Biorheology - Volume 26, issue 4

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1989-26419

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. I-III, 1989

Authors: Ovadyahu, D. | Priel, Z.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: We have examined phase differences between beating cilia measured in different directions on the surface. The measurements were performed on tissue cultures taken from frog palate epithelium. This experiment was based on a method developed earlier, which measures simultaneously scattered light from two different and relatively small areas. Moreover, the distance between the two small areas can be accurately defined and varied. Rotating the stage around the optical axis permits us to repeat these measurements at different space angles. It was found that: a) the phase gradient is a periodic function of the angle of rotation; b) the periodicity …can be described quantitatively by a cosine function; c) good agreement exists between Machemer’s findings in protozoa and our results, despite the differences between the two systems and techniques used. the phase gradient is a periodic function of the angle of rotation; the periodicity can be described quantitatively by a cosine function; good agreement exists between Machemer’s findings in protozoa and our results, despite the differences between the two systems and techniques used. Show more

Keywords: cilia, metachronal wavelength, ciliary transport, frog’s epithelium

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1989-26401

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 677-685, 1989

Authors: Humphrey, J.D. | Strumpf, R.K. | Yin, F.C.P.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: We employ a structurally-motivated phenomenological formulation to identify biomechanical experiments which can be used to determine a vascular constitutive relation directly from data. Large deformations, nonlinear material behavior, load-dependent anisotropy, material heterogeneity and incompressibility are accounted for in the analysis. For purposes of illustration, we outline a procedure for studying elastic arteries wherein the behavior of the media and adventitia is considered separately. This general approach for identifying vascular constitutive relations can be applied to any vessel or airway, however, and should provide certain advantages over previous microstructural or purely phenomenological formulations.

Keywords: arteries, veins, stress-strain, large deformations

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1989-26402

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 687-702, 1989

Authors: Takano, Y.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: To discuss the decrease in the flow rate of blood experienced by astronauts, a theory of blood flow is presented taking account of the effect of gravity. The theory of two-dimensional Poiseuille flow is adopted. It is assumed that the flow is horizontal and that the width of the upper marginal layer filled with plasma thickens as gravity increases. The parameter ξ which mainly indicates the effect of thickening of the upper marginal layer is introduced. The extent of decrease in the flow rate of blood in the environment of weightlessness compared to that in the gravitational field is …calculated for various values of ξ . The decrease is more remarkable in the flow rate of the cell fraction than that of whole blood for the same value of ξ . Show more

Keywords: flow rate, blood flow, weightlessness, gravity

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1989-26403

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 703-710, 1989

Authors: Engström, K. Gunnar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A new filtration device and blood handling technique for the assessment of RBC deformability in small blqod samples is described and used to study RBC deformability in adult obese-hyperglycemic ob/ob -mice and normoglycemic controls. The new filtration device was designed to improve the time resolution during RBC incubation. Test and control RBC suspensions were directly filtered from two identical incubation chambers under a constant pressure of 1200 Pa. Nuclepore filters (3 μ m) were mounted on top of several standard test tubes into which the filtrate was subsequently collected and weighed. Because the RBCs were resuspended to a very low …(0.01 %) hematocrit, the average number of RBCs passing each pore was less than 10. Therefore, any detectable difference must reflect the physical properties of RBCs, e.g. shape or viscoelasticity, whereas the role of white blood cells is negligible. When ob/ob -mouse RBCs were studied with the new technique they showed impaired filtrability as compared with control RBCs, both when incubated without glucose and with glucose present at the same concentration as that recorded in the RBC donating mouse. Show more

Keywords: hemorheology, erythrocyte deformability, RBC filtrability, diabetes mellitus, obese-hyperglycemic mice

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1989-26404

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 711-721, 1989

Authors: Kim, Shin Y. | Miller, Irving F. | Sigel, Bernard | Macke Consigny, P. | Justin, Jeff

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The dynamics of aggregation and disaggregation of blood of varying hematocrit in oscillatory flow in a distensible horizontal tube was determined by measuring the developing echo intensity of the blood samples with a 10 MHz B-mode ultrasonic scanner. Early aggregation could be detected within 10 sec. of stoppage of flow. The rate of echo intensity buildup and thus, presumably the rate of aggregation when flow was stopped was inversely related to hematocrit, as was the rate of echo intensity reduction when flow was resumed. Polycythemic blood of 60% hematocrit showed no echo intensity increase over 5 min. Increasing the shear …stress when flow was resumed resulted in rapid decreases in aggregation. In all cases, disaggregation following flow resumption was faster than aggregation following flow stoppage. Show more

Keywords: erythrocyte, aggregation, ultrasound

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1989-26405

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 723-736, 1989

Authors: King, M. | Zahm, J.M. | Pierrot, D. | Vaquez-Girod, S. | Puchelle, E.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: We investigated the role of the viscoelastic and adhesive properties of mucus gel simulants on the clearance of mucus by simulated cough. Mucus-like gels with widely varying viscoelastic properties were prepared from polysaccharides cross-linked with sodium borate. Cough was simulated by opening a solenoid valve connecting a model trachea to a pressurized tank. The clearance of gels lining the model trachea was quantified by observing marker particle transport. Viscosity elastic modulus, relaxation time and yield stress were measured with a steady-shear viscoelastometer. Spinnability (thread formation) was determined with a filancemeter. Adhesivity (surface tension) was measured by the platinum ring technique. …The viscoelastic and adhesive properties of the mucus gel simulants spanned the ranges observed for bronchial secretions from patients with COPD. The relationship between simulated cough clearance and the viscoelastic and adhesive properties of the gels was analyzed by stepwise linear regression of the non-zero data matrix. The major independent variable relating to clearance was viscosity. Secondary, but highly significant dependences, were also found for spinnability and adhesivity. Elastic modulus, relaxation time and yield stress had no independent effect on cough clearance over the investigated range. The results indicate that, in the absence of airway surface liquid, cough-type clearance relates primarily with mucus gel viscosity. For a given viscosity, clearance is also impaired by spinnability, i.e. the capacity of the mucus to form threads. At constant viscosity and spinnability, clearance is further impaired by an increase in the adhesivity of the mucus. The negative dependence of each of these physical factors can be rationalized in terms of their inhibitory effect on wave formation in the mucus lining layer during high velocity airflow interaction. Show more

Keywords: mucus rheology, spinnability, adhesivity, cough

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1989-26406

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 737-745, 1989

Authors: Zahm, J.M. | Pierrot, D. | Vaquez-Girod, S. | Duvivier, C. | King, M. | Puchelle, E.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Using a simulated cough machine, we analyzed the effect of adding tensio-active liquids as sol phase simulant on the clearance of gel mucus simulant by cough. Polysaccharides crosslinked with sodium tetra borate were used at different concentration as gel mucus simulant. A drop of gel mucus simulant was deposited either directly on the model trachea or on a sol phase layer simulant (2% sodium dodecyl sulfate in water). The clearance of the mucus simulants was quantified by observing the movement of marker particles in the gel layer. The viscoelastic properties of gel mucus simulants were determined by using a viscoelastometer …(SEFAM). The adhesive properties were analyzed by means of the platinum ring technique. The wettability of the mucus simulants was quantified by the automatic measurement of the contact angle of the drop of gel on the model trachea. We found that the addition of a sol phase significantly decreased by about 50% the adhesivity and wettability of the gel mucus simulants. This decrease was associated with a marked enhancement of cough clearance, whatever the viscoelastic properties of the gel mucus simulants. These results suggest that the sol phase is essential in bronchial respiratory mucus clearance by the cough mechanism. Show more

Keywords: mucus clearance, sol phase, gel phase, adhesivity, wettability

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1989-26407

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 747-752, 1989

Authors: Sagayamary, R.V. | Devanathan, Rathna

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Steady laminar flow of a non-Newtonian fluid based on couple stress fluid theory, through narrow tubes of varying cross-sections has been studied theoretically. Asymptotic solutions are obtained for the basic equations and the expressions for the velocity field and the wall shear stress are derived for a general cross-section. Computation and discussions are carried out for the geometries which occur in the/context of physiological flows or in particular blood flows. The tapered tubes and constricted tubes are of special importance. It is observed that increase in certain parameters results in erratic flow behaviour proximal to the constricted areas which is …further enhanced by the increase in the geometric parameters. This elucidates the implications of the flow in the development of vascular lesions. Show more

Keywords: Blood flows, couple-stress fluid, Asymptotic solutions, stenosis, tapered tubes

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1989-26408

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 753-769, 1989

Authors: Kraiem, Abderrazak | Craescu, Constantin T. | Galacteros, Frédéric | Martin-Caburi, Josiane | Domenget, Chantal | Garel, Marie-Claude | Beuzard, Yves

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A rigidity index (RI) related to red blood cell deformability was measured by using the hemorheometre. The RI for 13 patients homozygous for sickle cell disease was 109 ± 44 at 37°C and at atmospheric pO2 . The filtration time curve as a function of pO2 is biphasic for sickle cell suspensions. The pO2 at which filtration time is maximum, pO2 max. , correlated with the rigidity index measured at atmospheric pO2 . This pO2 max. value was very sensitive to small changes in physico-chemical parameters such as osmolality, pH, temperature, hematocrit, and cell density. Conditions which …reduced the Hb S polymerization induced a leftward shift of pO2 max. . The experimental curves are in agreement with theoretical models based on the presence of two abnormal cell types: filtrable “slow cells” and infiltrable “sickled cells“ . Show more

Keywords: RBC deformability, sickle cell disease, rigidity index

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1989-26409

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 771-784, 1989