Apolipoprotein E Related Co-Morbidities and Alzheimer’s Disease

Article type: Review Article

Authors: Singhrao, Sim K.^{a; *} | Harding, Alice^a | Chukkapalli, Sasanka^b | Olsen, Ingar^c | Kesavalu, Lakshmyya^{b; d; 1} | Crean, StJohn^{a; 1}

Affiliations: [a] Oral & Dental Sciences Research Group, College of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK | [b] Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA | [c] Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway | [d] Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Correspondence: [*] Correspondence to: Dr. S. K. Singhrao, Oral & Dental Sciences Research Group, College of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK. Tel.: +44 0 1772 895137; Fax: +44 0 1772 892965; E-mail: SKSinghrao@uclan.ac.uk.

Note: [1] These authors contributed equally to this work.

Abstract: The primary goal of advancement in clinical services is to provide a health care system that enhances an individual’s quality of life. Incidence of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and associated dementia coupled with the advancing age of the population, have led to an increase in the worldwide challenge to the healthcare system. In order to overcome these challenges, prior knowledge of common, reliable risk factors and their effectors is essential. Oral health constitutes one such relatively unexplored but indispensable risk factor for aforementioned co-morbidities, in the form of poor oral hygiene and tooth loss during aging. Behavioral traits such as low education, smoking, poor diet, neglect of oral health, lack of exercise, and hypertension are few of the risk factors that are shared commonly among these conditions. In addition, common genetic susceptibility traits such as the apolipoprotein E gene, together with an individual’s lifestyle can also influence the development of co-morbidities such as periodontitis, atherosclerosis/stroke, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease. This review specifically addresses the susceptibility of apolipoprotein E gene allele 4 as the plausible commonality for the etiology of co-morbidities that eventually result from periodontal diseases and ultimately progress to dementia.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, apolipoprotein, atherosclerosis, co-morbidities, dyslipidemia, periodontitis

DOI: 10.3233/JAD150690

Journal: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 935-948, 2016