Affiliations: [a] College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China | [b] Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
Correspondence:
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Corresponding authors: En Zhu, College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China. E-mail: enzhu@nudt.edu.cn; Jianping Yin, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China. E-mail: jpyin@dgut.edu.cn.
Abstract: The k-means clustering is arguably the most popular clustering technique, which has been applied to a wide range of applications. Lloyd’s algorithm is the most popular algorithm for the k-means problem due to its simplicity, geometric intuition and effectiveness. However, in a naive implementation of Lloyd’s algorithm, we need to compute the Euclidean distances between all data points and all cluster centers in each iteration. This prevents the algorithm from being scalable to large datasets and becomes the main bottleneck. To overcome the problem, this paper proposes two scalable k-means algorithms, Scalable Lloyd’s k-means and Scalable Mini-Batch k-means. They are distributed extensions of Lloyd’s algorithm and the mini-batch k-means, respectively. The two algorithms are all use the data-parallel technique to scale beyond computational and memory limits of a single machine. Meanwhile, they are all based on the parameter server abstraction that facilitates the data-parallel computation. The first algorithm can find better quality of solutions, while the second one converges to a modest solution faster. They both have good scalability and totally do in-memory computation. In addition, we propose a new aggregation method for Scalable Mini-Batch k-means. Extensive experiments conducted on four large-scale datasets show that our proposed algorithms have good convergence performance and achieve almost ideal speedup.
Keywords: k-means, mini-batch, distributed, parallel, parameter server
