Work - Volume 51, issue 2

Authors: Mukhopadhyay, Prabir | Jhodkar, Durwesh | Kumar, Prabhat

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Bicycle repairing at Jabalpur in the Madhya Pradesh state of India employs a large number of local youths. In this sector occupational ergonomic issues of Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) are a big problem and a threat to this profession. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify the different ergonomic risk factors for Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) in the job of bicycle repairing. METHODS: Still photography and video photography was used to record different activities. Different types of non-invasive tools like Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA), Rapid Upper Limb Assessment …(RULA), and Occupational Repetitive Action Index (OCRA) were used. Psychophysical measures were investigated by rated perceived exertion scale and visual analogue scale. RESULTS: OVAKO scores (4), REBA scores (13/13), RULA scores (8/8) were extremely high, indicating immediate intervention. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the different tasks in this profession are in the high risk category and demands immediate ergonomic intervention in the form of re-design of the tools used and work station or/and the design of the work process. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, design, risk factors, injury prediction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-141852

Citation: Work, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 245-254, 2015

Authors: McPhedran, Samara

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Australia is one of the world's foremost mining nations. Over the past decade, the number of resources sector employees has risen steadily. It is increasingly suggested in lay press and popular discourse that mining industry employees (the majority of whom are men) face an elevated risk of suicide relative to the general population, and that suicide rates are higher among mining industry employees relative to other occupations. However, there has been no empirical evaluation of this proposal, which impedes the ability to develop appropriate policy responses. OBJECTIVE: This study begins to fill knowledge gaps, …by providing the first quantitative examination of suicide rates in the mining industry. METHODS: Data from the Queensland Suicide Register were used to examine suicide rates in the resources sector, relative to other sectors. RESULTS: The mining industry was found to have lower male suicide rates relative to other occupations and the working-age male population overall. CONCLUSIONS: These findings do not support the view that mining industry employment is necessarily associated with elevated suicide rates. Many factors, ranging from individual personality characteristics through to workplace policies, may contribute to this observation. Show more

Keywords: Mining, occupation, suicide

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152019

Citation: Work, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 255-260, 2015

Authors: Silvetti, Alessio | Mari, Silvia | Ranavolo, Alberto | Forzano, Federico | Iavicoli, Sergio | Conte, Carmela | Draicchio, Francesco

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: There are few epidemiological data regarding musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in retail industry. Biomechanical risk assessment in ergonomics is commonly performed in retail sector using standardized protocols. However, such protocols have numerous limitations, such as the lack of objectivity or applicability and restrictive conditions. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze one of the most commonly used shelves in vegetable and fruit departments in order to investigate the effect of different shelf levels (i.e. with variations in height and horizontal distance) and load weights on the workers' biomechanical load. METHODS: We investigated …trunk, shoulder, elbow, hip, knee and ankle joint ROMs, as well as the mean and peak EMG values of the upper limb, trunk and lower limb muscles. RESULTS: We found that shelf level has a significant effect on most of the parameters examined, whereas within this limited range of 6 and 8 kg, weight does not affect the biomechanical load. We also identified the shelf levels that place the least and most strain on the musculoskeletal system. CONCLUSIONS: We therefore recommend that the height and horizontal distance be carefully considered when shelves are being designed. Kinematic and EMG approach may help to objectively assess shelf-related risks. Our findings are in agreement with RNLE LI values and therefore support RNLE. Show more

Keywords: Retail sector, ergonomics, movement analysis, shelf levels, NIOSH protocol

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-141900

Citation: Work, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 261-271, 2015

Authors: Lima, Ronise Costa | Pinheiro, Tarcísio Márcio Magalhães | Dias, Elizabeth Costa | de Andrade, Edson Queiroz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The present study is part of a project designed to investigate the development of disorders related to the work of orchestra violinists. OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze the functional disorders of the musculoskeletal systems of violinists from the four orchestras in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. METHOD: Analyses of musculoskeletal system disorders found in violinists from orchestras in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, were completed using a variety of approaches, including Occupational Therapy, Epidemiology and the Social Science methodologies. RESULTS: Participants sustained musculoskeletal disorders despite their common sense belief that musicians are generally healthier than …other professional groups. The struggle for a better financial situation forced study participants to work harder, in a variety of work environments, increasing and diversifying their exposure to risk factors. Protective and preventive measures were scarce and in most cases these were only employed after the onset of musculoskeletal disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The use of inadequate strategies and the lack of appropriate options to deal with risk factors contributed to the maintenance of symptoms or the onset of health disorders. Show more

Keywords: Musician's health, musculoskeletal disorders, workers' health, occupational health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-141904

Citation: Work, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 273-280, 2015

Authors: Cavallo, Eugenio | Görücü, Serap | Murphy, Dennis

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: All-terrain vehicles (ATVs) are unstable on steep and rough terrain, and thus, rollover is the most common accident which can result in a high rate of fatal outcomes, with higher rates for young and male drivers. OBJECTIVE: This paper investigates the ability of rural Pennsylvania ATV drivers to correctly evaluate slopes, and the mean slope angle at which the most and least conservative drivers indicate a beginning of concern of a roll-over. METHOD: The study was conducted using a simulator, a commercial ATV firmly fixed on an hydraulically-lifted platform. As the platform was …being raised, participants were asked to report when they became uncomfortable and then when they would not drive across a slope at such an angle. The difference between the reported and the actual angles in both conditions were analyzed. RESULTS: Fifty-five individuals, mostly male and younger than 20 years, participated in riding on the simulator. Between 1/3 and 1/4 of the participants correctly estimated the angle while approximately 2/3 of participants overestimated the angles at which they felt they would be uncomfortable and they would not drive across. Participants began to feel uncomfortable at 15.9 ± 5.7 degrees and became so uncomfortable that they felt they would not drive at 22.7 ± 3.7 degrees. CONCLUSIONS: Overestimation of lateral roll angles is the most common result. This is in favor of safety when drivers are informed about a slope limit ATVs should not be operated on. Show more

Keywords: Accident, agricultural work, safety, simulator, pictorial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-141864

Citation: Work, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 281-288, 2015

Authors: Kim, Min-Hee | Yoo, Won-Gyu

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: According to a recent research, manual working with high levels of static contraction, repetitive loads, or extreme working postures involving the neck and shoulder muscles causes an increased risk of neck and shoulder musculoskeletal disorders. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of the forwardly worktable position on head and shoulder angles and shoulder muscle activity in manual material handling tasks. METHODS: The forward head and shoulder angles and the activity of upper trapezius, levator scapulae, and middle deltoid muscle activities of 15 workers were measured during performing of manual material handling in two tasks …that required different forward head and shoulder angles. RESULTS: The second manual material task required a significantly increased forward head and shoulder angle. The upper trapezius and levator scapulae muscle activity in second manual material task was increased significantly compared with first manual material task. The middle deltoid muscle activity in second manual material task was not significantly different compared with first manual material task. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this result, the forward head and shoulder angles while performing manual work need to be considered in selection of the forward distance of a worktable form the body. The high level contractions of the neck and shoulder muscles correlated with neck and shoulder pain. Therefore, the forward distance of a worktable can be an important factor in preventing neck and shoulder pain in manual material handling workers. Show more

Keywords: Manual material handling, musculoskeletal disorders, working posture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-141866

Citation: Work, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 289-292, 2015

Authors: Gastaldi, Luca | Ghezzi, Antonio | Mangiaracina, Riccardo | Rangone, Andrea | Cortimiglia, Marcelo N. | Zanatta, Mateus | Amaral, Fernando G.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: It is well known that the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are important to assist people with disability in the workplace. OBJECTIVE: In this context, this paper sheds light on the state of ICT accessibility for Italian employees with disabilities in private sector companies by mapping and critically analyzing the assistive role of ICT. METHODS: To do this, empirical evidence was drawn from a multi-methods research with middle and top managers from 97 medium and large Italian companies. Quantitative data was collected using a survey was directed at personnel identified as Human Resource …(HR) and Information System (IS) managers, followed by a qualitative study with selected firms whose aim was to understand the inner workings of assistive technology and the decision making process related to assistive technology acquisition and use. RESULTS: The main results show the role and the integration level of people with disabilities, and the presence and effectiveness of specific assistive technologies. DISCUSSION: Ways to improve the inclusion of people with disability in the workplace, as well as the use of assistive technologies are discussed. CONCLUSION: ICT could be more disseminated within companies and best used with modifications to improve usability. Show more

Keywords: Inclusion, information and communication technologies, employment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-141868

Citation: Work, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 293-300, 2015

Authors: Chang, Feng-Hang

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Understanding individual experiences is crucial for consumer-centered practice and policy. However, limited literature has thoroughly explored individual employment experiences outside of rehabilitation programs. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the challenges that two individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) had experienced in competitive employment settings. Through in-depth interviews followed by an inductive qualitative analysis, the barriers that restrained them from obtaining and keeping a job were identified. Even though the two cases had dissimilar backgrounds and diagnoses, they had both been struggling with multiple problems including psychiatric symptoms, medications, and social stigma. The findings indicate that a flexible …work schedule and a supportive work environment are important to their work participation. However, many competitive employment settings did not allow them to have a flexible schedule for frequent medical leaves. The stigma toward mental illness was also prevalent in various workplaces they worked at. The implications for policy and practice are discussed. Show more

Keywords: Case study, competitive employment, employment policy, workplace

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-141849

Citation: Work, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 301-305, 2015

Authors: Gouttebarge, Vincent | Plat, Marie-Christine J. | Kuijer, P. Paul F.M. | Sluiter, Judith K. | Frings-Dresen, Monique H.W.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the reproducibility (i.e., agreement and inter-rater reliability) of two task-specific functional capacity evaluation protocols meant to simulate the daily workload of collectors using either two-wheeled waste containers or bags. METHODS: A within-subjects design was used to assess reproducibility in terms of agreement and reliability. Twenty-one household waste collectors were assessed twice with both task-specific protocols with a time interval of seven days. Agreement was assessed using the Standard Error of Measurement (SEM), and inter-rater reliability was assessed using the Intra-Class Correlation Coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: For …the task-specific protocol for waste collection using two-wheeled containers, agreement was excellent (SEM = 0.9 points; 0-340 scale; mean score 339), but inter-rater reliability was poor (ICC = 0.22). For the task-specific protocol for bag collection, agreement was acceptable (SEM = 53 s; continuous scale; mean time 779 s), and inter-rater reliability was good (ICC = 0.79). CONCLUSIONS: Reproducibility of the task-specific protocol for bag collection is acceptable to good, while the task-specific protocol for waste collection using two-wheeled containers has an excellent agreement but a poor reliability. Although face and content validity have been covered within the development of both protocols, further studies should evaluate the construct and criterion-related validity of both task-specific protocols. Show more

Keywords: Functional capacity evaluation, work ability, waste collection, reproducibility

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-141851

Citation: Work, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 307-314, 2015

Authors: Ahmadpanah, Mohammad | Torabian, Saadat | Dastore, Kamel | Jahangard, Leila | Haghighi, Mohammad

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Physicians experience high level of occupational burnout that exposes them to physical and mental exhaustion as well as job dissatisfaction. OBJECTIVE: The association between different types of personality traits and occupational burnout among a group of Iranian general practitioners is assessed. METHODS: One hundred general practitioners working in emergency wards of eight hospitals in Iran were studied. Occupational burnout was measured using the Maslach Burnout Inventory and type of personality was assessed using the Holland personality test. RESULTS: An average of 15.4% of personnel displayed high frequency in subscale of emotional …exhaustion, 14.5% displayed high frequency in subscale of depersonalization, and 10.2% displayed high frequency in subscale of lack of personal accomplishment. Realistic personality was revealed in 2%, social types in 41%, investigative type in 35%, enterprising types in 6.0%, artistic type in 13% and conventional type of personality in 3.0% of them. The subjects with social personality experienced the lowest burnout. There were negative correlation between physician experiences and different subdivisions of burnout. CONCLUSION: A notable number of Iranian general practitioners suffered occupational burnout, especially emotional exhaustion. The majority of physicians had social or investigative personalities. Show more

Keywords: Emotional exhaustion, personality traits, depersonalization

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-141903

Citation: Work, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 315-319, 2015

Authors: Shin, Seung-Je | Yoo, Won-Gyu

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Although overhead work is closely related to musculoskeletal disorders, it is difficult to avoid these postures in daily working conditions. In industrial tasks that require elevated arm postures above shoulder height, flexibility in the location of the task is necessary. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, lower trapezius, and anterior deltoid, serratus anterior muscle activities during overhead work involving four different height and distance locations performed by healthy adult participants. METHODS: Eighteen young male right-hand-dominant workers were recruited. The right upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, anterior deltoid, and sternocleidomastoid muscle …activities were measured under for overhead work condition (Location 1: overhead work with a height of 10 cm above the head of each subject and distance of 15 cm, Location 2: overhead work with a height of 10 cm above the head of each subject and distance of 30 cm, Location 3: overhead work with a height of 20 cm above the head of each subject and distance of 15 cm, Location 4: overhead work with a height of 20 cm above the head of each subject and distance of 30 cm). RESULTS: In Location 3, there was significantly higher neck extension range of motion compared to Location 1, Location 2 and Location 4. In Location 1, the activities of the upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, anterior deltoid, and sternocleidomastoid muscles were significantly lower than those in Location 3 (p < 0.05). In Location 2, the activities of the upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, anterior deltoid, and sternocleidomastoid muscles were significantly lower than those in Location 4 (p < 0.05). In Location 1, there were significantly lower upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, and anterior deltoid muscle activities than in Location 2 (p < 0.05). In Location 3, there were significantly lower upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, and anterior deltoid muscle activities than in Location 4 (p < 0.05). In Location 1, there was significantly higher sternocleidomastoid muscle activity than in Location 2 (p < 0.05). Finally, In Location 3, there was significantly higher sternocleidomastoid muscle activity than in Location 4 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Overhead workers should engage in work that involves a low height and near distance. Height appears to be a stronger risk factor than distance in overhead work. Show more

Keywords: Cervical pain, electromyography, overhead work, shoulder pain

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-141867

Citation: Work, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 321-326, 2015

Authors: Young, Amanda | Muhlner, Stasia | Kurowski, Alicia | Cifuentes, Manuel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Rural residents with work-related fractures utilize healthcare differently and return to work (RTW) sooner than their similarly-injured urban peers. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the relationship between physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) service usage and work-disability duration following work-related injury. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study, employing a two-phase sequential analysis. The project involved a longitudinal analysis of PM&R utilization and work-disability duration of 2,216 people across the U.S. who fractured a bone, received PM&R services, and had at least seven days off work. In the first phase of the analysis each individual was assigned a PM&R …utilization score based on how similar his or her usage was to that typical of rural residents. The second phase tested the relationship between assigned PM&R utilization scores and work-disability duration. RESULTS: Differences in urban versus rural PM&R utilization included less total PM&R services and fewer passive services in the first 8 weeks for rural claimants. Among those off work for more than a month, rural residents used more active services just prior to RTW, with a gradual decreasing of services leading up to RTW. Controlling for covariates, aggregate PM&R utilization scores were found to relate to time to first RTW (Hazard Ratio = 1.66, p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that using services in a way that is more consistent with rural patterns is associated with decreased work-disability durations. Consistent with previous studies, results suggest that passive services, prolonged episodes of care, and failure to focus on transitioning to self-management are related to longer work-disability durations. Show more

Keywords: Occupational-injury, rehabilitation, return-to-work, rural-urban differences, workers' compensation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-141949

Citation: Work, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 327-336, 2015

Authors: Singh, Devender | Park, Woojin | Hwang, Dongwook | Levy, Martin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Little research is available on low back biomechanical stresses that obese and overweight workers experience from manual load lifting. OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to quantitatively evaluate low back biomechanical stresses of severely obese (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 ) workers during manual lifts of moderate load weights. METHOD: Twenty severely obese and 20 normal weight participants performed infrequent lifting in 16 task conditions. In each task condition, NIOSH recommended load weights were computed for the origin and destination of lift and were employed as the load weights. Optical motion capture was performed to …collect lifting posture data. For each participant and each lifting condition, L5/S1 disc compression forces were computed at the origin and destination of lift using a static low back biomechanical model. RESULTS: The L5/S1 disc compression forces estimated for the severely obese participants ranged from 3000N to 8500N and many exceeded the 3400N NIOSH action limit by large margins. Group mean disc compression force was significantly larger for the severely obese than the normal weight group. CONCLUSION: In light of previous research on spine, bone and obesity, the study results seem to suggest that severely obese individuals are likely at an increased risk of lifting-related low back pain compared with normal weight individuals. Show more

Keywords: Corpulence, overweight, manual materials handling, low back pain, L5/S1 disc compression force

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-141945

Citation: Work, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 337-348, 2015

Authors: Smith, Diane L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Veterans with disabilities, especially those with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) have difficulty obtaining and maintaining competitive employment. OBJECTIVE: To determine if there are significant differences in employment between veterans with and without disability, between veterans with a disability and nonveterans with a disability, and to investigate the association of veteran status and disability with employment. METHODS: Chi square analyses were conducted on data obtained from the 2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to determine if significant differences in employment occurred between veterans with disabilities, veterans without disabilities and nonveterans …with disabilities. Multivariate regression analyses were used to determine how veteran status and disability are associated with employment. RESULTS: Significant differences in employment were found between veterans with and without a disability; however, no significant differences existed in employment between veterans and nonveterans with a disability. Multivariate analysis showed that veteran status (aOR = 1.80), having any disability (aOR = 7.29), social disability (aOR = 3.47) or a cognitive disability (aOR = 3.16) were associated with not being employed. CONCLUSIONS: Veterans with disabilities are more likely not to be employed than veteran populations without disabilities. Veterans; however have unique disabilities, different than nonveterans with disabilities, that need to be addressed, such as social and cognitive disabilities resulting from TBI and PTSD. Future research should focus on evaluating the effectiveness of employment programs and policies designed to address the unique issues faced by veterans with disabilities. Show more

Keywords: Post-traumatic stress disorder, traumatic brain injury, disability policy, veteran policy

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-141979

Citation: Work, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 349-363, 2015

Authors: Serrano, Angel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: For individuals with HIV positive status, multiple barriers exist to accessing and re-entering employment. Studies on employment for people living with HIV lack a detailed consideration of race and ethnicity. This is the first article that focuses on barriers to employment for the HIV positive Latino community in the Canadian context. OBJECTIVE: To document the barriers that a sample of HIV positive Latinos and Latinas encounter in finding and maintaining employment in Toronto. METHODS: A non-probability sample of immigrant and refugee Latino men and women living with HIV/AIDS in Toronto participated in in-depth …interviews concerning their experiences in the labor market, emphasizing the barriers that they have faced in access to employment. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and later analysed with NVivo 9. RESULTS: Two sets of barriers emerged from the analysis: structural barriers that immigrants encounter in access to employment, such as language difficulties, lack of Canadian work experience and anti-immigrant feelings and barriers to employment for HIV positive individuals, principally HIV related stigma and health related issues. CONCLUSIONS: Due to their intersectional identities as immigrants/refugees and HIV positive individuals, participants face compounded barriers to employment: Language difficulties, lack of migrant status and Canadian work experience, anti-immigrant sentiments in the labor market, ageism, HIV related stigma and side effects of medications among other barriers related with an HIV positive condition. Such barriers locate participants in a marginalized position in Canadian society. Show more

Keywords: AIDS, illness and disease experiences, immigrants/migrants, Latino/Hispanic people, workplace

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-141978

Citation: Work, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 365-372, 2015

Authors: Street, Tamara D. | Lacey, Sarah J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Injuries occurring in the workplace can have serious implications for the health of the individual, the productivity of the employer and the overall economic community. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to increase the current state of understanding of individual demographic and psychosocial characteristics associated with extended absenteeism from the workforce due to a workplace injury. METHODS: Studies included in this systematic literature review tracked participants' return to work status over a minimum of three months, identified either demographic, psychosocial or general injury predictors of poor return to work outcomes and included …a heterogeneous sample of workplace injuries. RESULTS: Identified predictors of poor return to work outcomes included older age, female gender, divorced marital status, two or more dependent family members, lower education levels, employment variables associated with reduced labour market desirability, severity or sensitive injury locations, negative attitudes and outcome perceptions of the participant. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for clear and consistent definition and measurement of return to work outcomes and a holistic theoretical model integrating injury, psychosocial and demographic predictors of return to work. Through greater understanding of the nature of factors affecting return to work, improved outcomes could be achieved. Show more

Keywords: Systematic review, return to work, occupational rehabilitation, workplace injury, predictors of return to work, injury outcome

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-141980

Citation: Work, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 373-381, 2015

Authors: Drzaƚ-Grabiec, Justyna | Truszczyńska, Aleksandra | Rykaƚa, Justyna | Rachwaƚ, Maciej | Snela, Sƚawomir | Podgórska, Justyna

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Carrying a backpack is common among schoolchildren. The effect of backpack load on spine pain and posture defects in children is often raised in the literature. According to scientific research, the maximum backpack load that is safe for children must not exceed 10-15% of their body mass. There is a lack of scientific reports related to the effect of frequently wearing a backpack on one shoulder among children and young adults and its influence on the shape of the anterior-posterior curvatures of spine. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to evaluate body posture …parameters in the sagittal plane for an asymmetrical backpack load equal to 10% of a child's body mass. METHODS: The study was conducted using 162 primary schoolchildren aged 11-13 years. Each participant underwent three tests that examined postural parameters, including habitual posture, with the backpack on the participant's right and left shoulder. Posture was measured with the CQ Elektronik; which uses photogrammetry to make anthropometric calculations based on an image of the examined surface. RESULTS: The asymmetrical backpack load resulted in a significant reduction of thoracic kyphosis (GKP: p= 0.040). The angle of thoracic kyphosis increased between the measurements. The difference (GAMMA = 0.054) revealed that the results were approaching significance. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the gravity of the problem, children should be educated on ergonomics by teachers, physiotherapist or nurses, including instructions on carrying a backpack and the effects of disregarding the basic rules on body posture, as part of their school curriculum. The acceptable backpack load, which is now believed to be 10% of the child's body mass, should be carefully considered by scientists. Our own results show that even a load of 10% of the body mass may induce negative changes in spinal posture. Show more

Keywords: Spinal load, back pain, asymmetric loading, children

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-141981

Citation: Work, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 383-388, 2015