Biorheology - Volume 28, issue 3-4

Authors: Copley, Alfred L. | Silberberg, Alex

Article Type: Obituary

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-401

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 119-122, 1991

Authors: Fukada, Eiichi

Article Type: Obituary

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-402

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 123-131, 1991

Authors: Copley, Alfred L.

Article Type: Other

Keywords: Apparent viscosity, atherogenesis, atheroma, biorheology, blood flow, Copley-Scott Blair phenomenon, EEFL, endoendothelial fibrin (ogenin) lining, erythrocyte sedimentation, fibrin-coated capillaries, hematocrit, hemorheology, LDL, LDL desorption, low density lipoprotein, mathematical interpretation, negatively charged tube, Oka’s electrostatic theory, red blood cells, shear stress, vascular permeability, vessel-blood organ

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-403

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 133-141, 1991

Authors: Copley, A.L.

Article Type: Other

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-404

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 141-142, 1991

Authors: Brun, P. | Malak, J. | Bui, M.H. | Duval, A.M. | Ohayon, J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Preliminary assumption of this model is that interactions between actin and myosin presupposes an exact three-dimensional geometrical correspondence between sites, due to the very short time constants present under physiological conditions. Only small and controlled torsions of the actin filaments are accepted. The model uses geometrical information concerning orientations and dimensions of myosin crossbridges and actin monomeres to modelize the distribution of their inter-actions. An orientation map of actin sites in the crosssection perpendicular to the filament axis is proposed, adapted to the specific filament array of vertebrate muscle. Orientation of myosin crossbridges follows Luther’s rules (1). According to the …model, any interaction between actin and myosin implies the superimposition of their respective cross-sectional planes. The axial length of actin monomere is 55 Å; the distance between two crossbridges along the myosin filament axis is 143 Å. The following properties are derived: 1) The shortening step of the sliding actin filament must be a multiple of 11 Å (highest common factor). Taking into account the staggered disposition of the two actin strands and the presence of two heads for each cross-bridge, the most probable value for this shortening step is equal to 99 Å. A specific scheme is proposed to describe the shortening process. The behavior of the modelized crossbridge does not need any elastic structure - 2) Planes situated at 715 Å (lowest common multiple) of actin and myosin coinciding planes are also in coincidence. In a hemi-sarcomere the maximal number of these planes, referred to as simultaneously activable planes, is 10 (20 if both myosin heads are considered). The proportion of interactions authorized by the site orientations is 1/12. In the model, the concept of randomly recruited crossbridges is replaced by a discretized recruitment, based on geometrical properties at an ultrastructural level. The proposed distribution is homogeneous: it can be extended radially in the sarcomere and authorizes the actin filament sliding in the whole physiological range under the control of a dual activation function, reproducing Ca++ temporal and spatial distribution. Show more

Keywords: 3-dimensional, geometrical correspondence, short time constant, shortening mechanism, simultaneously activable planes

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-405

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 143-150, 1991

Authors: Gwathmey, Judith K. | Hajjar, Roger J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: We investigated the effects of l2-deoxyphorbol 13 isobutyrate 20 acetate (DPBA) on contractile function and intracellular calcium handling in normal human ventricular myocardium. The activation of protein kinase C by DPBA resulted in a decrease in sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release and a reduction in isometric twitch. Force-Calcium relationships were obtained by tetanizing intact muscles or by chemically skinning muscle fibers. These relationships were fitted to a modified Hill function. In intact preparations, DPBA shifted the force-calcium relationship towards higher intracellular calcium concentrations by 0.12 μ M (n=5) and maximal force production was decreased 45.5 ± 6.1%. These experiments show that …protein kinase C activation affects intracellular calcium availability and myofibrillar calcium responsiveness. Show more

Keywords: human, phorbol ester, calcium, myocardium

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-406

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 151-160, 1991

Authors: ter Keurs, H.E.D.J. | de Tombe, P.Ph. | Backx, P.H.M. | Iwazumi, T.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The relations between force, shortening velocity and sarcomere length (F-V-SL) during cardiac contraction, underlie Starling’s Law of the Heart. F-V-SL were investigated in isolated, intact and skinned trabeculae and myocytes from rat heart. SL and V were measured with laser diffraction techniques; F was measured with a silicon strain gauge. The “ascending” F-SL relation appeared to result from both length dependent sensitivity of the contractile system to activator calcium ions and the presence of restoring forces (Fr), residing in the collagen skeleton of the muscle. Fr increased exponentially with decreasing SL below slack length to 25% of maximal twitch force …(Ft) at SL=1.60μ m. V was inversely proportional to the load and attained a maximum at zero load (V0 ). V0 increased with factors that increased F: [Ca++ ], SL, and time during the twitch. VA reached a maximum and remained constant (13.5 μ m/s) when F attained or exceeded 50% of its maximum value. Viscous force in the passive muscle increased with V to a maximum of 4% of Ft at V=40 μ m/s. The relation between Vo and these factors could be predicted by a model of contraction in which the measured visco-elastic properties of myocardium were incorporated, while the truly unloaded maximal velocity of sarcomere shortening was assumed to be independent of the level of activation of the contractile filaments. A model of the cardiac cycle which explains the relation between Frank’s and Starling’s laws is presented. Show more

Keywords: Cardiac muscle, sarcomere mechanics

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-407

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 161-170, 1991

Authors: Chadwick, R.S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The force-velocity relation for cardiac muscle fibers can be calculated from a proposed constitutive law based on force-time and force-length data. The calculated force-velocity relation agrees quite well with the measured force-velocity relation obtained from a quick release of sarcomere controlled rat cardiac trabeculae. The theory confirms the measured linear relationship between maximal velocity of sarcomere shortening and sarcomere length. The implication is that the force-velocity relation is not an independent property, and therefore need not be explicitly included as a rheological element in the constitutive law.

Keywords: Model, Theoretical Model, Myocardial Contraction, Cardiac Muscle Rheology

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-408

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 171-176, 1991

Authors: Chen, Huai-Qing | Zhong, Gui-Hui | Li, Liang | Wang, Xiao-Ying | Zhou, Tong | Chen, Zhen-Yu

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The thixotropic parameters of whole blood from 314 healthy subjects (154 women, 160 men) were measured with our modified method by Low shear 30 Rheometer and calculated according Huang’s equation. This communication offered the reference range of thixotropic parameters from man and woman group. The results demonstrated that no significant differences existed in the plasma viscosity and fibrinogen between man and woman group. Man group had statistically higher values in HCT, yield stress (τ 0 ), Newtonian contribution of viscosity (μ ), non-Newtonian contribution of viscosity (η s –μ ), …apparent viscosity at 2.37 sec−1 (η s ), the equilibrium value of the structual parameter (A) and apparent kinetic rate constant of rouleaux breakdown (ARC) than those in woman group. The man and woman groups could be separately divided into five subgroups in terms of age. It was found that the levels of fibrinogen and plasma viscosity had a tendency of increasing with aging. In the old subgroup (>60 years) of men and women HCT, τ 0 , μ , η s , (η s –μ ) and A had significant lower values than those in young and middle-age subgroups. However, It was very interested that there were differences of ARC versus age between man group and woman group, i.e. ARC in the man subgroup III, IV had lower and the woman subgroup II, III, IV had higher values than their respective older subgroup did. Show more

Keywords: Hemorheology, thixotropy of blood, hematocrit, aggregation of red blood cells

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-409

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 177-183, 1991

Authors: Weiss, Leonard | Harlos, James P. | Elkin, Galina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Ehrlich ascites cancer cells were compressed between glass microscope slides by the addition of weights. The projected areas of the cells were measured, and their surface membrane integrity determined by means of trypan-blue exclusion tests under different compression loads of 0 to 800g. The results are compatible with a two-step mechanism for surface rupture; first the cell membrane is unfolded and then stretched, with modest degrees of stretching associated with membrane rupture. It is calculated that lethal surface membrane rupture of the type produced here by compression, could also be produced when cancer cells are deformed by entry and …passage along relatively non-deformable capillaries. This would at least partially account for the rapid destruction of cancer cells in the microcirculation. The observation that isolated nuclei are less deformable than whole cells, may indicate that their nuclei may protect cancer cells from biomechanical trauma. Show more

Keywords: Cell compression, metastasis, lethal damage, metastatic inefficiency

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-410

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 185-193, 1991

Authors: Cezeaux, Judy L. | Austin, Vince | Hosseinipour, Mina C. | Ward, Kimberly A. | Zimmer, Stephen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A parallel-plate flow chamber was used to quantify the detachment of normal, transformed, and reverted rat fibroblasts from a confluent monolayer of normal fibroblasts. In this method, known shear stresses were applied to the adherent cells and the percent of cells detached from the monolayer was determined. Results indicate that the detachment of all cell types increased with increasing shear stress and detachment of highly metastatic ras-transformed cells was significantly higher than that of either nonmetastatic normal cells or transformed cells reverted with the Kirsten ras revertant (K-rev 1a) gene, which are lowly metastatic. From these results, it is concluded …that a correlation exists between the metastatic phenotype of the cell and its ability to detach from normal cells. Show more

Keywords: Cell Detachment, Metastasis, Invasion, Shear Stress, Parallel-Plate Flow Chamber

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-411

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 195-205, 1991

Authors: Rudraiah, N. | Kasiviswanathan, S.R. | Kaloni, P.N.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: An unsteady convective diffusion in a synovial fluid of human joints modeled as a power-law fluid is studied using the generalized dispersion model of Gill and Sankarasubramanian (Fan, L.T. and Wang, H.N. Dispersion of Matter in non-Newtonian Laminar Flow Through a Circular Tube, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. , A292, 203 - 208, 1966.). The contributions of convection and diffusion, and pure convection on the dispersion of nutrient are investigated in detail. It is shown that the effect of decrease in non-Newtonian parameter is to decrease the dispersion coefficient. The mean concentration distribution appears to increase as the non-Newtonian parameter decreases …upto a certain value of the axial distance. Beyond this point, however, the reverse pattern is observed. Show more

Keywords: Power-law, Generalized dispersion, Dispersion coefficient

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-412

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 207-219, 1991

Authors: Sutera, S.P. | Krogstad, D.J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Plasmodia and other intraerythrocytic parasites reduce the deformability of the red cells they infect. One mechanism potentially responsible for this reduction in deformability is the decrease in the surface:volume (S/V) ratio of the red cell which occurs with parasite growth. To examine this hypothesis, normal red cells were allowed to phagocytize polylysine-coated latex spheres 1.0 to 2.9 μ m in diameter. Deformability decreased progressively with spheres of increasing size, consistent with the decreasing S/V ratios of those cells (from an initial length:width [L/W] ratio of 2.398 ± 0.549 for normal red cells to 1.559 ± 0.249 for red cells containing …2.92 μ m latex spheres at 40 dynes per cm2 , p < 0.001). Nevertheless, red cells containing latex spheres 2.0–2.9 μ m in diameter remained deformable and continued to tank tread, in contrast to red cells containing Plasmodium falciparum parasites of that size, which are not deformable and do not tank tread. The progressive decrease in S/V produced by the latex spheres is consistent with their effect on the L/W ratio. However, the total loss of deformability observed with red cells containing parasites of similar or smaller size cannot be explained on these grounds alone. It suggests an additional mechanism, such as calcium-induced crosslinking of the red cell cytoskeleton. Show more

Keywords: Rheology, erythrocyte, erythrocyte deformability, malaria, P. falciparum

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-413

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 221-229, 1991

Authors: Nash, G.B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The ability of red cells to deform is essential to allow their circulation. However the degree of rheological abnormality which can be tolerated before flow is impaired is not so clear. Red cell rheology has been characterised in a number of physiological, pathological and genetic conditions, and some inferences can be drawn. In vivo ageing causes a small loss of cell deformability attributable to increased membrane and internal viscosity; volume and surface area are also lost. These changes cannot be sufficient to cause cellular removal, since the cells sampled had continued to circulate. In sickle cell disease, the oxygenated blood …contains dense cells that are more severely abnormal than dense, aged cells from normal individuals. Melanesian ovalocytes have comparable rigidity to dense SS cells, but this condition has no marked Circulatory pathology. Thus circulatory problems in SS disease probably stem from deoxygenation-induced sickling which causes extreme loss of deformability, rather than from the abnormal cells in oxygenated blood. In falciparum malaria, immature parasites cause appreciable loss of deformability but continue to circulate. Maturation of the parasites causes much greater rheological changes, including attachment to vascular endothelium, and the cells cease to circulate. In summary, quite marked changes in cell mechanics can occur without loss of ability to circulate. It thus seems that slight rheological alterations reported in some clinical studies are unlikely to cause appreciable flow disruption. Show more

Keywords: Erythrocytes, Rheology, Microcirculation, Membrane Rigidity

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-414

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 231-239, 1991

Authors: Cho, Young I. | Kensey, Kenneth R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Effects of the non-Newtonian viscosity of blood on a flow in a coronary arterial casting of man were studied numerically using a finite element method. Various constitutive models were examined to model the non-Newtonian viscosity of blood and their model constants were summarized. A method to incorporate the non-Newtonian viscosity of blood was introduced so that the viscosity could be calculated locally. The pressure drop, wall shear stress and velocity profiles for the case of blood viscosity were compared for the case of Newtonian viscosity (0.0345 poise). The effect of the non-Newtonian viscosity of blood on the overall pressure drop …across the arterial casting was found to be significant at a flow of the Reynolds number of 100 or less. Also in the region of flow separation or recirculation, the non-Newtonian viscosity of blood yields larger wall shear stress than the Newtonian case. The origin of the non-Newtonian viscosity of blood was discussed in relation to the viscoelasticity and yield stress of blood. Show more

Keywords: non-Newtonian viscosity of blood, stenosed artery, shear stress, pressure drop, velocity profile

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-415

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 241-262, 1991

Authors: Kaibara, Makoto | Kawamoto, Yoshitaka

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: An in vitro experimental system was developed to study the interaction between endothelial cells and blood as an early event in coagulation. A designed vascular vessel model tube is composed of a monolayer of bovine aorta endothelial cells (BAECs) cultured on an inner surface of a glass tube by means of a rotatory cultivation method. The change of fluidity during coagulation of blood in the tube was measured by a rheological technique. The rate of coagulation of blood in contact with endothelial cells was affected by cell culture conditions such as cell age, passage number of BAECs and substrate beneath …endothelial cells. Fibrinolytic activity of the cells was examined by the rheological method. The present experimental system would be useful in examining the mechanism of blood coagulation based on the interaction between blood and endothelial cells as well as in evaluating endothelial cell functions. Show more

Keywords: Blood coagulation, Endothelial cell, Collagen, Vascular vessel model tube, Damped oscillation rheometer

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-416

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 263-274, 1991

Authors: Minamiyama, Motomu | Hanai, Sotaro

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A vasomotion activity in the mesentery of anesthetized rabbits were studied by simultaneous measurements of inside diameters at multiple sites in arterioles, precapillaries and their bifurcations. A frame-by-frame diameter determination technique was used with a microcomputer-assisted laser video disk recorder and a video-image analysis system. Simultaneous intensity profiles across microvessels were continuously obtained. Applying an automatic wall surface tracer and a graphic editor to construct temporal sequences of intensity profiles, we obtained digitized data of inside diameters of microvessels, and implemented cross-correlation analysis between data sets to calculate phase differences of vasomotion at separated sites. The present analysis of the …propagation of vasomotion showed that the vasomotion originated from the orifice of precapillaries at the bifurcations, spreading downstream in the precapillary. The vasomotion wave spreads both upstream and downstream along single arterioles from various origins of the vasomotion activity. The propagation velocity of vasomotion was 0.17±0.03 mm/sec (n=19), and it became significantly slower through the branching points than along the arterioles. It is suggested that the vasomotion in terminal arterioles and precapillaries may spread through some mechanical transmission factors. Show more

Keywords: vasomotion, propagation velocity, pacemaker site, precapillary, terminal arteriole

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-417

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 275-286, 1991

Authors: Diebold, B. | Delouche, A. | Abergel, E. | Delouche, Ph. | Dumée, Ph. | Péronneau, P.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: So far, it has been hypothesized that numerical data obtained in steady flow conditions apply to pulsatile flows. In order to study the modifications of the velocity fields due to pulsatility, jets were produced by 8 orifices (with a diameter “D” of 4.4 to 11.3 mm) included in a chamber of 50 mm. The velocity was measured using laser Doppler anemometry with a pulsatile flow (“pf”) and compared to the values obtained in steady (“sf”): at maximum velocity, the longitudinal velocity profile is qualitatively similar to this observed in steady flow: it is made of a plateau followed by an …hyperbolic velocity decay in the turbulent area. The length of the core (“Lpf”) is strongly related to “D” (Lpf = 3.72 D + 5.49, r = .99) and the velocity decay depends on the ratio between the distance “x” from the orifice and “D” (V/Vo = 2.83D/x + 3.46, r = .85, where V is the velocity at “x” and Vo the initial velocity). During the acceleration and the deceleration, the laminar core is disturbed by turbulences. The comparison of “pf” data with “sf” data demonstrated similar diameters at the origin of the jets (Dpf = 0.96 Dsf + .12, r = .99), but significant (p < .0001) differences both for “L” and “V/Vo ”: Lpf = .91Lsf + 6.58, r = .97, V/Vopf = .63 V/Vosf + .34, r = .76. Thus, pulsatility modifies velocity fields and the results obtained in steady flow conditions do not apply to pulsatile jets. Show more

Keywords: free turbulent jet, pulsatility, laser Doppler anemometry

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-418

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 287-299, 1991

Authors: Ward, Kimberly A. | Li, Wen-I | Zimmer, Stephen | Davis, Tom

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The micropipette aspiration technique was used to investigate the deformation properties of a panel of nontransformed and transformed rat fibroblasts derived from the same normal cell line. In this method, a step negative pressure is applied to the cell via a micropipette and the aspiration distance into the pipette as a function of time is determined using video techniques. A standard solid viscoelastic model was then used to analyze the viscoelastic properties of the cell. From these results, it is concluded that a direct correlation exists between an increase in deformability and progression of the transformed phenotype from a nontumorigenic …cell line into a tumorigenic, metastatic cell line. Show more

Keywords: Deformability, Metastasis, Transformation, Viscoelasticity, Micropipette Aspiration

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-419

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 301-313, 1991

Authors: Miles, Frank P. | Nuttall, Alfred L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The assessment of vessel patency can be substantially improved by serial microvessel diameter measurements taken successively along an extensive length of the vessel. It is possible to avoid making the a priori assumptions about the existence or location of local constriction sites implicit in single diameter measurements. The problem then becomes one of making sense of tens or hundreds of measurements for each vessel. Equivalent diameter is defined here as as the diameter of a uniform circular cylinder of the same length as the original vessel, and having the same total resistance. Direct computation of the equivalent diameter, without …taking measurement errors into account, leads to an underestimation of the true equivalent diameter even if the individual diameter measurements were not biased. We have developed a method for effectively eliminating this bias. It has been applied to serial microvessel diameter measurements of the guinea pig cochlea, automatically measured using an image analysis system (1). In this report, the results were developed for diameter estimates with an approximate gaussian distribution; however the method is readily extended to other error distributions. Convergence of the bias compensation was rapid. Use of the new method is advisable with as few as three diameter estimates per vessel. Show more

Keywords: Guinea pig, cochlea, image analysis, Poiseuille’s law, vascular resistance

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-420

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 315-332, 1991

Authors: Singh, Megha | Lucas, Carol L. | Henry, G. William | Ferreiro, Jose I. | Wilcox, Benson R.

Article Type: Short Communication

Keywords: Multiangle visualization, Branchings, Steady flow, Reattachment point

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-421

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 333-339, 1991

Authors: Silberberg, A.

Article Type: Book Review

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-422

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 341-342, 1991

Article Type: Abstract

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-423

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 343-349, 1991

Article Type: Other

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-424

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 351-351, 1991

Article Type: Other

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1991-283-425

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 353-353, 1991