Nutrition and Aging - Volume 2, issue 2-3

Authors: Suthanthangjai, W. | Kilmartin, P.A. | Phillips, A.R.J. | Davies, K. | Ansell, J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: There has been increasing interest in red wine anthocyanins in relation to changes brought about by lactic acid bacteria in the human digestive system. Anthocyanins are modified multiple times prior to being absorbed, so that intact anthocyanins are unlikely to survive the process, although the parent compounds may still act as local antioxidants within the digestive system. Metabolites such as phenolic acids are easier to absorb, and are thus more bioavailable. This study has investigated the biotransformation of the representative Pinot noir anthocyanin, malvidin-3-glucoside, into metabolites by Lactobacillus plantarum at pH 3.4, 4.2, 5.9 and 7.0 incubated anaerobically at 37°C …for up to 24 hours. The metabolites were identified by HPLC-MS. Anthocyanin glycosides were found to be completely hydrolyzed by all selected strains at pH 5.9 after 24 h of incubation. The anthocyanins were quite stable under acidic conditions (pH 3.4) but were highly unstable at neutral pH due to both chemical and microbial degradation. The main metabolites were phenolic acids such as gallic acid and protocatechuic acid. They showed greater antioxidant activity than the parent anthocyanins, as indicated by radical scavenging assays and through an assessment of reducing strength using cyclic voltammetry. Show more

Keywords: anthocyanins, pinot noir, polyphenol, lactic acid bacteria

DOI: 10.3233/NUA-130021

Citation: Nutrition and Aging, vol. 2, no. 2-3, pp. 145-149, 2014

Authors: Jiménez-Girón, Ana | Muñoz-González, Irene | Martín-Álvarez, Pedro J. | Bartolomé, Begoña | Moreno-Arribas, M. Victoria

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: With the final aim of ascertaining consistent data about the changes of phenolic metabolites in faeces after a regular wine consumption, the present paper compiles the data from two previous human intervention studies: a) a pilot study (n = 8), that compared the ingestion of de-alcoholised red wine (272 mL/day), red wine (272 mL/day), or gin (100 mL/day) during 20 days, and b) a large trial study (n = 41, 33 cases and 8 controls), that assessed variability among individuals after the intake of red wine (250 mL/day, 28 days). Great coincidence was observed in the main phenolic metabolites identified …in the faecal samples from both studies that included benzoic acids, phenols, hippuric acids, phenylacetic acids, phenylpropionic acids, valeric acids, valerolactones and cinnamic acids. However, significant differences (P < 0.05) in the total phenolic content between faecal samples before and after the wine intervention was only observed for the large trial study (358 ± 270 and 625 ± 380 μg/g faeces, corresponding to the mean values before and after the intervention, respectively), emphasizing the large variability in the phenolic-metabolizing gut-microbial capacity among individuals. The overall results confirm that consumption of wine enhances phenolic metabolism, which might have physiological relevancy at the gut level. Show more

DOI: 10.3233/NUA-130020

Citation: Nutrition and Aging, vol. 2, no. 2-3, pp. 151-156, 2014

Authors: Barger, J.L. | Vann, J.M. | Mastaloudis, A. | Wood, S.M. | Bartlett, M.R. | Prolla, T.A. | Weindruch, R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Although calorie restriction (CR) slows the aging process in diverse species, CR is not a pragmatic strategy to attenuate aging in free-living humans. Accordingly, there is growing interest in identifying CR mimetics—compounds that elicit the salutary effects of CR without a reduction in energy intake. Because increased white adipose tissue (WAT) is associated with accelerated onset of many age-associated diseases, and because a reduction of WAT is a consistent feature of CR, diet-induced changes in WAT bioactivity may be attractive targets for assessing the efficacy of CR mimetics. We analyzed gene expression datasets from WAT of obese mice and humans …and found a significant modulation of 22 pathways indicating decreased mitochondrial function and an up-regulation of the immune response and lysosomal structure. The change with obesity was abrogated by long-term CR in WAT of both mice and rats for 13 of the 22 pathways. For those 13 pathways, consumption of the putative CR mimetic resveratrol both opposed the effect obesity and mimicked the effect of CR for 11 and 10 pathways in human and mouse adipose tissue, respectively. Numerous studies have shown that resveratrol delays diverse aspects of the aging process, suggesting that our observed transcriptional response in WAT is indicative of increased healthspan. We propose that these pathways may be used as a framework to screen for novel CR mimetics. Show more

Keywords: Calorie restriction, obesity, mitochondria, immune response, nutrigenomics, diabetes

DOI: 10.3233/NUA-130018

Citation: Nutrition and Aging, vol. 2, no. 2-3, pp. 157-163, 2014

Authors: Ky, Isabelle | Crozier, Alan | Cros, Gérard | Teissedre, Pierre-louis

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Grape (Vitis vinifera) is one of the most cultivated fruit crops in the world, with an approximate annual production of ~64 million metric tons in 2010 (OIV, 2011). Grapes composition in polyphenols and their extractability which is far from complete and typically reaching only 30–40% depend on grape varieties, vineyard location and the technological parameters during wine making process including destemming, crushing, maceration and pressing. Therefore, grape pomace potentially constitutes a very abundant and relatively inexpensive source of a wide range of polyphenols including monomeric and oligomeric flavan-3-ols (proanthocyanidins) as well as anthocyanins (glucosides, acetylated glucosides and coumarylic glucosides). Moreover, …it has been evaluated as a potential source of antioxidant polyphenols which could be used as nutraceuticals or food additives. Actually, phenolic compounds are known to have some health benefits such as a chemopreventive role toward cardiovascular, cancer, and degenerative diseases. In order to valorize wine by-products from Rhone Valley area, grape and pomace seeds and skins from red wine cultivars at maturity from the vintage 2009 and 2010 (Grenache, Syrah, Carignan, Mourvédre, Counoise and Alicante) have been characterised for their phenolic contents (total phenol contents, tannin and anthocyanin contents - total and individuals; quantification of monomeric and oligomeric proanthocyanidins as well as some anthocyanins (glucosides, acetylated glucosides and coumarylic glucosides)). Ratio of initial phenolic compounds from grape to pomace was also estimated. The comparison of several wine industry by-products with their respective grapes provided evidence that grape seed and skin pomace extracts still contained appreciable amounts of flavanol-3-ols and anthocyanins even after the fermentation process. Quantitative and qualitative distribution of polyphenols in grape pomaces showed significant differences through varieties. Seed extracts from grapes and pomaces contain exceptionally high amounts of total polyphenols than skin's extracts. This study evidenced seeds from Grenache, Syrah and Alicante and skins from Syrah, Carignan and Alicante as the most interesting fractions to be valorized because of their richest contents in polyphenols compared to the other assessed fractions and varieties. This work further supports that grape pomaces obtained after vinification still retained a significant amount of polyphenols of which level depends largely on the vintage. The use of this by-product would constitute a promising natural source of available polyphenols which could be included in nutraceutical formulation. Activity effects of grape by-products on a chronic disease model with hypertension are given. Show more

DOI: 10.3233/NUA-130027

Citation: Nutrition and Aging, vol. 2, no. 2-3, pp. 165-177, 2014

Authors: De Rosso, M. | Bavaresco, L. | De Marchi, F. | Dalla Vedova, A. | Panighel, A. | Gardiman, M. | Flamini, R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Stilbenes are one of the main classes of grape polyphenols associated with the beneficial effects of drinking wine. In the present study, a “suspect screening” metabolomics approach was used to study these grape compounds. Analysis was performed by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Quadrupole Time-Of-Flight (UHPLC/QTOF) mass spectrometry and compounds were identified using the database GrapeMetabolomics expressly constructed. By this approach, a total of 18 stilbene derivatives was identified in two V. vinifera red grape varieties (cvs. Raboso Piave and Primitivo) on the basis of accurate mass measurements and isotopic patterns. Identifications were confirmed by multiple mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Bioactive stilbenes …such as trans-resveratrol, Z- and E-piceid, piceatannol and Z- and E-astringin, and several resveratrol dimers, trimers and tetramers such as pallidol and pallidol-3-O-glucoside, E- and Z-ε-viniferin, E- and Z-δ-viniferin, caraphenol B, parthenocissin A, E- and Z-miyabenol C, hopheapenol, ampelopsin H, vaticanol C-like or isohopeaphenol, were identified. In our knowledge, some of these resveratrol trimers and tetramers were reported in grape for the first time. Show more

DOI: 10.3233/NUA-130019

Citation: Nutrition and Aging, vol. 2, no. 2-3, pp. 179-181, 2014

Authors: van Velden, D.P. | Kotze, M.J.

Article Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.3233/NUA-130025

Citation: Nutrition and Aging, vol. 2, no. 2-3, pp. 183-187, 2014

Authors: Kotze, M.J. | Marnewick, J.L. | Kidd, M. | Fisher, L.R. | van Velden, D.P.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Alcohol intake is associated with variation in many biochemical markers and metabolic processes implicated in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other non-communicable diseases associated with advanced aging. Some changes are beneficial, while others may be harmful in relation to individual differences in genetic background. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of alternative moderate consumption of red wine and brandy on the lipid profile in the same experimental population of healthy adults and to identify genetic risk factors that may contribute to differences in response. An 8-week randomised crossover intervention study of red wine versus brandy consumption was …performed in 37 healthy volunteers (19 males and 18 females) between the ages of 26 and 71 years. The assessments included anthropometric measurements, biochemical determinations and genetic analysis using a multi-gene CVD test. The level of total glutathione as an indicator of antioxidant capacity was significantly decreased only after the brandy intervention when compared to the baseline (p = 0.002). Both the brandy and wine intervention resulted in a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.001). Significant differential effects were shown in relation to genetic variation in the APOE (p = 0.027) and MTHFR (p = 0.048) genes, known to be associated with hyper-responsiveness to alcohol intake. Novel findings included a statistically significant increase of both total cholesterol (p = 0.016) and triglyceride (p = 0.022) levels with alcohol intake only in individuals who tested positive for the low-penetrance H63D and/or C282Y mutations in the HFE gene. This study confirmed the well-established protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption on the lipid profile, especially red wine. Since the genetic background influences the effect of alcohol on biochemical parameters of CVD risk, safe limits of wine and brandy consumption may in future be based partly on the genetic profile. Show more

Keywords: Alcohol, antioxidant, cardiovascular risk, genetics

DOI: 10.3233/NUA-130035

Citation: Nutrition and Aging, vol. 2, no. 2-3, pp. 189-195, 2014