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A formalization of one of the main claims of “Creative Commons licenses and the non-commercial condition: Implications for the re-use of biodiversity information” by Hagedorn et al. 20111

Issue title: Semantic Publishing with Formalization Papers

Guest editors: Cristina-Iulia Bucur and Tobias Kuhn

Article type: Formalization Paper

Authors: Mietchen, Daniela; b; c; * | Penev, Lyubomird; f | Dimitrova, Mariyae; f

Affiliations: [a] Ronin Institute, Montclair, New Jersey, United States | [b] Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany | [c] Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology, Ecological Novelty Group, Berlin, Germany | [d] Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria | [e] Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria | [f] Pensoft Publishers, Bulgaria

Correspondence: [*] Corresponding author. E-mail: daniel.mietchen@ronininstitute.org.

Note: [1] As RDF/nanopublication: http://purl.org/np/RABzhulhaPhOzo9MxWxl230N72-azdlpMNwu_HtDqsuUc

Keywords: Biodiversity data, license with non-commercial clause, data reuse

DOI: 10.3233/DS-210044

Journal: Data Science, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 39-42, 2022

Received 7 July 2021
|
Accepted 3 December 2021
|
Published: 22 March 2022
Get PDF open access

Abstract

Hagedorn et al. claimed in previous work that when talking about biodiversity data, licenses with a non-commercial clause generally inhibit data reuse. We present here a formalization of that claim, stating that all things of class “license with non-commercial clause” that are in the context of a thing of class “biodiversity data” generally have a relation of type “inhibits” to a thing of class “data reuse” in the same context.

1.Introduction

Hagedorn et al. [2] state that “Unfortunately, in science and education, knowledge and data are often intermingled with copyrighted expressions of the same. Many publishers establish barriers to knowledge sharing by asserting copyright on non-copyrightable plain or formal expressions of that knowledge. In the area of biodiversity, often dealing with textually expressed data or data expressed in images, this is a major obstacle.” We present here a formalization of the main scientific claim from this quote by using a semantic template called the super-pattern [1].

2.Formalization

Our formalization looks as follows:

CONTEXT-CLASS (“in the context of all…”):biodiversity data
SUBJECT-CLASS (“things of type…”):license with non-commercial clause
QUALIFIER:generally
RELATION-TYPE (“have a relation of type…”):inhibits
OBJECT-CLASS (“to things of type…”):data reuse

In the context class we use the class “biodiversity data” (Q28946370) from Wikidata. In the subject class, we use a new minted class “license with non-commercial clause” that is a subclass of “license” (Q79719) from Wikidata and is related to the class “Creative Commons NonCommercial” (Q65071627) from Wikidata. In the object class we use the class “data reuse” (Q58023280) from Wikidata.

3.RDF code

This is our formalization as a nanopublication in TriG format:

@prefix this: <http://purl.org/np/RABzhulhaPhOzo9MxWxl230N72-azdlpMNwu_HtDqsuUc> .
@prefix sub: <http://purl.org/np/RABzhulhaPhOzo9MxWxl230N72-azdlpMNwu_HtDqsuUc#> .
@prefix np: <http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#> .
@prefix dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix nt: <https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/> .
@prefix npx: <http://purl.org/nanopub/x/> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix orcid: <https://orcid.org/> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix sp: <https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/> .

sub:Head {
  this: np:hasAssertion sub:assertion ;
    np:hasProvenance sub:provenance ;
    np:hasPublicationInfo sub:pubinfo ;
    a np:Nanopublication .
}
sub:assertion {
  sub:spi a sp:SuperPatternInstance ;
    rdfs:label "When talking about biodiversity data, licenses with a non-commercial clause generally inhibit data reuse." ;
    sp:hasContextClass <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q28946370> ;
    sp:hasSubjectClass <http://purl.org/np/RA5Txa3acYP9_MUWEw7s7wenDTB1QXNMB7UehJW-2E-_8#license-with-non-commercial-clause> ;
    sp:hasQualifier> sp:generallyQualifier ;
    sp:hasRelation sp:inhibits ;
    sp:hasObjectClass <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q58023280> .
}
sub:provenance {
  sub:activity a sp:FormalizationActivity ;
    prov:used sub:quote , <https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2189> ;
    prov:wasAssociatedWith orcid:0000-0001-9488-1870 , orcid:0000-0002-2186-5033 , orcid:0000-0002-8083-6048 .
  sub:assertion prov:wasGeneratedBy sub:activity .
  sub:quote prov:value "Unfortunately, in science and education, knowledge and data are often intermingled with copyrighted
expressions of the same. Many publishers establish barriers to knowledge sharing by asserting copyright on non-copyrightable
plain or formal expressions of that knowledge. In the area of biodiversity, often dealing with textually expressed data or
data expressed in images, this is a major obstacle." ;
    prov:wasQuotedFrom <https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2189> .
}
sub:pubinfo {
  sub:sig npx:hasAlgorithm "RSA" ;
    npx:hasPublicKey
"MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCwi1YMnpV5z/0oMXyFYDKS5cirQQWTMZ/jbglmVY1gl3YAgrkqsQUmgaxA/ho+VV8jsfREIL8PT2czbmCjGjMJo
NaKVqJq1GoIUV9+Kj9yXxNySyDAOTDsIM0zdj1BEu5uNbtfzwQPGuhVpgLR05Uk/meCyYLPs3BxC5zRbtulmwIDAQAB" ;
    npx:hasSignature
"pqWZhyfzNdZhmUc6gaCbmq2GWJb4R/pWwk4rMvlOn35Nx9y44fsz9zGWDyEEVg0frXq6EOsd5Umyq5YY1BIHFJBjiOKUaVmtxU+MuyCuTCbLp3s1k+hYl7ocAl40F
5SOMfcY+Dqxte1rNQM5rmVQJa9wJ+mmKejz7Cs+Bm9xsD8=" ;
    npx:hasSignatureTarget this: .
  this: dct:created "2021-11-30T21:54:51.835+02:00"^^xsd:dateTime ;
    dct:creator orcid:0000-0002-8083-6048 ;
    npx:introduces sub:spi ;
    npx:supersedes <http://purl.org/np/RA2hde9hXKfi0juhaF7yWd1aKsyZknPYj2Od-rLlAKmSM> ;
    <https://w3id.org/linkflows/reviews/isUpdateOf> <http://purl.org/np/RAjk3YoNydLhbuD4BV9FD21ecELazvZibHHM7IXtJd-4A> ;
    nt:wasCreatedFromProvenanceTemplate <http://purl.org/np/RAE1wniOy0yO39PlK9QkQ-wqbC3q-R2nXraP5huu8W39k> ;
    nt:wasCreatedFromPubinfoTemplate <http://purl.org/np/RA2vCBXZf-icEcVRGhulJXugTGxpsV5yVr9yqCI1bQh4A> ,
<http://purl.org/np/RAA2MfqdBCzmz9yVWjKLXNbyfBNcwsMmOqcNUxkk1maIM> ,
<http://purl.org/np/RAjpBMlw3owYhJUBo3DtsuDlXsNAJ8cnGeWAutDVjuAuI> ;
    nt:wasCreatedFromTemplate <http://purl.org/np/RAv68imZrEjfcp2rnEg1hzoBqEVc0cQMtp9_1Za0BxNM4> .
}

The following nanopublications introduce the newly minted classes in TriG format.

This is the class definition of “license with non-commercial clause”:

@prefix this: <http://purl.org/np/RA5Txa3acYP9_MUWEw7s7wenDTB1QXNMB7UehJW-2E-_8> .
@prefix sub: <http://purl.org/np/RA5Txa3acYP9_MUWEw7s7wenDTB1QXNMB7UehJW-2E-_8#> .
@prefix np: <http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#> .
@prefix dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix nt: <https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/> .
@prefix npx: <http://purl.org/nanopub/x/> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix orcid: <https://orcid.org/> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .

sub:Head {
  this: np:hasAssertion sub:assertion ;
    np:hasProvenance sub:provenance ;
    np:hasPublicationInfo sub:pubinfo ;
    a np:Nanopublication .
}
sub:assertion {
  sub:license-with-non-commercial-clause a <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class> ;
    rdfs:label "license with a non-commercial clause" ;
    rdfs:subClassOf <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q79719> ;
    skos:definition "a type of license which contain a clause which prohibits use for commercial purposes" ;
    skos:relatedMatch <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q65071627> .
}
sub:provenance {
  sub:assertion prov:wasAttributedTo orcid:0000-0002-8083-6048 .
}
sub:pubinfo {
  sub:sig npx:hasAlgorithm "RSA" ;
    npx:hasPublicKey
"MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCwi1YMnpV5z/0oMXyFYDKS5cirQQWTMZ/jbglmVY1gl3YAgrkqsQUmgaxA/ho+VV8jsfREIL8PT2czbmCjGjMJo
NaKVqJq1GoIUV9+Kj9yXxNySyDAOTDsIM0zdj1BEu5uNbtfzwQPGuhVpgLR05Uk/meCyYLPs3BxC5zRbtulmwIDAQAB" ;
    npx:hasSignature
"lv9gGKSM989WhbvU+7dDcM+xIFW6jJnN0Lc91RN3tagMFc4utpd3/DBLQg8eDWPL+H9zfUa7SQ0grqCKggz86CyRJYctYHP/baTyhgemrPO3gyDTob5CqKpNm6hJ3
xhC8ud3KH1LyzM+9UZW29OKeIe+zBx0rSs4PgS4z+cURsg=" ;
    npx:hasSignatureTarget this: .
  this: dct:created "2021-10-28T10:20:26.973+03:00"^^xsd:dateTime ;
    dct:creator orcid:0000-0002-8083-6048 ;
    npx:introduces sub:license-with-non-commercial-clause ;
    npx:supersedes <http://purl.org/np/RAlLxbLmjwDt_cTFqr44HHD0xfGJJbhuYLJn0GeGGa3lI> ;
    nt:wasCreatedFromProvenanceTemplate <http://purl.org/np/RANwQa4ICWS5SOjw7gp99nBpXBasapwtZF1fIM3H2gYTM> ;
    nt:wasCreatedFromPubinfoTemplate <http://purl.org/np/RAA2MfqdBCzmz9yVWjKLXNbyfBNcwsMmOqcNUxkk1maIM> ,
<http://purl.org/np/RAjpBMlw3owYhJUBo3DtsuDlXsNAJ8cnGeWAutDVjuAuI> ;
    nt:wasCreatedFromTemplate <http://purl.org/np/RAdpgRpigXtt8iPV9uOPf3wIT3qzOI8Sg2Q72CNV8g-Yo> .
}

References

[1] 

C.I. Bucur, T. Kuhn, D. Ceolin and J. van Ossenbruggen, Expressing high-level scientific claims with formal semantics, in: Proceedings of the 11th Knowledge Capture Conference, (2021) . doi:10.1145/3460210.3493561.

[2] 

G. Hagedorn, D. Mietchen, D. Agosti, L. Penev, W. Berendsohn and D. Hobern, Creative Commons licenses and the non-commercial condition: Implications for the re-use of biodiversity information, ZooKeys 150: ((2011) ), 127–149. doi:10.3897/zookeys.150.2189.

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