Affiliations: [a] Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China | [b] Present address: Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Correspondence:
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Corresponding to: Dr. Hong-Lian Li and Dr. Shi-Jie Liu, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China. E-mails: lihonglian@mails.tjmu.edu.cn; cqliushijie@hotmail.com.
Note: [] Handling Associate Editor: Xiongwei Zhu
Abstract: The formation of neurofibrillary tangles, mainly composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, is a hallmark in the brain of human tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although neurons bearing neurofibrillary tangles are constantly exposed to various apoptotic stimuli, they do not appear to preferentially die by apoptosis. The underlying mechanism for such resistance to apoptosis remains elusive. Previously, we studied the role of tau phosphorylation in apoptosis and found that tau hyperphosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) rendered cells more resistant to apoptosis. In this study, we show that the overexpression of tau without any exogenous activation of kinases also confers increased resistance to apoptosis in both N2a cells and in a tau transgenic mouse model. Mechanistically, the overexpression of tau was associated with a reduced p53 level, decreased release of cytochrome C from mitochondria, and inhibition of caspases-9/-3. Additionally, a decreased phosphorylation and increased nuclear translocation of β-catenin were also detected in N2a/tau cells, and knockdown of β-catenin eliminated the anti-apoptotic effect of tau. Furthermore, tau was spontaneously hyperphosphorylated upon overexpression and by staurosporine treatment. The phosphorylation level of p53 decreased upon tau overexpression, and a more profound reduction of the phosphorylated p53 was detected when the cells were treated with lithium and roscovitine, inhibitors of GSK-3 and cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (Cdk-5). These results suggest that the overexpression of tau, which may be hyperphosphorylated by endogenous GSK-3 and Cdk-5, is anti-apoptotic by mechanisms involving modulation of multiple anti-apoptotic factors, including β-catenin and p53-mitochondria-caspase-mediated apoptotic pathways.
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, apoptosis, β-catenin, GSK-3, tau
