Analytical model of friction at low shear rates for soft materials in 3D printing

Article type: Research Article

Authors: Njezic, Sasa^{a; b} | Zivic, Fatima^{c; *} | Savic, Slobodan^d | Petrovic, Nenad^e | Pesic, Zivana Jovanovic^f | Stefanovic, Anja^g | Milenkovic, Strahinja^h | Grujovic, Nenadⁱ

Affiliations: [a] Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina | [b] Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia | [c] Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia | [d] Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia | [e] Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia | [f] Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia | [g] Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia | [h] Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia | [i] Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia

Correspondence: [*] Corresponding author: Fatima Zivic, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Sestre Janjic 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia. E-mail: zivic@kg.ac.rs.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The biological properties of silicone elastomers such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) have widespread use in biomedicine for soft tissue implants, contact lenses, soft robots, and many other small medical devices, due to its exceptional biocompatibility. Additive manufacturing of soft materials still has significant challenges even with major advancements that have occurred in development of these technologies for customized medical devices and tissue engineering. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a mathematical model of tangential stress in relation to shear stress, shear rate, 3D printing pressure and velocity, for non-Newtonian gels and fluids that are used as materials for 3D printing. METHOD: This study used FENE (finitely extensible nonlinear elastic model) model, for non-Newtonian gels and fluids to define the dependences between tangential stress, velocity, and pressure, considering viscosity, shear stress and shear rates as governing factors in soft materials friction and adhesion. Experimental samples were fabricated as showcases, by SLA and FDM 3D printing technologies: elastic polymer samples with properties resembling elastic properties of PDMS and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) samples. Experimental 3D printing parameters were used in the developed analytical solution to analyse the relationships between governing influential factors (tangential stress, printing pressure, printing speed, shear rate and friction coefficient). Maple software was used for numerical modelling. RESULTS: Analytical model applied on a printed elastic polymer, at low shear rates, exhibited numerical values of tangential stress of 0.208–0.216 N m - 2 at printing velocities of 0.9 to 1.2 mm s - 1, while the coefficient of friction was as low as 0.09–0.16. These values were in accordance with experimental data in literature. Printing pressure did not significantly influence tangential stress, whereas it was slightly influenced by shear rate changes. Friction coefficient linearly increased with tangential stress. CONCLUSION: Simple analytical model of friction for elastic polymer in SLA 3D printing showed good correspondence with experimental literature data for low shear rates, thus indicating possibility to use it for prediction of printing parameters towards desired dimensional accuracy of printed objects. Further development of this analytical model should enable other shear rate regimes, as well as additional soft materials and printing parameters.

Keywords: Soft materials, tangential stress model, shear rate, friction coefficient, FENE (finitely extensible nonlinear elastic model), 3D printing

DOI: 10.3233/THC-240209

Journal: Technology and Health Care, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 3443-3462, 2024