A Six-Month Cognitive-Motor and Aerobic Exercise Program Improves Executive Function in Persons with an Objective Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Investigation Using the Antisaccade Task
Affiliations: [a] School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| [b] Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| [c] Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| [d]
Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| [e] Department of Family Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| [f] Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| [g] Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, University of Western University, London, ON, Canada
Correspondence:
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Correspondence to: Matthew Heath, PhD, School of Kinesiology and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada. Tel.: +1 519 661 2111 ext# 80498; Fax: +1 519 661 2008; E-mail: mheath2@uwo.ca.
Abstract: Persons with an objective cognitive impairment (OCI) are at increased risk for progression to Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. The present pilot project sought to examine whether participation in a long-term exercise program involving cognitive-motor (CM) dual-task gait training and aerobic exercise training improves executive function in persons with an OCI. To accomplish our objective, individuals with an OCI (n = 12) as determined by a Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score of less than 26 and older adults (n = 11) deemed to be cognitively healthy (i.e., control group: MoCA score ≥26) completed a six-month moderate-to-high intensity (65–85% maximum heart rate) treadmill-based CM and aerobic exercise training program wherein pre- and post-intervention executive control was examined via the antisaccade task. Notably, antisaccades require a goal-directed eye-movement mirror-symmetrical to a target and represent an ideal tool for the study of executive deficits because of its hands- and language-free nature. As well, the cortical networks mediating antisaccades represent regions associated with neuropathology in cognitive decline and dementia (e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). Results showed that antisaccade reaction times for the OCI group reliably decreased by 30 ms from pre- to post-intervention, whereas the control group did not produce a reliable pre- to post-intervention change in reaction time (i.e., 6 ms). Thus, we propose that in persons with OCI long-term CM and aerobic training improves the efficiency and effectiveness of the executive mechanisms mediating high-level oculomotor control.
