Affiliations: [a] Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| [b] Clinical Studies Sweden – Forum South, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| [c] Department of Clinical Sciences, Section for Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| [d] Department of Neurology, Central Hospital, Bremerhaven, Germany
| [e] Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
Correspondence:
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Correspondence to: Manzur Kader, Department of Health Sciences, PO Box 157, Lund University SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden. Tel.: +46 46 222 18 09; E-mail: manzur.kader@med.lu.se.
Abstract: Background: While walking difficulties are common in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD), little is known about factors that independently contribute to their perceived walking difficulties. Objective: To identify factors that independently contribute to perceived walking difficulties in people with PD. Methods: This study involved 243 (62% men) participants; their mean (min-max) age and PD duration were 70 (45–93) and 8 (1–43) years, respectively. A postal survey preceded a home visit that included observations, clinical tests, questions and questionnaires that were administered as a structured interview. Perceived walking difficulties (dependent variable) were assessed with the self-administered generic Walk-12 (Walk-12G, scored 0–42, higher = worse). Independent variables included personal (e.g., age and general self-efficacy) and social environmental factors (e.g., social support and living situation) as well as disease-related factors including motor (e.g., freezing of gait (FOG) and postural instability) and non-motor symptoms (e.g., fatigue and orthostatic hypotension). Linear multiple regression analysis was used to identify factors that independently contributed to perceived walking difficulties. Results: Eight significant independent variables explained 56.3% of the variance in perceived walking difficulties. FOG was the strongest significant contributing factor to perceived walking difficulties, followed by general self-efficacy, fatigue, PD duration, lower extremity function, orthostatic hypotension, bradykinesia and postural instability. Conclusion: Motor and non-motor symptoms as well as personal factors (i.e., general self-efficacy) seem to be of importance for perceived walking difficulties in PD. These findings might nurture future interventions that address modifiable factors in order to enhance walking ability in people with PD.
