Biomedical Spectroscopy and Imaging - Volume 2, issue 4

Authors: Haris, Parvez I.

Article Type: Other

DOI: 10.3233/BSI-130056

Citation: Biomedical Spectroscopy and Imaging, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 241-243, 2013

Authors: Campbell, Iain D.

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: Since the first NMR spectrum of a protein was published over 50 years ago, remarkable technical improvements have led to NMR being recognized as a uniquely powerful tool that can give a wide variety of useful information about macromolecules and their interactions. This article gives an overview of NMR studies of proteins. It presents a personal historical perspective, briefly reviews the current status of the field and reflects on possible future directions. Two specific examples, related to multi-domain complexes and membrane-spanning adhesion receptors, are described to illustrate recent applications. Emphasis is placed on how general advances in molecular biology and …technology are changing the nature and focus of NMR studies. Show more

Keywords: Nuclear magnetic resonance, proteins, history, magnets, protein–protein interactions, intrinsically disordered proteins, entropy, structure, dynamics, integrin activation, filamin

DOI: 10.3233/BSI-130055

Citation: Biomedical Spectroscopy and Imaging, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 245-264, 2013

Authors: Momot, Konstantin I.

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: We present a mini-review of the development and contemporary applications of diffusion-sensitive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques in biomedical sciences. Molecular diffusion is a fundamental physical phenomenon present in all biological systems. Due to the connection between experimentally measured diffusion metrics and the microscopic environment sensed by the diffusing molecules, diffusion measurements can be used for characterisation of molecular size, molecular binding and association, and the morphology of biological tissues. The emergence of magnetic resonance was instrumental to the development of biomedical applications of diffusion. We discuss the fundamental physical principles of diffusion NMR spectroscopy and diffusion MR imaging. The …emphasis is placed on conceptual understanding, historical evolution and practical applications rather than complex technical details. Mathematical description of diffusion is presented to the extent that it is required for the basic understanding of the concepts. We present a wide range of spectroscopic and imaging applications of diffusion magnetic resonance, including colloidal drug delivery vehicles; protein association; characterisation of cell morphology; neural fibre tractography; cardiac imaging; and the imaging of load-bearing connective tissues. This paper is intended as an accessible introduction into the exciting and growing field of diffusion magnetic resonance. Show more

Keywords: Diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Stejskal–Tanner plot, Stokes–Einstein formula, restricted diffusion

DOI: 10.3233/BSI-130058

Citation: Biomedical Spectroscopy and Imaging, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 265-287, 2013

Authors: Macnab, Andrew | Shadgan, Babak | Stothers, Lynn

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Biomedical applications of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) utilize non-invasive optical technology to monitor alterations in tissue oxygenation and hemodynamics in real time via changes in concentration of the chromophores oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. Applications of NIRS to the bladder are novel and recent. Transcutaneous monitoring over the bladder as it fills and empties provides unique physiologic information, as hemodynamic variations in the organ's microcirculation and alterations in oxygen supply, demand and consumption in the detrusor muscle can be inferred. Such information, which is not available by other means, enhances investigation of patients with bladder dysfunction, offers new insights into causal pathology …and hence potentially impact choice of pharmaceutical agents. Problem voiding is common, but the principal diagnostic test is invasive, and gives limited diagnostic and therapeutic information (pressure/flow). Continuous wave NIRS instruments are used for bladder monitoring. Initially NIR light was laser-generated; now miniaturized self-contained devices using light emitting diodes, spatial configuration of emitters to detector, and wireless capacity enhance research scope and clinical monitoring potential. NIRS bladder chromophore patterns during filling and voiding differ in health and disease. In addition to adding new knowledge re voiding dysfunction causation, data patterns characteristic of specific pathology have allowed construct of algorithms with comparable discriminant ability to current invasive diagnostic measures. Such data are physiologic because NIRS only detects change during events in the voiding cycle, pathologic changes mirror NIRS-derived effects of physiologic events (hypoxia/ischemia/fatigue) observed in other tissues (muscle/brain/spinal cord), and animal data and independent research corroborate the principal findings. Show more

Keywords: Chromophore, detrusor, hemodynamics, light emitting diodes, near-infrared spectroscopy, spatially resolved spectroscopy, tissue oxygen saturation

DOI: 10.3233/BSI-130049

Citation: Biomedical Spectroscopy and Imaging, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 289-299, 2013

Authors: Birarda, Giovanni | Holman, Elizabeth A. | Fu, Shang | Weikel, Karen | Hu, Ping | Blankenberg, Francis G. | Holman, Hoi-Ying | Taylor, Allen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Recent research findings correlate an increased risk for dieases such as diabetes, macular degeneration and cardiovascular disease (CVD) with diets that rapidly raise the blood sugar levels; these diets are known as high glycemic index (GI) diets which include white breads, sodas and sweet deserts. Lower glycemia diets are usually rich in fruits, non-starchy vegetables and whole grain products. The goal of our study was to compare and contrast the effects of a low vs. high glycemic diet using the biochemical composition and microstructure of the heart. The improved spatial resolution and signal-to-noise for SR-FTIR obtained through the coupling of …the bright synchrotron infrared photon source to an infrared spectral microscope enabled the molecular-level observation of diet-related changes within unfixed fresh frozen histologic sections of mouse cardiac tissue. High and low glycemic index (GI) diets were started at the age of five-months and continued for one year, with the diets only differing in their starch distribution (high GI diet = 100% amylopectin versus low GI diet = 30% amylopectin/70% amylose). Serial cryosections of cardiac tissue for SR-FTIR imaging alternated with adjacent hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections allowed not only fine-scale chemical analyses of glycogen and glycolipid accumulation along a vein as well as protein glycation hotspots co-localizing with collagen cold spots but also the tracking of morphological differences occurring in tandem with these chemical changes. As a result of the bright synchrotron infrared photon source coupling, we were able to provide significant molecular evidence for a positive correlation between protein glycation and collagen degradation in our mouse model. Our results bring a new insight not only to the effects of long-term GI dietary practices of the public but also to the molecular and chemical foundation behind the cardiovascular disease pathogenesis commonly seen in diabetic patients. Show more

Keywords: AGE, CVD, diabetes, fluorescence, glycemia, glycation, infrared, N•-(carboxymethyl)lysine, PAGE, pentosidine, RAGE, sugar

DOI: 10.3233/BSI-130057

Citation: Biomedical Spectroscopy and Imaging, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 301-315, 2013

Authors: Staniszewska, Emilia | Bartosz, Anna K. | Malek, Kamilla | Baranska, Malgorzata

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Although, it is well known that various types of anticoagulant influence on plasma biochemistry in clinical chemistry analysis, the evaluation of such an effect on IR spectrum of plasma has not been reported so far. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we compare FTIR spectra of plasma films from healthy mice C57Bl/6J, which were collected by application of various types of anti-clotting agents such as low molecular heparin, trisodium citrate, EDTA and aspisol. METHODS: FTIR spectra were recorded using Fourier Transform Infrared imaging and evaluated with a support of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). RESULTS: We found significant changes …in spectral profile of plasma among three groups of anticoagulants: (1) nadroparine administrated intraperitoneally and blood collected by using aspisol, (2) citrate, and (3) EDTA, heparin and EDTA/aspisol. The spectral variation is mainly found in the regions associated with proteins and lipids. CONCLUSIONS: Spectral features found in this study indicate the alternation in structure of plasma proteins as well as lipids/fatty acids. This suggests a careful choice of the anticoagulant in clinical/pharmacological studies on plasma with the use of FTIR spectroscopy. Show more

Keywords: FTIR microspectroscopy, blood plasma, anticoagulants

DOI: 10.3233/BSI-130054

Citation: Biomedical Spectroscopy and Imaging, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 317-330, 2013

Authors: Kochan, Kamila | Maslak, Edyta | Kostogrys, Renata | Chlopicki, Stefan | Baranska, Małgorzata

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The liver, due to its central role in the regulation of metabolism and multiplicity of its other functions, is exposed to a high number of pathogenic factors. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), manifested mainly by changes in liver's lipid profile, represent one of the most frequently occurring liver pathology, that is often underestimated at an early stage of its development. The pathogenesis as well as the treatment of NAFLD has not been fully established yet. The difficulty associated with this arises from the need to detect very subtle changes. With regard to fulfilling these expectations, from all available research methods …vibrational spectroscopic imaging techniques attract special attention, as they possess a great potential to detect even minor variation in chemical composition of the sample. The specificity of infrared imaging and Raman mapping along with their complementarity provides the ability to obtain comprehensive information on the molecular level. Here we present an approach for the study of liver tissue based on the simultaneous application of vibrational spectroscopic imaging and multirivate data analysis combined with histochemical staining. Show more

Keywords: Liver, lipids, Raman mapping, FT-IR, imaging, cluster analysis, staining, ORO

DOI: 10.3233/BSI-130050

Citation: Biomedical Spectroscopy and Imaging, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 331-337, 2013

Authors: Olbert-Majkut, Adriana | Ahokas, Jussi | Pettersson, Mika | Lundell, Jan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: High-overtone induced chemistry of glyoxylic acid isolated in a low-temperature argon matrix was investigated using Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectra of two most stable conformers of glyoxylic acid are presented. Upon excitation in high overtone vibrational bands by 532 nm irradiation of the lowest energy conformer most abundant in neat deposited sample, the isomerization of glyoxylic acid was observed. The process most plausible proceeds via absorption into the fifth vibrational overtone state of the OH group or its combination with the torsional vibrational transition. The assignment of the fundamental vibrational spectra was assisted by quantum chemical harmonic and anharmonic vibrational …calculations. Show more

Keywords: Raman spectroscopy, matrix isolation, vibrational overtones, laser excitation, glyoxylic acid, computational chemistry, conformers

DOI: 10.3233/BSI-130051

Citation: Biomedical Spectroscopy and Imaging, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 339-348, 2013

Authors: Malek, Kamilla | Jaworska, Aleksandra | Krala, Paulina | Kachamakova-Trojanowska, Neli | Baranska, Malgorzata

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fluorescent dyes attached to gold nanoparticles have been shown to be efficient SERS nanosensors in studies on intracellular composition. OBJECTIVE: The cells of macrophages were incubated with gold nanoparticles (45 nm of the diameter) with the attached three fluorescent dyes, i.e. rhodamine 6G, rhodamine B or green malachite. METHODS: Surface enhanced Raman scattering effect was recorded for cells using imaging technique with an excitation wavelength at 632.8 nm. For the analysis hierarchical K-means methods were employed. RESULTS: The nanosensors were introduced to the interior of the cells showing different distribution specific for each Raman reporter. Intracellular …chemical information along with SERS response of the reporter was observed for both rhodamine dyes. CONCLUSIONS: The type of the reporter plays a crucial role in the cellular uptake of nanosensors and strongly affects the detection of biomacromolecules. Show more

Keywords: SERS imaging, macrophages, gold nanoparticles, Raman reporters, fluorescent dyes

DOI: 10.3233/BSI-130052

Citation: Biomedical Spectroscopy and Imaging, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 349-357, 2013

Authors: Roman, Maciej | Chruszcz-Lipska, Katarzyna | Celka, Justyna | Baranska, Malgorzata

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Four common cinchona alkaloids, i.e. quinine, quinidine, cinchonine and cinchonidine, were studied by Raman spectroscopy to show differences between corresponding pairs of pseudoenantiomers. Single spectra of the alkaloids measured with excitation at 532 and 1064 nm exhibit similar pattern and cannot be used for fast and reliable differentiation between the compounds. However, Raman Optical Activity (ROA) method applied to study aqueous solution of the alkaloids showed distinct differences between the compounds related to the absolute configuration at chiral atoms. It allowed unequivocal identification of the pseudoenantiomers on the basis of the sign of characteristic bands from a single measurement. The …most important bands in Raman and ROA spectra were assigned according to literature. The work presented here shows for the first time ROA analysis of cinchona alkaloids and its powerfulness for investigation of chiral compounds that show similar Raman spectra. Show more

Keywords: ROA, cinchona alkaloids, quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, cinchonidine, chirality

DOI: 10.3233/BSI-130053

Citation: Biomedical Spectroscopy and Imaging, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 359-365, 2013

Article Type: Other

Citation: Biomedical Spectroscopy and Imaging, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 367-370, 2013

Article Type: Other

Citation: Biomedical Spectroscopy and Imaging, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 371-372, 2013