Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology - Volume 24, issue 4

Authors: Tian, Xiangdong | Zhu, Guangyu | Wang, Jian | Wang, Qingfu | Guan, Lei | Tan, Yetong | Xue, Zhipeng | Qin, Lina | Zhang, Jing

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate whether integration of traditional Chinese medicine and modern medicine has advantage in achieving the improved diagnosis and treatment of knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: 90 patients with knee osteoarthritis were selected from The Department of Minimal Invasive Joint of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine from June 2013 to June 2015. They were divided into 3 groups with 30 cases per group in accordance to the syndrome differentiation of traditional Chinese medicine. The patients underwent arthroscopic surgery, and we categorized the patients having the same characterization in each group, …and those having distinct difference into the three groups. Based on the arthroscopic analysis, we performed analysis of statistical data in order to analyze the relation between knee osteoarthritis under arthroscope and traditional Chinese medicine syndromes. RESULTS: There are three syndromes according to traditional Chinese medicine that can be categorized into various different groups. The synovial proliferation can be seen mostly in the syndrome of stagnation of blood stasis. The slight damage of knee joint cartilage can be seen in the syndrome of yang deficiency and cold stagnation, the severe one in the syndrome of kidney-marrow deficiency. We found that there are different pathological expressions with the various degree of the tissues damage at the knee and we categorized the knee according to their syndrome. CONCLUSION: For knee osteoarthritis, different syndromes of traditional Chinese medicine presents different tissues pathological changes at the knee joint under arthroscopy, which will provide objective basis for the diagnosis of this medical condition. Show more

Keywords: Knee osteoarthritis, arthroscopic surgery, traditional Chinese medicine syndromes, orthopedic diagnosis

DOI: 10.3233/XST-160567

Citation: Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 509-519, 2016

Authors: Xu, Xianfeng | Li, Zhenzhou | Qiu, Xixiong | Wei, Zhaolian

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the value of PET/CT scanning in preoperative diagnosis of cervical carcinoma, especially for detecting lymph node metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The approval of the ethics committee which was granted by our hospital was obtained beforehand. Patients with CC were collected into this investigation between January 2011 and October 2015. Each participant received surgeries, as well as pelvic and paraaortic systematic lymph node dissection. After operations, CC types were confirmed by pathological examinations. The tumor stages were assessed by 3 experienced radiologists independently, according to FIGO examinations and positron emission tomography-computed tomography …(PET/CT), and these above diagnostic results were compared with postoperative biopsy pathology, respectively. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS 16.0, and the diagnostic performance of PET/CT was calculated. RESULTS: 51 patients were identified in this investigation, and the mean age of these female individuals was 42.3±6.7 years (range, 34–58 years). Depending on statistical analysis, the staging accuracy of PET/CT to detect primary tumors was 84.31%, with sensitivity 88.00% and specificity 80.77%. With respect to lymph nodes, the accuracy could reach 76.47%, with sensitivity 82.61% and specificity 71.43%. On the other hand, FIGO staging performed poorly in detecting primary tumors, with sensitivity 44.12%, specificity 47.06% and accuracy 45.10%. In terms of testing lymph nodes, the diagnosis parameters were as followed, sensitivity 28.57%, specificity 8.70% and accuracy 19.61%. After statistical analysis, there was significantly different between two methods (P  < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PET/CT scanning may be valuable in detecting primary tumors and lymph nodes, and more accurate staging may lead to improving therapeutic planning in CC patients. Show more

Keywords: Diagnosis, positron emission tomography-computed tomography, cervical cancer

DOI: 10.3233/XST-160569

Citation: Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 531-536, 2016

Authors: Lee, Byeonghun | Kwon, Koojoo | Shin, Byeong-Seok

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Data sets containing colored anatomical images of the human body, such as Visible Human or Visible Korean, show realistic internal organ structures. However, imperfect segmentations of these color images, which are typically generated manually or semi-automatically, produces poor-quality rendering results. We propose an interactive high-quality visualization method using GPU-based refinements to aid in the study of anatomical structures. In order to represent the boundaries of a region-of-interest (ROI) smoothly, we apply Gaussian filtering to the opacity values of the color volume. Morphological grayscale erosion operations are performed to reduce the region size, which is expanded by Gaussian filtering. Pseudo-coloring and …color blending are also applied to the color volume in order to give more informative rendering results. We implement these operations on GPUs to speed up the refinements. As a result, our method delivered high-quality result images with smooth boundaries and provided considerably faster refinements. The speed of these refinements is sufficient to be used with interactive renderings as the ROI changes, especially compared to CPU-based methods. Moreover, the pseudo-coloring methods used presented anatomical structures clearly. Show more

Keywords: Color volume rendering, color human body, Gaussian filtering, morphology operations, pseudo-coloring, GPU-based refinement

DOI: 10.3233/XST-160572

Citation: Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 537-548, 2016

Authors: Kueh, Audrey | Warnett, Jason M. | Gibbons, Gregory J. | Brettschneider, Julia | Nichols, Thomas E. | Williams, Mark A. | Kendall, Wilfrid S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In computed tomography (CT), the spot geometry is one of the main sources of error in CT images. Since X-rays do not arise from a point source, artefacts are produced. In particular there is a penumbra effect, leading to poorly defined edges within a reconstructed volume. Penumbra models can be simulated given a fixed spot geometry and the known experimental setup. OBJECTIVE: This paper proposes to use a penumbra model, derived from Beer’s law, both to confirm spot geometry from penumbra data, and to quantify blurring in the image. METHODS: Two models for the …spot geometry are considered; one consists of a single Gaussian spot, the other is a mixture model consisting of a Gaussian spot together with a larger uniform spot. RESULTS: The model consisting of a single Gaussian spot has a poor fit at the boundary. The mixture model (which adds a larger uniform spot) exhibits a much improved fit. The parameters corresponding to the uniform spot are similar across all powers, and further experiments suggest that the uniform spot produces only soft X-rays of relatively low-energy. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the precision of radiographs can be estimated from the penumbra effect in the image. The use of a thin copper filter reduces the size of the effective penumbra. Show more

Keywords: Computed tomography, focal spot, penumbra, secondary radiation, nonlinear least squares

DOI: 10.3233/XST-160576

Citation: Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 583-597, 2016

Authors: Alsbou, Nesreen | Ahmad, Salahuddin | Ali, Imad

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: PURPOSE: A motion algorithm has been developed to extract length, CT number level and motion amplitude of a mobile target from cone-beam CT (CBCT) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The algorithm uses three measurable parameters: Apparent length and blurred CT number distribution of a mobile target obtained from CBCT images to determine length, CT-number value of the stationary target, and motion amplitude. The predictions of this algorithm are tested with mobile targets having different well-known sizes that are made from tissue-equivalent gel which is inserted into a thorax phantom. The phantom moves sinusoidally in one-direction to simulate respiratory …motion using eight amplitudes ranging 0–20 mm. RESULTS: Using this motion algorithm, three unknown parameters are extracted that include: Length of the target, CT number level, speed or motion amplitude for the mobile targets from CBCT images. The motion algorithm solves for the three unknown parameters using measured length, CT number level and gradient for a well-defined mobile target obtained from CBCT images. The motion model agrees with the measured lengths which are dependent on the target length and motion amplitude. The gradient of the CT number distribution of the mobile target is dependent on the stationary CT number level, the target length and motion amplitude. Motion frequency and phase do not affect the elongation and CT number distribution of the mobile target and could not be determined. CONCLUSION: A motion algorithm has been developed to extract three parameters that include length, CT number level and motion amplitude or speed of mobile targets directly from reconstructed CBCT images without prior knowledge of the stationary target parameters. This algorithm provides alternative to 4D-CBCT without requirement of motion tracking and sorting of the images into different breathing phases. The motion model developed here works well for tumors that have simple shapes, high contrast relative to surrounding tissues and move nearly in regular motion pattern that can be approximated with a simple sinusoidal function. This algorithm has potential applications in diagnostic CT imaging and radiotherapy in terms of motion management. Show more

Keywords: Motion algorithm, 4D-cone-beam CT, motion parameters, physical parameters, target elongation, CT number distribution

DOI: 10.3233/XST-160577

Citation: Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 599-613, 2016

Authors: Chen, Mianyi | Kalra, Mannudeep K. | Yun, Wenbing | Cong, Wenxiang | Yang, Qingsong | Nguyen, Terry | Wei, Biao | Wang, Ge

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: To reduce the radiation dose and the equipment cost associated with lung CT screening, in this paper we propose a mixed reality based nodule measurement method with an active shutter stereo imaging system. Without involving hundreds of projection views and subsequent image reconstruction, we generated two projections of an iteratively placed ellipsoidal volume in the field of view and merging these synthetic projections with two original CT projections. We then demonstrated the feasibility of measuring the position and size of a nodule by observing whether projections of an ellipsoidal volume and the nodule are overlapped from a human observer’s visual …perception through the active shutter 3D vision glasses. The average errors of measured nodule parameters are less than 1 mm in the simulated experiment with 8 viewers. Hence, it could measure real nodules accurately in the experiments with physically measured projections. Show more

Keywords: Mixed reality, stereo imaging, lung nodule, detection, qualification

DOI: 10.3233/XST-160578

Citation: Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 615-625, 2016

Authors: Wang, Di | Qin, Qin | Jiang, Qin-Juan | Wang, Da-Fei

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Radiation therapy is a typical treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), especially middle and upper segment esophagus, and inoperable patients. However, how to promote radiation sensitivity in radio-resistant cancer cells is a conundrum. Here, our study investigated the radiosensitizing effect of bortezomib, a specific and reversible dipeptide boronic acid analog, in ESCC cells. Human esophageal squamous carcinoma cell lines Eca109 and TE-13 were exposed to hypoxia and/or ionizing radiation (IR) with or without treatment of bortezomib. Cell proliferation assay was performed with CCK8. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle assay were performed with flow cytometry. The radiosensitization effect of was …assessed by clonogenic survival and progression of tumor xenograft. The expression of HIF-1α, VEGF, and apoptosis proteins was evaluated by Western blot. Radiation-induced DNA double strand break and homologous recombination repair were assessed by immunofluorescence. Our results show that bortezomib efficiently radiosensitizes ESCC cells by decreasing the expression of HIF- 1α and VEGF, inducing apoptosis by activating caspase, and delaying DNA damage repair after radiation. Show more

Keywords: Bortezomib, radiosensitivity, esophageal cancer, hypoxia, HIF-1α, apoptosis, caspase

DOI: 10.3233/XST-160571

Citation: Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 639-646, 2016