Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation - Volume 52, issue 1

Authors: Livermore, Gina | Honeycutt, Todd | Mamun, Arif | Kauff, Jacqueline

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: PROMISE was a federal initiative to support youth receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI) during the transition to adulthood. OBJECTIVE: This article discusses insights gained from the national PROMISE evaluation about the current transition system. METHODS: The national evaluation relied on a randomized controlled trial design and information obtained from staff interviews, surveys of parents and youth, and program administrative data. RESULTS: The authors found that: (1) many SSI youth received transition services without PROMISE, but that there was substantial room for PROMISE to improve service use; (2) intensive case management, facilitating early work …experiences, and a family focus were the primary PROMISE innovations to usual services; (3) formal partnerships enhanced interagency collaboration but required time to form, service benchmarks, and regular communication; (4) identifying SSI youth for outreach is challenging under the current system; (5) PROMISE service costs represented relatively large investments; and (6) the intensive case management offered by PROMISE might be difficult to sustain in the current system. CONCLUSIONS: Lessons from PROMISE are relevant to current initiatives supporting youth with disabilities during the transition to adulthood. The evaluation will assess the longer-term impacts of PROMISE and provide information about its potential for generating long-term benefits. Show more

Keywords: Disability, youth transition, supplemental security income, PROMISE, social security administration

DOI: 10.3233/JVR-191056

Citation: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 1-17, 2020

Authors: Krause, James S. | Dismuke-Greer, Clara E. | Reed, Karla | Backus, Deborah | Rumrill, Philip

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Spinal cord injury (SCI) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are disabling conditions associated with low employment rates and loss of earnings. OBJECTIVE: Quantify the relationships of demographic, educational, and functional characteristics with gainful employment and earnings after SCI or MS. METHODS: Participants were adults under age 65 with SCI (n  = 1275) or MS (n  = 1107) identified through a specialty hospital or a state-based surveillance registry in the southeastern United States. An econometric model of cross-sectional data using a two-step data analytic model examined employment status and earnings. This included one model that was restricted to only …those employed (conditional earnings) and another model that included all participants, using $0 earnings for those who were unemployed (unconditional earnings – earnings not conditional upon being employed). RESULTS: Diagnosis was not significantly related to employment status. Several functional characteristics were associated with lower odds of employment and higher unconditional earnings (cognition, walking, shopping independently). Higher conditional earnings were reported by those with MS ($16,405) and those without difficulty in cognition ($8,532) and bathing ($20,932). Higher educational attainment was related to probability of employment and greater earnings. CONCLUSIONS: Those with SCI and those with several types of functional limitations have lower quality of employment, as measured by earnings. Efforts should be made to enhance quality of employment for those at greatest risk for unemployment and underemployment. Show more

Keywords: Spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, employment

DOI: 10.3233/JVR-191057

Citation: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 19-28, 2020

Authors: Gould, Robert | Harris, Sarah Parker | Mullin, Courtney | Jones, Robin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Disability is seldom considered a diversity dimension in employer diversity and inclusion strategies. Relatedly, people with disabilities remain underrepresented in the workforce. This exclusion is notable given rising social and political expectations to enhance employment opportunities for people with disabilities. OBJECTIVE: The authors analyzed factors impacting the integration of disability into organizational practices aimed at recruiting a diverse workforce. The purpose of this synthesis was to develop a descriptive and theoretical mapping of strategies entities use to market their disability inclusion efforts. METHODS: The research team conducted a content analysis of 34 corporate social responsibility …reports from organizations that are nationally recognized for their efforts toward disability inclusion. RESULTS: Four practices that organizations use to showcase disability inclusion were identified: diversity and inclusion statements, employee resource groups, supplier diversity initiatives, and targeted hiring and recruitment plans. Findings are framed within emerging disability and management theories, as they relate to employee recognition and advancing meaningful inclusion. CONCLUSIONS: Businesses have not yet prioritized disability within diversity and inclusion reporting and corporate social responsibility strategies. However, as businesses face increased demands for disability inclusion, there will need to be continued research on inclusive practices, organizational culture, and workplace policies. Show more

Keywords: Organizational culture, equal opportunity, ADA, hiring, diversity and inclusion

DOI: 10.3233/JVR-191058

Citation: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 29-42, 2020

Authors: Carlson, Sarah R. | Thompson, James R. | Monahan, Jessica

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In July 2014, the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) was signed into law, amending the Rehabilitation Act of 1998 and establishing new workforce initiatives for state vocational rehabilitation (VR) agencies. Final regulations were released in July 2016, requiring state VR agencies to fund and coordinate Pre-Employment Transition Services (Pre-ETS). Many state VR agencies have developed policies to define and address the provision of Pre-ETS in their jurisdictions. Given the recent establishment of WIOA and its associated regulations, little is known about state Pre-ETS policies. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze state Pre-ETS policies …for the purpose of understanding the impact of WIOA and Pre-ETS on students and youth with disabilities, as well as on professional practice. METHODS: Content analysis was used to examine 38 state Pre-ETS policies. RESULTS: Results revealed similarities and differences across states with regard to how and to what extent state policies addressed Pre-ETS requirements outlined in federal WIOA policy. CONCLUSION: This paper offers an analysis of state Pre-ETS policies, making recommendations for research, policy, and practice. Findings provided an understanding of how Pre-ETS are operationalized in policy, which forms the basis for how they will be delivered in practice. Show more

Keywords: WIOA, Pre-Employment Transition Services, vocational rehabilitation, content analysis

DOI: 10.3233/JVR-191059

Citation: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 43-59, 2020

Authors: Awsumb, Jessica M. | Balcazar, Fabricio E. | Keel, Joanna M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Through a sequential explanatory mixed-methodology approach, this study explored the adulthood employment outcomes of youth with disabilities that received services from Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) while in high school. METHODS: A VR database was examined to understand differences in the employment outcomes of 4,731 youth with disabilities based on demographic characteristics and services received. Individual interviews with key stakeholders were conducted to expand on the results of the quantitative data. RESULTS: Results revealed individual and systemic challenges for VR supporting youth with disabilities transitioning to adulthood. Employment outcomes were worse for females, African American youth, and …youth with mental disabilities (also known as mental illness). In contrast, males, Latino(a) youth, and youth with intellectual/developmental disabilities fared well in the VR system. Analysis of the VR status progression system showed that few students were employed, and more than half of students were eligible but received no services. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, students with disabilities in this urban public school system must receive more comprehensive VR services to attain their employment goals. In relation to successful or unsuccessful status progression, three main themes emerged: (1) family involvement and support, (2) resources and opportunities, and (3) systemic barriers. Limitations and implications for practice and research are discussed. Show more

Keywords: Youth with disabilities, post-school employment, Vocational Rehabilitation, interagency collaboration

DOI: 10.3233/JVR-191060

Citation: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 61-73, 2020

Authors: Martin, Frank H. | Honeycutt, Todd C. | Hemmeter, Jeffrey

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Limited information exists about the long-term outcomes of youth who applied and were eligible for vocational rehabilitation (VR) services. OBJECTIVE: We document the earnings in the sixth calendar year after youths’ VR applications and Social Security Administration (SSA) benefit outcomes during the six years after their VR applications. METHODS: We use descriptive and multivariate analyses to track outcomes for a cohort of 570,146 youth ages 14 to 24 (including those in and out of school) who applied for VR services from 2004 to 2007 using administrative data from the Rehabilitation Services Administration and SSA. …RESULTS: We find strong correlations between youths’ human capital characteristics and their eventual long-term outcomes. Youth who were working or in postsecondary school when they applied for VR services and those who exited from VR with employment had higher earnings and better SSA program outcomes. Youth who did not have a high school diploma and were neither working nor in school at the time they applied for VR services had poorer outcomes. CONCLUSION: New federal policies will provide many VR agencies with opportunities to increase their investment in youth, but some types of youth are more at risk of experiencing poor outcomes than others. Show more

Keywords: Career/vocational counseling, transition, program evaluation, rehabilitation

DOI: 10.3233/JVR-191061

Citation: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 75-88, 2020

Authors: Rodriguez, Javier N. | Marini, Irmo | Chen, Roy K. | Tanguma, Jesus

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a significant disparity in employment rates for persons with disabilities when compared to persons without disabilities. Understanding factors that influence employers’ disposition to hire and retain persons with disabilities is the first step in developing an educational intervention plan that is conducive to employers being more receptive to hiring persons with disabilities. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to survey and explore factors that influence employer’s disposition to hire and retain persons with disabilities and devise a scale that goes beyond attitudes. METHODS: To assess the factor structure and internal consistency of …the new scale an exploratory factor analysis was performed on the survey response items to establish reliability and validity. Data was collected from employers located in Cameron and Hidalgo counties located in the Border Region of South Texas (N = 190). RESULTS: The results from the exploratory factor analysis provided a four-factor solution with 16 items. The factors were labeled Fears and Concerns , Employers Resources for Persons with Disabilities , ADA Competence, and Knowledge of Disability. The scale demonstrated overall internal consistency of .709. CONCLUSIONS: The discussion focuses on utility of the scale, recommendations for future research and limitations for the study. Show more

Keywords: Exploratory factor analysis, scale development, hiring and retention of persons with disabilities, border regions of South Texas, employer attitudes, job placement services

DOI: 10.3233/JVR-191062

Citation: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 89-100, 2020

Authors: Gao, Ni | Eissenstat, SunHee J. | Giacobbe, Giovanna

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Physical health conditions are pervasive among individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) living in the community. And many individuals with SMI are unemployed despite their desire to work. OBJECTIVE: This study explored participants’ perceptions of physical and mental health conditions as barriers to employment and the impact of such conditions on job-searching activities. METHODS: The participants (n  = 162) reported their mental and physical health status and their employment-related activities and barriers over a 12-month study period. Frequency analysis and Chi-square tests were conducted to examine the relationship between the participants’ perception on physical or mental …health conditions as a barrier to employment and their conducted job-related activities. RESULTS: More participants reported physical health conditions than mental health conditions as a barrier to job-related activities. Participants’ perception on physical health conditions as a barrier to employment significantly decreased job-related activities, while mental health conditions did not. In addition, more participants reported long-term physical health conditions as a barrier than short-term ones. Participants identified physical problems more frequently than mental health problems for limiting their work or other activities. CONCLUSIONS: Integrating care of physical health conditions in mental health services should be considered for improving employment participation and outcomes. Show more

Keywords: Individuals with serious mental illness, physical health conditions, job-related activities

DOI: 10.3233/JVR-191063

Citation: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 101-108, 2020

Authors: Doolabh, Nishita | Khan, Nasim

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite policies and legislation mandating employment, individuals with hearing impairment continue to face barriers accessing the labour market, and typically experience higher unemployment rates. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate employers’ perceptions and experiences in recruiting and retaining individuals with hearing impairment in KwaZulu-Natal Provinces’ private sector. METHODS: A descriptive questionnaire survey with quantitative methods of analysis was used to obtain information from relevant stakeholders. A total of 30 responses were obtained from the 19 companies who had agreed to participate. RESULTS: Participants who used external services during recruitment and retention were more …likely to report the benefits of employing individuals with hearing impairment, this being statistically significant (p  < 0.001). Approximately 43% reported that reasonable accommodations were being provided, while 83.3% suggested that safety concerns and communication difficulties (70%) contributed towards poor employment rates amongst affected individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Lack of familiarity with disability and the associated legislation can manifest in erroneous stereotypes, that individuals with disabilities are poor job performers and incapable of working independently. However, with the use of reasonable accommodations, which includes sign language interpreters and desensitization workshops, employers were able to successfully integrate employees who are hearing impaired into the workforce. Show more

Keywords: Workplace, hearing impairment, employment

DOI: 10.3233/JVR-191064

Citation: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 109-121, 2020