Journal of Environmental Sciences - Volume 12, issue 4

Authors: Hao, Ji-ming | Wang, Shu-xiao | Liu, Bing-jiang | He, Ke-bin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Several factors, namely, coal-dominated primary energy mix, extensive economic development mode, inefficient energy utilization, end the imperfect environmental regulations, result in the serious urban sulfur dioxide pollution end large-scale sulfatetype acid precipitation in China. In 1995, China's sulfur dioxide emissions reached 23.70 Mt, and the areas affected by acid rain accounted for 40% of the territory. Chinese government accords considerable importance to the sulfur dioxide end acid rain contamination. New sets of …environmental friendly policies have been promulgated. But enforcement of laws and regulations on SO_2 emissions need to be further improved and broadened, especially those respond to market conditions. This paper focuses particular attention on the analysis of strategy, policies, and national actions which had or should be taken against sulfur dioxide emissions nationwide to achieve the environmental targets, on the basis of which gives the technical options in future. Show more

Keywords: sulfur dioxide, control, acid rain

Citation: Journal of Environmental Sciences , vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 385-393, 2000

Authors: Cheng, Shu-pei | Zhong, Zhi-hui | Lu, Peng | Chen, Jun | Zhu, Jian-zhong | Jue, Zi-long

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PC) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y99 and the native bacterium YZ1 were the three parental strains for construction of hybrid cells through protoplast fusion to degrade terephthalic acid (TPA) wastewater. The results showed that the native bacterium YZ1 protoplasm could integrate with that of PC to form the hybrid cell Fhh and the fungus Y99 protoplasm also could integrate with that of Fhh to form the hybrid cell Fhhh. The protoplasts of YZ1 …and Y99 could change the morphology of PC spore and mycelinm for two times. The hybrid cell Fhhh got the best growth and degradation abilities in the wastewater. It suggested that the hybrid strains obtained from the inter-kingdom protoplast fusion of the three parental strains could create potential for the purification of TPA wastewater. Show more

Keywords: YZ1 bacterium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, protoplast fusion, terephthalic acid wastewater, Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Citation: Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 394-397, 2000

Authors: Zhang, Yuan-xun | Wang, Yin-song | Qian, Yin-e | Tan, Ming-guang | Zhi, Ming | Li, De-yi | Cheng, Feng | Znang, Gui-lin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The program of the Shanghai Environmental Specimen Bank (SESB) has been established recently and its current status is briefly described. Typical specimen such as water and sediment of Suzhou creek, city particulate matter are collected and some results which have been obtained during the long term permanent operation of this project since 1998 are presented. Moreover, further aspects of environmental data evaluation and assessment are discussed.

Keywords: specimen bank, environment, ecology

Citation: Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 398-401, 2000

Authors: Yang, Shao-jin | Dong, Jin-quan | Cheng, Bing-ru

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: During October 1993 and March 1996, the samples of fine and coarse air particulate matter have been collected at representative urban and rural site of Beijing with the Gent Stacked Filter Unit Sampler. Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) method were used to determine the elemental composition of the particulate matter. Average elemental concentrations and enrichment factors were calculated for the fine and coarse size fractions. Based on the particulate matter …data obtained at urban and rural site together with the chemical constituents of the aerosol from the different sources are discussed. The results show that the relative particulate mass and elemental concentrations of crustal and pollutant elements in the air particulate matter collected over the urban are higher than rural and winter heating period are higher than in ordinary season. Beijing atmosphere is polluted by aerosols from regional and faraway sources. It was noticed that the toxic or harmful elements such as As, Sb, Ph, Cu, Ni, S and Zn were mainly enriched in fine particles with diameter less than 2µm. A receptor model was used to assess the relative contribution of major air pollution sources at receptor sites in Beijing. Trace elements were used as the markers for the above assessment. Factor analysis method was used to identify possible emission sources of air particles. The major sources of dust-soil, coal burning, motor vehicle emission, industry emission and refuse incineration were identified. Show more

Keywords: aerosol, source, rural, urban, atmospheric particulate matter

Citation: Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 402-409, 2000

Authors: Lei, Le-cheng | Sun, Yuan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: An extensive series of experiments was carried out in order to identify suitable catalysts to boost the reaction rate of wet air oxidation of real textile wastewaters at relatively mild temperature and pressure. Experimental results indicated that all catalysts tested in this investigation had shown an impressive increase in the initial COD and TOC removal rate as well as the COD and TOC removal levels in two hours reaction. Among all the catalysts tested, copper salts …were more effective than the rest. Anions of the salt soluffonsalso played a role in the catalytic process with nitrate ions having better effect than sulfate ions. Hence copper nitrates were more effective than copper sulfates. It was also found that a mixture of salts with different metals performed better than either of the component single salt alone. Show more

Keywords: textile wastewater, wet air oxidation, catalysis

Citation: Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 410-415, 2000

Authors: Zhan, Xin-min | Wang, Jian-long | Wen, Xiang-hua | Feng, Ye-cheng | Qian, Yi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this paper, the influence of inorganic salt on aerobic biodegradability of dyestuffs was studied by means of semicontinuous activated sludge method. It was found that: biodegradability of dyestuffs would decrease with the increase of the concentration of NaCl; however, biodegradability in the condition of NaCl = 30 g/L was better than that in the condition of NaCl =15 g/L; in the three NaCl conditions, biodegradability of tasted dyestuffs followed the following order: NaCl= 0 g/L …> NaCl= 30g/L > NaCl= 15 g/L. Show more

Keywords: biodegradability, dyestuffs, inorganic salt, degradation efficiency

Citation: Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 416-421, 2000

Authors: Liu, Guo-hua | Fu, Bo-jie

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Sustainable development, as a "hot topic", concerns not only economic development but also environmental protection. Agriculture, the base of other economic activities, has faced many difficulties that include over-growth population, land decrease, end land degradation and so on. Therefore, how to increase the food supply, to meet the over-growth population demands, is the main task all over the world at present, especially in the developing countries, such as China, but we also must protect agricultural …environment for medium- and long-term development simultaneously. Hence, sustainable development in agriculture is the most important estate that we must concern. Its sustainable development determines the sustainability of other economic development to a great extent. Despite Chinese government has paid much attention to develop agricultural production and obtained great successions, there are also many shortcomings in Chinese agriculture. Therefore, China must seek new approaches for its development end environmental protection that suit local conditions and are based on local resources. Agro-ecological engineering, the application of ecological engineering in agriculture, is very thriving in China in recent decades. In this paper, the ecological, economic and social benefits of agro-ecological engineering are analyzed. The principles are discussed. The results indicated that agro-ecological engineering can meet the farmer's short-, medium- and long-term benefits. In the meanwhile, it also concerns not only economic benefits but ecological and social benefits. Therefore, agro-ecological engineering is a way that leads to sustainable agriculture in the future in China. Show more

Keywords: China, sustainable development, sustainable agriculture, agro-ecological engineering

Citation: Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 422-429, 2000

Authors: Shen, Yong-ming | Zheng, Yong-hong | Komatsu, Toshimitsu

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The hydrodynamics and water quality in Hakata Bay, Japan are strongly affected by the seasonal variations in both the gravitational circulation and the stratification in the bay. The three-dimensional hydrodynamics and water quality model has been developed to simulate the long-term transport and fate of pollutants in the system. The model is unique in that it completely integrates the refined modelling of the hydrodynamics, biochemical reactions and the ecosystem in the coastal waters. It is a …3-dimensional segmented model which is capable of resolving mean daily variations in all the parameters relevant to pollution control. It predicts daily fluctuations in the oxygen content at different depths in water throughout the year. It takes into account transport and settling of pollutant particles. It predicts light penetration from computed turbidity variations. It includes interactions between the ecosystem and water quality through nutrient cycling and photosynthesis. The model has been calibrated well against the data set of historical water quality observations in Hakata Bay. Show more

Keywords: coastal waters, water quality, ecosystem, turbulence model, numerical modelling

Citation: Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 430-438, 2000

Authors: Bai, Yu-bo | Shi, Guang-yu | Tamura, Koichi | Shibata, Takashi | Iwasaka, Yasunobu | Shin'ichi, Kaneta | Tamio, Takamura

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In order to obtain some aerosol properties in Tibetan Plateau atmosphere, simultaneous measurements of aerosols by use of a sunphotometer and an aureolementer were performed in the summer of 1998 in Lhasa(29.65°N, 91.13°E). Optical depth, volume size distribution and phase-function of aerosols were obtained from the measurements. Religious activities can have an effect on optical depth in Lhasa. The daily average aerosol optical depth(&b.lambda; = 500 nm) is less than 0.2. The diurnal variations of …aerosol optical depth are relatively small during the period of summer. The maximal value of the mode radius in the volume size distribution are about 0.4, 2.0 and 4.0 µm. Show more

Keywords: phase function, aerosol volume spectrum, optical depth, aureolemeter, sunphotometer

Citation: Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 439-443, 2000

Authors: Cui, Zhao-jie | Liu, Jun-cheng | Gao, Lian-cun | Wei, Ying-qin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Complexation combined with supercritical fluid extraction was used to extract Cu^2+ in this study. The effects of pressure, temperature, volume of CO_2 on the efficiency of extraction were systematically investigated. At the optimum condition a 57.32% recovery was achieved. Addition of suitable amount of methanol (v/v = 5 % ) to the supercritical CO_2 can increase in the extraction of Cu^2+ (72.69 %, RSD = 2.12 %, n = 3). And the recovery can further increase …in the presence of non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 because of its function of solubilization. Surfactant was first used in the extraction of metal ions in the present study, and the results are satisfied (90.52%, RSD=2.20%, n =3). Show more

Keywords: supercritical fluid extraction, metal ions, chelating agent, modified, surfactant

Citation: Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 444-447, 2000