Affiliations: School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA | Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
Note: [] Corresponding author: Steven W. Hetts, Neurointerventional Radiology, 505 Parnassus Avenue, L-352, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA. Tel.: +1 415 353 186; Fax: +1 415 353 8606; E-mail: steven.hetts@ucsf.edu.
Abstract: Pial nongalenic arteriovenous fistulas are rare vascular lesions of the brain. The recent decades have brought a new understanding of the origins and associations of these fistulas as well as improvements in diagnosis and treatment. Pediatric patients with nongalenic arteriovenous fistulas are increasingly likely to have good clinical outcomes except in the most complex cases. Recent advances and areas for further investigation will be reviewed.
