Affiliations: [a] Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, P. R. China | [b] Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY, USA
Correspondence:
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Correspondence to: Fei Liu or Cheng-Xin Gong, Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA. Tel.: +1 718 494 4820/5248; Fax: +1 718 494 1080; E-mail: feiliu63@hotmail.com (F. Liu) or cxgong@mail.csi.cunny.edu (C.X. Gong).
Abstract: Abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau appears to be crucial in neurofibrillary degeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies suggest that a down-regulation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), the major tau phosphatase in human brain, contributes to tau hyperphosphorylation in AD. However, the effects of PP2A down-regulation on site-specific tau hyperphosphorylation is not well understood. In the present study, we showed that PP2A dephosphorylated tau at several phosphorylation sites with different efficiencies. Among the sites studied, Thr205, Thr212, Ser214, and Ser262 were the most favorable sites, and Ser199 and Ser404 were the least favorable sites for PP2A in vitro. Inhibition of PP2A with okadaic acid in metabolically active rat brain slices caused inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) via an increase in its phosphorylation at Ser9. GSK-3β phosphorylated tau at many sites, with Ser199, Thr205, and Ser396 being the most favorable sites in cells. The overall alterations in tau phosphorylation induced by PP2A inhibition were the result of the combined effects of both reduced tau dephosphorylation due to PP2A inhibition directly and reduced phosphorylation by GSK-3β due to its inhibition. Because the impacts of tau phosphorylation on its biological activity and on neurofibrillary degeneration are site-specific, this study provides a new insight into the role of PP2A down-regulation in neurofibrillary degeneration in AD.
