Affiliations: [a] Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| [b] Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| [c] Departments of Epidemiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| [d] Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore
| [e] St Luke’s Hospital, Singapore
| [f] Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Correspondence:
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Correspondence to: Xin Xu, PhD, Centre for Population Health Sciences, 11 Mandalay Road, Level 18, Clinical Sciences Building, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Novena Campus, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore. Tel.: +65 6592 3962; E-mail: xu.xin@ntu.edu.sg.
Abstract: Background:Researchers have questioned the utility of brief cognitive tests such as the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in serial administration and suggested that brief cognitive tests may not accurately track changes in Global Cognition. Objective:To examine the accuracy of longitudinal changes on brief cognitive tests in reflecting progression in Global Cognition measured using comprehensive neuropsychological assessments. Methods:Two hundred and seven participants were assessed with the MMSE, MoCA, and a validated comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Global z-scores on the battery were derived and used to assess overall and significant (≥0.5 standard deviation) decline on Global Cognition. Different patterns of decline on MMSE/MoCA were classified. Accuracy was examined using receiver operating characteristic curve, and sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values were reported. Results:The overall ability of MMSE/MoCA change scores to discriminate participants who did and did not decline on Global Cognition was fair-to-moderate (AUC [95% CI] = 0.71 [0.64–0.78] & 0.73 [0.66–0.80] for overall decline; 0.78 [0.70–0.85] & 0.80 [0.73–0.86] for significant decline, respectively). Changes in MMSE/MoCA had low accuracy in identifying significant Global Cognitive Decline (PPV = 0.41 & 0.46, respectively) but high accuracy in ruling out significant decline and identifying cognitively stable participants (NPV = 0.89 & 0.88, respectively). Conclusion:There is limited utility in brief cognitive tests for tracking cognitive decline. Instead, they should be used for identifying participants who remain cognitively stable on follow up. These results accentuate the importance of acknowledging the limitations of brief cognitive tests when assessing cognitive change.
