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Issue title: Relationships among cognitive, behavioral and psychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease
Article type: Review Article
Authors: Onofrj, M.; | Taylor, J.P. | Monaco, D.; | Franciotti, R. | Anzellotti, F.; | Bonanni, L.; | Onofrj, V. | Thomas, A.;
Affiliations: Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy | Aging Research Center, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy | Institute for Ageing and Health, Wolfson Research Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK | Università del Sacre Cuore, Istituto di Radiologia, Rome, Italy
Note: [] Corresponding author: Prof. Marco Onofrj, Chair of the Department of Neurology, Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I. "Gabriele d'Annunzio" University Foundation Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100, Chieti, Italy. Tel./Fax: +39 0871 562019; E-mail: onofrj@unich.it
Abstract: Visual Hallucinations (VH) are a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson's Disease (PD) and the Lewy body dementias (LBD) of Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB). The origin of VH in PD and LBD is debated: earlier studies considered a number of different possible mechanisms underlying VH including visual disorders, Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep Intrusions, dysfunctions of top down or bottom up visual pathways, and neurotransmitter imbalance. More recently newer hypotheses introduce, among the possible mechanisms of VH, the role of attention networks (ventral and dorsal) and of the Default Mode Network (DMN) a network that is inhibited during attentional tasks and becomes active during rest and self referential imagery. Persistent DMN activity during active tasks with dysfunctional imbalance of dorsal and ventral attentional networks represents a new hypothesis on the mechanism of VH. We review the different methods used to classify VH and discuss reports supporting or challenging the different hypothetical mechanisms of VH.
Keywords: Visual Hallucinations, Parkinson's Disease, Lewy body dementias, default mode network
DOI: 10.3233/BEN-129022
Journal: Behavioural Neurology, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 479-493, 2013
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