. Every day there were 1.29 minor occupational injuries and every seven days there was one severe injury. CONCLUSIONS: Despite indications that there is a connection between some of the variables and the number of injuries, the general conclusion is that injuries are accidental and unpredictable. The high percentages of injuries are due to the organization of work and the age or qualification structure of the staff and, of course, are the consequence of likelihood –the greater the number of workers, the greater the likelihood of injury. However, the present study showed that some measures can be taken to increase occupational safety and reduce the number of injuries. Show more

Keywords: Occupational injuries, occupational safety and health, underground mining, coal mining

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213514

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 815-825, 2021

Authors: van Hees, Suzanne G.M. | Carlier, Bouwine E. | Blonk, Roland W.B. | Oomens, Shirley

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work participation among employees with common mental disorders (CMDs) is an increasingly important, yet highly complex phenomenon. Given the call for preventing instead of reacting to negative work outcomes, there is a need to understand how employees with CMDs can continue working. OBJECTIVES: 1) to provide insights in applying a realist approach to the literature review process and 2) to present a way to develop an explanatory framework on work participation, the related causal mechanisms and the interaction with the work context. METHODS: A systematic realist literature review, using stay at work (SAW) and work …performance (WP) as outcomes of work participation. This protocol paper explains the rationale, tools and procedures developed and used for identification, selection, appraisal and synthesis of included studies. RESULTS: The review process entailed six steps to develop so called ‘middle range program theories’. Each step followed a systematic, iterative procedure using context-mechanism-outcome (CMO) configurations. CONCLUSIONS: Conducting a realist review adds on the understanding to promote work participation, by examining the heterogeneity and complexity of intervention- and observational studies. This paper facilitates other researchers within the field of occupational health by demonstrating ways to develop a framework on work participation using realist synthesis. Show more

Keywords: Realist research, methodology, occupational health, mental disorders

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213515

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 827-838, 2021

Authors: Szekeres, Mike | Cheung, Derek | Macdermid, Joy

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: It is unclear how individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) are affected by texting, or how the texting performance of those with CTS might be impaired or different from individuals without CTS. OBJECTIVE: The primary purpose of this case-control study was to determine the immediate effects of texting on superficial blood flow, sensory threshold, and symptoms of fatigue, numbness, and pain for individuals with CTS compared to asymptomatic age-matched controls. Another objective was to detect differences in texting performance between the two groups. METHODS: Superficial blood flow, pain, fatigue, numbness, and touch threshold were measured …before, and at three time points following a standardized 15-minute texting task. Overall texting speed was compared between groups. RESULTS: Changes in red blood cell concentration after the texting task was not significantly different for either the CTS group or controls for any of the measurement time points. Mean touch thresholds at baseline were 4.0 g/mm2 for the CTS group versus 2.6 g/mm2 for healthy controls; a 53%greater touch threshold. Following the texting task, touch threshold did not change for normal controls, but increased to 6.7 g/mm2 for the CTS group, representing a significant increase in touch threshold from baseline. Texting performance was compromised in people with CTS, and symptoms worsened with a short-term controlled texting task. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that texting performance is limited in individuals with CTS and that texting results in a short term increase in touch threshold values for individuals with CTS. Further study is needed to determine the effect of long term texting on carpal tunnel pressures. Show more

Keywords: Repetitive strain, typing, sensation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213516

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 839-846, 2021

Authors: Cunha, Liliana | Barros, Carla | Baylina, Pilar | Silva, Daniel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The deployment of automated vehicles is causing transport systems to undergo a transition period. Notwithstanding such technology advancements, the work activity in road transport remains severe in terms of working conditions, given an ever-increasing work intensification scenario. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the drivers’ point of view over factors that determine the intensification of their work, to take preventive measures for future working conditions with automated vehicles. METHODS: A sample of 336 Portuguese professional drivers answered the Health and Work Survey. RESULTS: Work at an intense pace (70.6%) or working beyond the assigned timetable (68.5%) …were reported as conditions that may induce work intensification. The need to follow production norms/meet strict deadlines or feeling exploited at work doubles the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. Moreover, dealing with tense situations with the public, exposure to constant interruptions, and once again feeling exploited at work, are risk factors that increase, at least, four times as much the perception of generalized discouragement, anxiety, or irritability. CONCLUSIONS: The recommendations that emerge from our findings aim at ensuring that automation does not end up becoming a new source of work intensification. Show more

Keywords: Road transport workers, work-related risks, health problems, automated vehicles, sustainability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213517

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 847-857, 2021

Authors: Augner, Christoph

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent research deals with the effects of employment/self-employment of elderly on mental and physical health. However, the rising group of “old-old”, aged 75 and above, is almost missing in this research. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze psychological well-being, cognitive abilities and physical health of employed/self-employed and retired Europeans aged 75 and above (“old-old”). METHODS: We used data recently collected by Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Our final sample consisted of N = 9,884, 57.69%were female. Employed or self-employed (vs. retired) rate was 30.20%for male and 28.88%for female. Mean age of the sample …was 81.07 (SD = 4.90). RESULTS: Employed/self-employed “old-old” showed significant better psychological well-being, cognitive abilities and physical health than their retired counterparts. Age of the groups did not differ. Further analysis indicated the close connection between physical health (i.e. chronic diseases, negative self-perceived health, physical inactivity and ADL number of limitations) and employment/self-employment status. CONCLUSIONS: Against the background of continuity theory of ageing future research has to focus on the growing group of “old-old” still working. Show more

Keywords: Active ageing, employment, health status, psychiatry, cognition

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213518

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 859-864, 2021

Authors: AL-Oulabi, Ayman | AL Rawas, Matheel | Farook, Taseef Hasan | Rashid, Farah | Barman, Aparna | Jamayet, Nafij Bin | Alam, Mohammad Khursheed

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Two patients received ocular injuries from rusted metallic projectiles at their industrial workplaces. Said injuries resulted in the loss of their eyes by evisceration surgeries to prevent fatal infections. CASE DESCRIPTION: The first case, a man in his twenties, received a stock conformer immediately after surgery and started prosthetic therapy within 2 months. The second case, a man in his forties, started prosthetic therapy after 10 years. Definitive custom ocular prostheses were fabricated and relined according to conventional protocol. RESULTS: On issue of the prosthesis, there was adequate retention, aesthetics and stability to extra-ocular movements …and treatment was considered successful for both cases. However, follow-ups showed noticeable prosthetic eye movements for case 1 which, to some extent mimicked the physiologic movement of its fellow natural eye. Case 1 adjusted to his prosthesis better while case 2 was still adjusting with little to no physiologic movement. CONCLUSION: Prosthetic rehabilitation should be started as early as possible to obtain optimum rehabilitative results. Show more

Keywords: Evisceration, ocular prosthesis, maxillofacial defect, ophthalmic, adaptation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213519

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 865-870, 2021

Authors: Schröder, Nora | Kordsmeyer, Ann-Christin | Harth, Volker | Mache, Stefanie

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The increasing globalization and the advances in communication technology have expedited the formation of virtual teams. The geographical distribution of virtual team members entails significant changes in working conditions. There is limited knowledge about the demands and resources virtual team members experience and how these can affect their mental health. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to identify work-related psychological demands and resources of virtual team members. METHODS: 14 semi-structured interviews with virtual team members were conducted. Study participants were recruited based on the gatekeeper principle and the snowball principle. The interviewees were asked …about self-perceived job demands and resources of virtual teamwork. The interviews were analyzed according to Mayring’s structuring content analysis. RESULTS: Based on the qualitative analysis, the following job demands were explored among virtual team members: challenges due to permanent availability, technical conditions, and communication issues with other virtual team members. Job-related resources among virtual team members were also identified and are reflected in increased autonomy, flexibility and improved compatibility of private and professional working life. CONCLUSION: This study contributes to the understanding of the specific working conditions of virtual team members and identified job demands and resources of virtual teamwork. In addition, this study can be used as a basis for further quantitative investigations. Show more

Keywords: Distributed work, work stressors, geographic dispersion, electronic dependence

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213520

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 871-884, 2021

Authors: Dev, Manish | Bhardwaj, Arvind

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Welding is one of the most hazardous professions across the globe. Several risk factors are associated with Indian unorganized welding units such as welding gases, fumes and dust particles resulting in various respiratory health problems. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study is to examine the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, their associated factors and lung function impairment amongst the welders of the unorganized sector in India. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted across 283 welders of age group 18–55 years from Punjab, India who responded to the interviewer-administrated respiratory symptoms questionnaire. Also, the lung function …parameters of 50 male welders (exposed group) and 50 male non-welders (control group) working in the same environment were evaluated. RESULTS: The prevalence of respiratory symptoms such as chronic cough (38.86%), phlegm (38.86%), shortness of breath (33.56%), wheezing (32.15%), chest tightness (36.40%,) and sputum (34.27%) was reported by the welders. The observed mean values of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1 ) and FEV1 /FVC ratio of welders were (3.37±0.175), (2.59±0.16) and (76.63±6.16) respectively and that of non-welders were (3.70±0.15), (3.05±0.25) and (82.49±7.62) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The welders were found to be at significant risk of developing pulmonary diseases. Long working hours, low level of education, hazardous working conditions, lack of implementation of safety laws make welders more vulnerable to health risks. The welders of Indian unorganized sector work without any technical training related to welding and safety. Proper orientation sessions about the workplace hazards and to maintain hygiene at their workplace should be organized. Welders must be provided with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Welders should take proper health check-up and medication to sustain healthiness Show more

Keywords: Welding hazards, respiratory health, lung function parameters and personal protective equipment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213521

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 885-894, 2021

Authors: Pahlplatz, T.M.J. | Schafroth, M.U. | Krijger, C. | Hylkema, T.H. | van Dijk, C.N. | Frings-Dresen, M.H.W. | Kuijer, P.P.F.M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Return to work (RTW) is an important outcome in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA). At present, 70–80%of TKA patients return to work within three to six months. OBJECTIVE: What are patients’ perspectives regarding beneficial and limiting factors in RTW after TKA? METHODS: Focus groups were formed in accordance with the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) checklist. Three major topics were explored: 1. What was beneficial for RTW after TKA; 2. What was limiting for RTW after TKA; and 3. What additional care would benefit RTW after TKA? RESULTS: Data saturation was reached …after four focus groups, comprising 17 participants—nine men and eight women (median age 58, range 52–65). The focus group study identified four main themes that contributed to a successful RTW namely rehabilitation (medical) like post-operative physical therapy, patient characteristics (personal), like motivation to RTW, occupational characteristics (work-related) like build-up in work tasks and medical support (medical) like availability of a walker or crutches. CONCLUSION: According to participants, factors within the following four themes can contribute to a successful return to work: occupational, patient, rehabilitation and medical care. Incorporating these factors into the integrated care pathway for the “young” TKA patients may increase the chances of a successful RTW. Show more

Keywords: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA), return to work (RTW), employment, patient preferences

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213522

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 895-902, 2021

Authors: Viljoen, Margaretha | Thomas (neé Negrao), Bianca Lee

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Psychosocial and physical stressors can elicit the stress response, co-ordinated by interactions between neuroendocrine and inflammatory processes. The central role of the immune system, specifically low-grade systemic inflammation, is sometimes overlooked in work-related stress research. OBJECTIVE: To review evidence that work-related psychosocial and physical stressors can stimulate a low-grade systemic inflammation which, through interactions with the neurohormonal systems, may impact on the well-being and productivity of workers. METHODS: Literature searches were performed by databases and by hand. Databases used included Interface - EBSCOhost Research Databases; PsycINFO; Academic Search Complete; Africa-Wide Information; CINAHL; E-Journals; MEDLINE and …PsycARTICLES. RESULTS: Psychosocial stressors, infections, poor indoor air quality, musculoskeletal injuries and chemicals can stimulate a low-grade systemic inflammation that may adversely affect workers’ mental and physical health, as well as productivity. The psychological and physical effects caused by infection-induced inflammation are generally referred to as sickness behaviour and those caused by poor indoor air quality as sick building syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Stressor-induced low-grade systemic inflammation can be a causal factor in the physical and behavioural symptoms of work-related stress. It is therefore important that those involved with the health of workers be cognisant of inappropriate or chronic low-grade inflammation as a potential health hazard. Show more

Keywords: Inflammatory, psychosocial stress, sickness behaviour, sick building syndrome, musculoskeletal injury, multiple chemical sensitivity

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213523

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 903-915, 2021

Authors: Kadri Filho, Fauzi El | São-João, Tha&ıs Moreira | Alexandre, Neusa Maria Costa | de Lucca, Sergio Roberto | Gallasch, Cristiane Helena | Rodrigues, Roberta Cunha Matheus | Cornélio, Marilia Estevam

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The implementation of the electronic judicial process (PJe) in recent years is associated with an increase in workload and stricter control through productivity targets in the Brazilian labor judiciary. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relations between musculoskeletal symptoms, psychosocial factors and work ability in civil servants of a labor justice body in the context of the PJe. METHODS: A cross-sectional exploratory study with a quantitative approach involving 449 workers. Sociodemographic, occupational and related data were collected through questionnaires validated in the Brazilian context. Data analysis was conducted by descriptive and inferential statistics: Mann-Whitney test, Spearman’s correlation …coefficient and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: There was a correlation between musculoskeletal symptoms and psychosocial factors (p  < 0.05), as well as between both musculoskeletal symptoms and psychosocial factors with reduced work ability (p  < 0.05). The multiple linear regression model pointed to the female gender and the dimensions “demands”, “control” and “peer support” as related to the musculoskeletal symptoms. CONCLUSION: We highlight the importance of a broader approach, involving psychosocial factors in preventive actions related to musculoskeletal disorders considering the important relationship with work ability. Show more

Keywords: Occupational health, musculoskeletal pain, occupational stress, work performance

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213524

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 917-926, 2021

Authors: Mirpuri, Sheena | Traub, Kathryn | Romero, Sara | Hernandez, Marisol | Gany, Francesca

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Taxi/for-hire vehicle (FHV) drivers are a predominantly immigrant, male, and growing population in large, metropolitan cities in the U.S. at risk for cardiovascular conditions. OBJECTIVE: This review sought to systematically investigate the literature given mounting evidence of poor taxi/FHV driver health. METHODS: A systematic search of peer-reviewed journal articles that included a range of cardiovascular risks and conditions among taxi/FHV drivers in the U.S. was conducted. RESULTS: 8800 journal articles were initially found. 14 eligible articles were included: 3 mixed methods articles, 1 qualitative article, and 10 quantitative articles. Articles spanned 13 cardiovascular risks …and conditions, including tobacco, nutrition, physical activity, stress, depression, body mass index/waist circumference, cholesterol, blood glucose/diabetes, air pollution, sleep, blood pressure/hypertension, heart disease, and stroke. The majority of studies were cross-sectional and utilized convenience samples. CONCLUSIONS: Rigorous and high quality research is needed to further investigate rates of cardiovascular health in this population. The complexity of data collection in this group presents challenges to this endeavor. The high prevalence of poor nutrition, limited physical activity, diabetes, and blood pressure across studies indicates an urgent need to address low rates of health care access at a policy level and to design targeted workplace interventions. Show more

Keywords: Tobacco, physical activity, stress, BMI, hypertension

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213525

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 927-944, 2021

Authors: Ko, Dong Hwan | Park, Myoung Hwan | Jeong, Byung Yong

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Educational support staff (educational staff) in schools perform widely distinctive activities according to their occupation and work process. OBJECTIVE: This study analyzes the possible incidents for each occupation and work process, and suggests a risk matrix prioritizing the risks of educational staff’s work. METHODS: A total of 1,566 injuries of educational staff, registered for occupational injuries and illnesses between 2015 and 2016, were used to develop the risk matrix considering injuries, sick leave days, and disabilities. RESULTS: Among the 1,566 injuries, ‘Cook-cooking/serving: Burn’ (8.5%) was the most frequent incident. ‘Cook-manual materials handling (MMH): …musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)’ (241.6 sick leave days) was the most severe incident, and the number of disabilities was high in the forms of ‘Cook-cooking/serving: MSDs.’ According to risk assessment results, possible incidents predicted as ‘High’ level of risk management were in the forms of ‘Cook-cooking/serving: MSDs,’ ‘Cook-MMH: Slip and trip,’ ‘Cook-cleaning/repairing: Fall from a height,’ ‘Cook-walking: Slip and trip,’ ‘Cook-MMH: MSDs,’ ‘Cook-cooking/serving: Burn,’ ‘Cook-cleaning/repairing: Slip and trip,’ ‘Custodian-cleaning/repairing: Fall from a height,’ and ‘Instructor-walking: Slip and trip.’ CONCLUSIONS: The results can be used to develop an effective injury prevention policy, and to allocate resources for risk management in ensuring school safety. Show more

Keywords: Occupational injury, accident analysis, school safety, safety management, risk matrix

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213526

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 945-955, 2021

Authors: Zamorano González, Benito | Peña Cárdenas, Fabiola | Pinto-Cortez, Cristián | Narváez, Yolanda Velázquez | Martínez, José Ignacio Vargas | Ramos, Luc&a Ruíz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The constant changes in the global economy generate instability in the markets, favoring the closing of companies, dismissals of personnel, job losses. Unemployment has been associated with adverse psychological effects, serving as a predictor of poor mental health. OBJECTIVE: The main goal was to analyze the relation between work status and mental health. METHODS: A cross-sectional, quantitative study was carried out with a sample of community population, inhabitants of the urban area of a Mexican city. The sample consisted of 1351 participants, being 577 men (43%) and 774 women (57%) with an average age of …41.46 (SD = 17.00). The participants were selected by a quota sampling, in 13 representative points of Matamoros’ city urban area. Home surveys were applied; the Spanish version of the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) was used for mental health assessment. RESULTS: The model explaining the relation between work status and mental health (GFI) was significant (p  < 0.01). Unemployment was related to higher scores in all sub-scales of psychopathologies evaluated by the SCL-90, in comparison with the rest of work status categories. CONCLUSIONS: The unemployed, followed by housewives, presented indicators of poorer mental health, while the retired and those in strikes or lockouts showed the best mental health indexes. Show more

Keywords: Work status, mexican, SCL-90, psychopathology, non-clinical, economical crisis, latin america

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213527

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 957-967, 2021

Authors: Ibikunle, Peter. O. | Rhoda, Anthea | Smith, Mario

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Return to work (RTW) after injury or illness is a behavior influenced by physical, psychological and social factors. This study aims to determine the structural validity and reliability of a return to work assessment scale using internal consistency and factor analysis. METHOD: A cross sectional survey research design was adopted for this study involving 101 Post stroke survivors. The return to work assessment scale, which was developed by Ibikunle et al. in 2019, was subjected to structural validity and reliability. RESULT: The results reveal that 58 (57.4%) were males and 43 (42.2%) females with mean …ages of 53.88±10.68 years. Internal consistency was high with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.81 for Domain 1, 0.93 for Domain 2 and 0.76 for Domain 3.Test-retest reliability analysis gave an ICC of 0.85(p  = 0.001) for Domain 1, Domain 2 an ICC of 0.91 (p  = 0.001) and Domain 3 an ICC of 0.99 (p  = 0.001). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (KMO) value for Domain 1 was X2  = 0.63 and that of Bartlett’s test of sphericity value was significant (P  = 0.000), Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy for Domain 2 was 0.84 and the Bartlett’s test of sphericity value was significant (P  = 0.000), the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy for Domain 3 was 0.66 while the Barlett’s test of sphericity was significant (p  = 0.001). Therefore the factor analysis was appropriate. CONCLUSION: The return to work assessment scale is a good, internally consistent and reliable tool that has demonstrated good group and structural validity. Show more

Keywords: Disability, psychometrics, screeplot, cerebrovascular accident

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213528

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 969-979, 2021

Authors: McElhiney, Martin C. | Rabkin, Judith G. | Wainberg, Milton L. | Finkel, Madeline R. | Scodes, Jennifer

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite improved health and during a strong job market (pre-COVID-19), a substantial proportion of HIV+ adults remained unemployed. This study sought to provide time-limited counseling to promote employment goals. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether behavioral activation (BA) or supportive counseling (SC), would be more effective in promoting vocational goals (full or part-time, paid or volunteer). METHODS: The study included two groups: those with clinically significant fatigue, who were first treated with armodafinil. Once their fatigue diminished, they were enrolled in the counseling program. Those without fatigue were enrolled directly. Both BA and SC interventions were manualized, …consisting of eight individual sessions plus a follow-up. RESULTS: 116 participants entered counseling, including 87 assigned to BA and 29 to SC. Of these, 79 completed counseling or found a job by session eight. By follow-up, 51%of BA versus 41%of SC participants had found jobs, a non-significant difference either clinically or statistically. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple issues contributed to difficulty in employment, including gaps in resumes, loss of contact with former colleagues, and uncertainty about career direction. Ongoing barriers included substance use, housing instability, ambivalence about forfeiting government benefits, as well as inadequately treated depression. Success in employment for about half of participants is, in this context, a reasonable outcome. Show more

Keywords: Return to work, behavioral activation, HIV/AIDS

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213529

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 981-995, 2021

Authors: Jeong, Byung Yong

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The shipbuilding industry has various risks such as slipping, falling, mechanical, chemical, and confined space work. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to compare the characteristics of the occupational accidents between novice and skilled workers in the shipbuilding industry and to analyze factors affecting death and disability accidents. METHODS: From the national work-related compensation data of South Korea, an experimental design was established to analyze a population of occupational injuries related to workers working in the shipbuilding industry. This study compares accident characteristics of 2,069 injuries registered as work-related accidents. Also, logistic regression analysis …is performed to identify the factors affecting death and disability accidents. RESULTS: The prevalence of occupational accidents caused by novices was high in older workers, female workers, foreign workers, irregular workers, or companies with less than 100 employees. The proportion of source of accident by novices was high in ‘manhole,’‘ladder,’ and ‘scaffold,’ while the prevalence of accident type was high in ‘fall,’ ‘cut/bruise,’ and ‘struck by.’ According to logistic regression analysis, if the face was injured, the possibility of being death or disability was higher than that of other parts of the body. Also, if the rupture caused the injury, the possibility of being death or disability was higher than the different types of injury. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study are expected to be useful as basic data for the prevention of accidents of novice and death/disabilities in the shipbuilding industry. Show more

Keywords: Shipyard work, work experience, work-related injury, logistic regression analysis, injury prevention

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213530

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 997-1005, 2021

Authors: Karani, Anushree | Jayswal, Mitesh

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Information Technology and Information Technology Enabled Services (IT and ITES) industry has been the backbone of the Indian economy. The sector is characterized by long working hours, strict deadlines, night shift, constant usage of computers, etc. Hence, the industry and nature of the job are influencing the psychological risk factors of the employees. PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to explore the psychological risk factors (job stressors) of technocrat millennials and critically analyze them from the socio-demographic perspective. METHODS: A single cross-sectional study with snowball sampling was collected from 300 technocrat millennials in …Ahmedabad city (India). Job stressors are examined as psychological risk factors. MANOVA and independent-sample t -test has been put to use for establishing the relationship between psychological risk factors and socio-demographic variables. RESULTS: The study highlighted that the experience, current position, size of family, number of children, gender, and family type had an impact on psychological risk factors of technocrat millennials. CONCLUSIONS: The study contributes to the literature on the psychological risk factors and its association with demographic variables, and specifically in Ahmedabad city (India). Income did not have an impact on psychological risk factor; whereas education was the only demographic variable affecting the responsibility for persons. The experience influenced the role overload, role ambiguity, poor peer relations, and intrinsic impoverishment. The study explained each socio-demographic variable’s impact on 12 psychological risk factors separately. The result of the paper will give insight to HR managers in the recruitment and selection of employees. Show more

Keywords: Information technology & information technology enabled services industry, stressors, Indian context, descriptive research

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213531

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 1007-1017, 2021

Authors: Skelly, Donna L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Computer workstation use is a risk factor for the development of musculoskeletal disorders. Governmental guidelines have been developed as a resource for workstation set-up to minimize this risk. The degree of worksite compliance with guidelines has not been examined. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine workstations using the VDT Workstation Checklist to determine compliance, and potential modifications. METHODS: Subjects were recruited from a variety of work settings in Erie, PA. Workstations were assessed with the worker present, using the VDT Workstation Checklist. Adjustments and recommendations were made as appropriate. RESULTS: …Of the 60 workstations examined, 48%did not receive a passing score. All but one were correctable to an acceptable level with minimal low-cost modifications. The recommendation for wrist rests (43%), changes in monitor height (30%) or position (27%) and reposition of the keyboard (13.3%) and mouse (13.3%) were the most frequent modifications. Ten (16.7%) workstations did not require modification. CONCLUSIONS: Almost half of workstations reviewed were not in compliance with current guidelines, however almost all (98%) could be brought into compliance with simple modifications. Office workers need guidance in setting up workspace and adjusting ergonomic equipment to provide comfortable and safe work settings and minimize musculoskeletal symptoms. Show more

Keywords: Observational assessment, VDT workstation checklist, musculoskeletal disorders

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213532

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 1019-1026, 2021

Authors: Armenta-Hernández, Oziely Daniela | Maldonado-Macías, Aidé Aracely | Baez-Lopez, Yolanda Angélica | Realyvásquez-Vargas, Arturo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: This research work establishes the relationship between job strain and being overweight among Mexican managers. Recently in Mexico, there has been a sharp increase in work-related diseases and mental health disorders. Furthermore, evidence shows that Mexicans rank top among employees who suffer from stress, yet research on the impact of job strain on the phenomena of obesity and being overweight among such vulnerable job positions in the industrial field is scarce. METHODS: The sample included 170 overweight middle and senior managers from six companies in the Mexican Manufacturing Industry. Cedillo’s Spanish version of the Job Content Questionnaire …by Karasek was used, and the Body Mass Index (BMI) was used to characterize an overweight condition. Structural Equations Modelling studied the relationships among variables. RESULTS: Even though, the model shows a power of explanation of 6%(R2  = 0.06), the variable showing the greatest direct effect on the overweight variable is social support, with 21%(p  < 0.01, β= –0.21). Regarding the total effects, only two of the four variables studied contributed directly to the overweight variation: the social support variable and the job demand variable. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the model hold a relatively low explanatory power; however, they do show a relationship between the studied variables. Also, the importance of the supervisor and co-workers’ support should be considered when developing organizational strategies for the prevention of work stress and an overweight condition. Show more

Keywords: Work stress, obesity, body mass index, white-collar positions

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213533

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 1027-1040, 2021

Authors: Roll, Shawn C. | Hardison, Mark E. | Forrest, Jane L. | Colclazier, Nikki L. | Sumi, Joyce Y. | Baker, Nancy A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are prevalent in dental hygienists. Although engineering controls and ergonomic training is available, it is unclear why this intransigent problem continues. One possible barrier is that a comprehensive, standardized protocol for evaluating dental hygiene work does not exist. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to generate a valid and reliable observational protocol for the assessment of dental hygiene work. METHODS: An iterative process was used to establish and refine an ecologically valid video acquisition and observation protocol to assess key activities, tasks, and performance components of dental hygiene work. RESULTS: Good inter-rater …reliability was achieved across all variables when the final coding scheme was completed by three independent raters. CONCLUSIONS: This work provides an exemplar of the process required to generate a comprehensive protocol for evaluating the work components of a particular job, and provides standardized nomenclature for use by scientists and practitioners interested in understanding and addressing the pervasive issue of work-related disorders in dental hygienists. Show more

Keywords: Dental hygienists, research protocol, clinical, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213534

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 1041-1052, 2021

Authors: Lexén, Annika | Emmelin, Maria | Hansson, Lars | Svensson, Bengt | Porter, Susann | Bejerholm, Ulrika

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Lack of mental health literacy among rehabilitation professionals and employers in the return-to-work of persons with mental health problems resulted in the development of a three-day group training program, the Support to Employers from rehabilitation Actors about Mental health (SEAM) intervention. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of SEAM on rehabilitation professionals’ knowledge and beliefs, attitudes, and supporting behaviors towards people with mental health problems and employers as part of the return-to-work process. METHODS: In this longitudinal study, 94 rehabilitation professionals were included. Data were collected prior to (T1), immediately after (T2) and 6 months after …SEAM training (T3) using knowledge and attitude scales and a questionnaire on supporting behaviors. SEAM includes training in Mental Health First Aid, presentations and discussions on current research on work and mental health, and strategies and communication guidelines to use when meeting service users and employers as part of the return-to-work of persons with mental health problems. SEAM also includes a homepage with targeted employer information. Data were analyzed using non-parametric statistics. RESULTS: SEAM significantly increased rehabilitation professionals’ knowledge of mental health (T1-T2: z  = –2.037, p  = 0.042; T2-T3: z  = –5.093, p  = 0.001), and improved their attitudes towards persons with mental health problems (T1-T2: z  = 4.984, p  = 0.001). Professionals (50–60%) also estimated that they had increased their use of supporting strategies towards service users and employers. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that SEAM can increase mental health literacy among rehabilitation professionals and lead to a greater focus on service users’ resources and work ability, as well as on employers’ support needs. Show more

Keywords: Vocational rehabilitation, occupational health, mental illness, occupational therapy, Mental Health First Aid

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213535

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 1053-1061, 2021

Authors: Lyhne, Cecilie N. | Nielsen, Claus V. | Kristiansen, Sanne T. | Bjerrum, Merete B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work participation among employees with depression is hampered due to cognitive impairments. Although studies show higher levels of work disability among people with a lower education, highly educated employees may encounter specific challenges in fulfilling their work role due to the cognitive impairments of depression, as they often perform cognitively demanding jobs. There is little knowledge about their challenges and opportunities with regard to work participation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate how highly educated employees with depression manage work participation by focusing on their views on opportunities and challenges in fulfilling their work role. METHODS: Eight individual …interviews with highly educated employees with depression were conducted. Transcripts were analysed using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: The analysis revealed four categories: struggling with acknowledging depression and disclosure ; fear of being stigmatised at work ; work is a motivator in life ; and striving to fulfil the work role at the expense of private life activities . CONCLUSIONS: Highly educated employees with depression need guidance regarding the disclosure of information about health issues and work ability. To successfully manage their work role, they need a clear plan with outlined tasks, demands and goals. Healthcare professionals and workplaces should support them in setting limits with regard to work tasks and working hours. Show more

Keywords: Mental disorders, vocational rehabilitation, disclosure, qualitative interview, qualitative content analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213536

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 1063-1073, 2021

Authors: Finkelstein, Claudia | Ordway, Anne | Johnson, Kurt L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Burnout is widely regarded as a syndrome resulting from chronic occupational stress. While physician burnout has been the subject of extensive research, physician wellness has been proposed as an alternative framework for understanding physician distress. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand the organizational context of faculty wellness within an academic health care system. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 chairs of clinical and non-clinical departments in a US university school of medicine. RESULTS: Chairs described several system-level factors perceived to interfere with faculty wellness such as a stricter …regulatory environment, the loss of professional autonomy, the up or out promotion system, limitless hours, and the rise of shadow work. While all chairs articulated some degree of responsibility for the wellness of their faculty, some said they lacked the skills or knowledge of resources to fully engage in this role. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study are consistent with recent research on physician burnout, which has pivoted from describing burnout as an individual responsibility to including the professional, organizational, and societal factors which likely contribute to physician job satisfaction and well-being. As health care organizations, including academic medical centers, move toward systems-based solutions for physician occupational health, it will be incumbent upon organizational leaders to make administrative decisions favoring physician wellness. Show more

Keywords: Physician burnout, occupational stress, organizational change, culture of wellness

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213537

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 1075-1081, 2021

Authors: Rombaut, Evy | Guerry, Marie-Anne

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a growing interest in HR-analytics because of its ability to analyze employee behavior based on HR data. Predicting voluntary turnover of employees is an important topic of study, both in academia and industry. OBJECTIVE: The current study analyzes determinants for turnover, distinguishing between blue and white collar workers. The turnover analyses are based on a dataset from a payroll company, in contrary to previous turnover studies that used survey and interview data. METHODS: The studied dataset contains demographic and work specific factors for more than 380000 employees in 15692 Belgian corporations. Logistic regression …is used to estimate individual turnover probabilities, the goodness of the model is tested with the AUC method. RESULTS: The study confirms turnover determinants and differences between blue and white collar workers that were described in previous work based on survey and interview data. Additionally, the study exposes so far unstudied turnover determinants and differences between blue and white collar workers. Confirmed determinants are among others age, seniority, pay and work distance. New determinants are company car, meal vouchers, night work and sickness. Different relationships to turnover are revealed for blue and white collar workers based on gender, number of children, nationality and pay. CONCLUSIONS: The presented dataset-based approach has its merit in analyzing turnover: it enables to study actual turnover instead of turnover intentions, and reveals new turnover determinants and differences between blue and white collar workers. Show more

Keywords: Voluntary turnover, HR-analytics, blue and white collar workers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213538

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 1083-1101, 2021

Authors: Kahya, Emin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The number of studies investigating the relationship between office employees and the development of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) is limited. Only a few focused on assessing workplace ergonomics of office employees. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the risk of MSDs and associated factors in the office workplaces of a large-size manufacturing company. METHODS: Data were gathered from 208 office employees from a manufacturing company via Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA) and Cornell questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed to examine the relationship between ergonomic risk levels and MSDs reported by the office staff. …RESULTS: The mean ROSA final score is 3.52 (std. dev. = 0.71), chair section is 3.30, monitor and telephone section is 2.18, and mouse and keyboard section is 2.69. Thirty-nine of 208 (18.8%) office workplaces are at risk. The most important factor to raise the risk level is found to be the height and depth of the chair. The Cornell questionnaire results highlight that the highest discomfort severity is related to the neck (32.26%), lower back (23.23%) and upper back (22.26%). The discomforts in the neck (r  = 0.362), upper back (r  = 0.404) and lower back (r  = 0.368) are moderately and positively correlated according to the final ROSA score. The results indicate that the highest risked departments are Accounting, Sub Industry, Production Planning, and Manufacturing Management. CONCLUSION: The parameters associated with the chair section should be considered a priority for reducing and eliminating MSDs among office employees. Show more

Keywords: Office employee, musculoskeletal disorder, rapid office strain assessment, cornell questionnaire

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213539

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 1103-1113, 2021

Authors: Widar, Linda | Wall, Erika | Svensson, Sven

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The complex position of a first line manager is characterized by heavy workload and contradictory demands. Little is known about how first line managers experience demand and control in their work. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore experiences of demand and control among first line managers within psychiatric and addiction care. METHOD: In the present study, interviews with ten managers in for-profit psychiatric and addiction care in Sweden were analyzed with a phenomenographic approach. RESULTS: The managers experiences of demand and control implied varied and extensive responsibilities for a wide …range of professions; regulation by organizational, economic, and political frameworks; creating balance in their work; and handling the emergence and consequences of acute crisis. These experiences of demand and control involved high and contradictory demands together with coexisting high and low levels of control. Many of their work characteristics could be described in terms of both demand and control. CONSLUSION: The first line managers experiences of demand and control are more complex than implied by the job demand control theory. Our results suggest that the organizational position and branch should be considered when identifying health hazards in the work environment of first line managers. Show more

Keywords: Managerial position, job strain, for-profit care, interviews, occupational health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-213540

Citation: Work, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 1115-1123, 2021