Affiliations: [a] Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, England | [b] School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds, England | [c] School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, England | [d] School of Built Environment, Engineering and Computing, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England | [e] School of Philosophy, University of Leeds, Leeds, England | [f] Centre for Ethics and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
Correspondence:
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Corresponding author: Justin Keen, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Level 10, Worsley Building, Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9JT, England. Tel.: +44 113 343 0831; E-mail: j.keen@leeds.ac.uk.
Abstract: There is a widespread belief that machine learning tools can be used to improve decision-making in health and social care. At the same time, there are concerns that they pose threats to privacy and confidentiality. Policy makers therefore need to develop governance arrangements that balance benefits and risks associated with the new tools. This article traces the history of developments of information infrastructures for secondary uses of personal datasets, including routine reporting of activity and service planning, in health and social care. The developments provide broad context for a study of the governance implications of new tools for the analysis of health and social care datasets. We find that machine learning tools can increase the capacity to make inferences about the people represented in datasets, although the potential is limited by the poor quality of routine data, and the methods and results are difficult to explain to other stakeholders. We argue that current local governance arrangements are piecemeal, but at the same time reinforce centralisation of the capacity to make inferences about individuals and populations. They do not provide adequate oversight, or accountability to the patients and clients represented in datasets.
Keywords: Machine learning, governance, accountability, information infrastructure, health care, social care
