Affiliations: [a]
Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| [b]
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Unit, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| [c]
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| [d]
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Correspondence:
[*]
Correspondence to: Claudio Carallo, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom. E-mail: c.carallo10@imperial.ac.uk.
Abstract: BACKGROUND:Longitudinal Displacement (LD) is the relative motion of the intima-media upon adventitia of the arterial wall during the cardiac cycle, probably linked to atherosclerosis. It has a direction, physiologically first backward in its main components with respect to the arterial flow. Here, LD was investigated in various disease and in presence of a unilateral carotid stent. METHODS:Carotid acquisitions were performed by ultrasound imaging on both body sides of 75 participants (150 Arteries). LD was measured in its percent quantity and direction. RESULTS:Obesity (p = 0.001) and carotid plaques (p = 0.01) were independently associated to quantity decrease of LD in the whole population. In a subgroup analysis, it was respectively 143% in healthy (n = 48 carotids), 129% (n = 34) in presence of cardiovascular risk factors, 121% (n = 20) in MACE patients, 119% (n = 24) in the carotid contralateral to a stent, 110% (n = 24) in carotids with stents. Regarding the direction of LD, in a subgroup analysis an inverted movement was identified in aged (p = 0.001) and diseased (p = 0.001) participants who also showed less quantity of LD (p = 0.001), but independently with age only (p = 0.002) in the whole population. CONCLUSIONS:This observational study suggests that LD within carotid wall layers is lower additively with ageing, cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular diseases, and stent. Even if stent is surely beneficial, these data might shed some light on stent restenosis, emphasising the need for interventional studies.
