Main Group Chemistry - Volume 20, issue 3

Authors: Harismah, Kun | Nayini, Mohsen Mohammad Raei | Montazeri, Shadi | Ariaei, Shaghayegh | Nouraliei, Milad

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A huge number of parabens, esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, are used in cosmetic and personal care products as preservative substances. Due to their detrimental effects on ecosystem and human health, taking precautionary measures to remove these compounds is an important task regarding the environmental issues. In this study, a silica (SiO2 ) nanotube has been selected as a novel sensor to adsorb the most common parabens which are methyl paraben and propyl paraben molecules. To this aim, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to evaluate the properties for investigated compounds. The calculated adsorption energies of the most stable configurations …for methyl parban@SiO2 and propyl paraben@SiO2 complexes were found to be –0.238 and –0.242 eV, respectively. The electronic properties of nanotubes experienced dramatic changes in case of interactions with parabens, which led to declining the HOMO/LUMO energy gap of the nanotube to its original value. Such adsorption could also enhance the electrical conductivity of the nanotubes meaning that the utilized SiO2 nanotube could detect the existence of methyl and propyl parabens molecules in the environment. As a concluding remark, the investigated SiO2 nanotube could work as a possible sensor for hazardous paraben with the importance of environmental issues. Show more

Keywords: Methyl paraben, propyl paraben, electrical conductivity, SiO2 nanotube, DFT

DOI: 10.3233/MGC-210052

Citation: Main Group Chemistry, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 355-363, 2021

Authors: Tsivgoulis, Gerasimos M. | Vachliotis, Dimitris G. | Kordopati, Golfo G. | Ioannou, Panayiotis V.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Sulfonates are well-known substances with a variety of applications, e.g. as surfactants. On the other hand, bis(sulfonates) bearing hydroxyl or keto group(s) in between the sulfonate groups can be used with or without further modification as starting materials for the preparation of new type of molecules capable to form either complexes or in general supramolecular structures. The synthesis of three hydroxyl-bearing bis(sulfonates), 2-hydroxypropane-1,3-bis(sodium sulfonate) 4 , DL-2,3-dihydroxybutane-1,4-bis(sodium sulfonate) 8 , and sodium 2,3,4-trihydroxy-1-sulfonate 7 (as by-product) via the Strecker sulfonation are described. Interestingly, under similar conditions, sulfonation of 1,4-dibromo-2,3-butanedione 9 was found to be very complicated and no …pure product could be isolated, despite previously reported results on sulfonation of α -halogenated ketones in high yields. There are indications that SO3 2- attacks at the carbonyl carbon of 9 followed by rearrangement and expulsion of SO4 2- . 1,4-dibromo-2,3-butanedione 9 , bearing two keto groups next to methylene groups, can potentially exist as enols or in the case of its solution in hydroxylic solvents in the form of hemiketals or geminal diols. This behavior of 9 when is dissolved in CDCl3 , CD3 OD and D2 O was studied by means of UV-Vis, 1 H and 13 C NMR and the nature of the adducts formed was elucidated. Show more

Keywords: The Strecker reaction, bis(sodium sulfonates), 1, 4-dibromo-2, 3-butanedione

DOI: 10.3233/MGC-210053

Citation: Main Group Chemistry, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 365-376, 2021

Authors: Ullah, Irshad | Shah, Shefaat Ullah | Khan, Muhammad Khalid | Shah, Kifayat Ullah | Khan, Barkat Ali

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Chitosan a poly-(D) glucosamine is a polysaccharide made by treating shrimp and other crustacean shells with the alkali sodium hydroxide. It is a hydrophilic polymer that helps to retain the drug inside the solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN’s) and prolongs the release of drug from the carrier system. The purpose of the study was to formulate Chitosan decorated SLN’s for the topical delivery of dexibuprofen by hot pressure homogenization technique. Blank SLN’s, drug loaded SLN’s and Chitosan decorated SLN’s were prepared. Particle size, zeta potential and PDI were determined. FTIR study was conducted to evaluate the compatibility of excipients with the …active drug. Surface morphology of SLN’s was determined by field emission scanning electron microscope. Drug content and entrapment efficiency of SLN’s were determined using indirect method. In vitro release and ex vivo permeation study of SLN’s were carried out using Franz diffusion cell. The droplet size fell into the nano range i.e. 132±7 to 424±2 nm which is effective for topical drug delivery system. The PDI of formulations range from 0.21 to 0.42 which depicts the homogeneity of all the SLN’s formulations. Vibrational analysis indicates that there is no interaction between active drug and excipient used in the formulation. The surface morphology revealed the spherical shape of Chitosan decorated SLN’s. The in vitro release of formulations showed 79.91±1.07 to 89.94±1.8 % drug release. The drug permeation study showed high permeation of drug into the skin. The percent drug permeation ranges from 64.15±0.93 to 71.80±0.88% indicating good permeation of drug across the skin. Overall, SLN’s are an effective carrier for topical delivery of dexibuprofen and thus bypasses side effects associated with oral delivery. Show more

Keywords: Solid lipid nanoparticles, chitosan, dexibuprofen, topical application

DOI: 10.3233/MGC-210055

Citation: Main Group Chemistry, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 377-388, 2021

Authors: Özkahraman, Bengi | Yıldırım, Eren | Emik, Serkan | Acar, Işıl

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study deals with the potential use of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-itaconic acid) temperature-sensitive hydrogels as an adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions. For this aim, the adsorption properties of hydrogels were examined by adsorption capacities, adsorption isotherm, and adsorption kinetics experiments. To describe the adsorption characteristics of hydrogels, the obtained experimental data were evaluated by Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. Adsorption kinetics experiments were carried out not only in single systems but also in binary systems where both ions were at equal initial concentrations for competitive adsorption studies. To predict the behaviors of the …competitive and non-competitive adsorption process of ions onto hydrogels, the experimental adsorption data were analyzed by the pseudo-first-order model and the pseudo-second-order model. According to non-competitive ion removal findings, the adsorption capacities followed order Cu(II) > Pb(II) for all hydrogels, and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model explained the adsorption properties of the hydrogels. Competitive ion removal studies showed that all hydrogels were selective to Cu(II) ion. Furthermore, in the case of comparative investigations both of competitive Cu(II) and competitive Pb(II) removal by hydrogels, the metal ion removal capacity of N10 hydrogel was found as a bit higher than that of N7.5 and N5 in 48 h. That is, as the acidic group content increased in the hydrogel network, the adsorption capacity values also increased. In addition, the reusability of temperature-sensitive hydrogels seems possible without regeneration or after regenerating with acid, in case the temperature is increased above the LCST. Furthermore, even if it cannot be reused, these hydrogels that retain metal ions reach very small volumes by shrinking when the LSCT is exceeded, and thus they can be eliminated more easily than other conventional gels due to their small size. As a result, this temperature-sensitive hydrogel may propose as an alternative environmentally friendly adsorbent candidate for can be used for water purification and wastewater treatment. Show more

Keywords: Heavy metal removal, N-isopropylacrylamide, itaconic acid, hydrogel, temperature-sensitive, adsorption

DOI: 10.3233/MGC-210056

Citation: Main Group Chemistry, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 389-407, 2021

Authors: Khan, Barkat Ali | Khan, Muhammad Kamran | Haider, Naeem | Menaa, Farid | Khan, Muhammad Khalid

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim of this study was to enhance the solubility of Aceclofenac with a new polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft co-polymer (Soloplus® ) and formulate it in controlled release (CR) tablet dosage form by direct compression method with HPMC K-15. Solid dispersions were prepared in different ratio of Aceclofenac and Soloplus® as F1 , F2 and F3 with different polymer ratios i.e. 30%, 50%, and 70% respectively. All the quality control tests were performed for the prepared controlled release tablets. Drug polymer interaction studies of Aceclofenac and Soloplus® were carried using FTIR and XRD. Dissolution study …was carried out against Alkaris® as a standard reference. The formulation F3 showed optimum results and followed zero order kinetics. The Soloplus® improved the solubility of the drug and the CR formulation enhanced the delivery in a sustained manner. Hence, the CR formulation enhanced the delivery of aceclofenac in a sustained manner, thereby an efficient drug delivery may lead to an effective anti-inflammatory activity. Show more

Keywords: Soloplus® , aceclofenac, HPMC, controlled release, NSAIDS

DOI: 10.3233/MGC-210057

Citation: Main Group Chemistry, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 409-421, 2021

Authors: Naz, M.Y. | Irfan, M. | Shukrullah, S. | Ahmad, I. | Ghaffar, A. | Niazi, U. M. | Rahman, S. | Jalalah, M. | Alsaiari, M.A. | Khan, M.K.A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The conventionally synthesized nano-ferrite materials do not possess bulk properties, generally required for their use in mainstream industry. To make ferrite nanoparticles clinically applicable materials, it is important to have good control over morphology and optical properties of these materials. In this study, low-pressure microwave plasma was used to tailor the structural properties and surface chemistry of manganese ferrite nanoparticles. A facile sol-gel method was used to prepare cubic spinal structures of manganese ferrite nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were exposed to oxygen plasma sustained with a microwave source for improving their magnetic and photocatalytic activities. The techniques like XRD, SEM, PL, …UV-Vis DRS, transient photocurrent response and EIS were used to characterize the samples. The plasma treated nanoparticles were used to degraded methyl blue (MB) dye in the solution. The photocatalytic activity showed 85% degradation of MB after 100 min of exposure of visible light. The second part of the paper studied the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles. The saturation magnetization decreased from 0.78 emu/g to 0.68 emu/g after plasma treatment of nanoparticles. Show more

Keywords: Sol-gel method, manganese ferrite, photocatalyst, magnetization, microwave plasma

DOI: 10.3233/MGC-210065

Citation: Main Group Chemistry, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 423-435, 2021