Isokinetics and Exercise Science - Volume 22, issue 1

Authors: Lemaire, A. | Ripamonti, M. | Ritz, M. | Rahmani, A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Torque and power-velocity relationships obtained during isokinetic evaluation can be useful for rehabilitation program. Nevertheless, their determination requires a substantial number of measures using different velocities, inducing time-consuming protocols. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to assess the agreement between a short isokinetic protocol, including three angular velocities (P_{3} ) and a longer one including eight angular velocities (P_{8} ). METHODS: Sixteen healthy male subjects performed isokinetic knee extensions at several …preset velocities during two protocols. The first included eight velocities ranging from 60 to 270°/s (P_{8} ), whereas the second (P_{3} ) consisted of three velocities (90, 180 and 240°/s). Mechanical parameters: theoretical maximal isometric torque T_{0} , theoretical maximal velocity V_{0} , and maximal power P_{max} , were extrapolated from torque- and power-velocity relationships for both P_{8} and P_{3} . RESULTS: The torque- and power velocity relationships drawn from each protocol were in agreement since no significant differences were found for either each extrapolated mechanical parameters, between the slopes of the torque-velocity relationships, or between the polynomial regression coefficients of the power-velocity relationships resulting from P_{8} and P_{3} . CONCLUSION: The agreement between the short and long protocols allows reduction of fatigue and loss of motivation that may occur during full velocities testing particularly during rehabilitation program. Show more

Keywords: Protocols agreement, mechanical parameters, torque and power-velocity relationships

DOI: 10.3233/IES-130524

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2014

Authors: Caruso, J.F. | Urquhart, M.A. | Barbosa, A.G. | Giebel, R.M. | Learmonth, L.A. | Potter, W.T.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Few studies examined lactate, testosterone and cortisol changes from supramaximal exercise done by women. OBJECTIVE: Assess the impact of repetition type and exercise history/background on lactate, cortisol and testosterone changes from high-speed workouts done by women. METHODS: College-age women (11 competitive athletes, 18 novice athletes) performed two high-speed workouts on an Impulse resistive exercise machine. Each workout entailed two 60-second sets of either tonic or phasic repetitions. There were two hormonal …(pre- and post-exercise) measurements per workout. Lactate was measured six times (pre-, and at zero-, five-, ten, 15- and 20-minutes post-exercise). RESULTS: Mean force showed a main effect for workout (tonic > phasic). Lactate had a time main effect, as zero-, five- and ten-minutes post-exercise results were significantly higher than 15- and 20-minutes post-exercise values as well as pre-exercise data. Cortisol had a group main effect (competitive > novice). Testosterone results included a time effect trend (p=0.12) for higher post-exercise values. CONCLUSIONS: Results warrant continued inquiry regarding 1): pre- and post-workout salivary hormonal assays, and 2): acute testosterone changes from high-speed supramaximal exercise done by female athletes. Show more

Keywords: Supramaximal exercise, tonic, phasic

DOI: 10.3233/IES-130523

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 9-16, 2014

Authors: Ferri-Morales, Asunción | Alegre, Luis M. | Basco, Angel | Aguado, Xavier

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Few studies have assessed the test-retest reliability of the isokinetic strength at 90°/s and the isometric parameters for knee extensors. OBJECTIVES: To assess the reliability of isokinetic and isometric parameters of knee extensors, and to determine the smallest real difference between the test-retest measures. METHODS: Knee extensor strength was measured twice, 4 to 5 days apart, using a Biodex dynamometer in forty subjects (12 men, 28 women). The protocols consisted of 5 concentric contractions at 90°/s …and 5 isometric contractions. RESULTS: For women, test-retest reliability was very high for isometric and isokinetic peak-torque (ICC_{c,1} > 0.9), moderate for work (ICC_{c,1} =0.82) and questionable for angle of peak torque (Angle-PT), mean Angle-PT and rate of torque development (RTD_{0-100 ms} (ICC < 0.67). The measurement errors were small for all variables, the SEM% ranged between 3.1% to 7.4%, and SRD% from 8.6% to 19.9%, except for RTD_{0-100 ms} that was the most variable (SEM% =16.4%; SRD=47.5%). No differences were found in Angle-PT and RTD_{0-100 ms} with regard to sex. CONCLUSIONS: The isokinetic values obtained at 90°/s and isometric peak-torque for knee extensors are highly repeatable with a standardized test protocol and the SRD values can be used to detect real changes. Alternative strategies of analysis should be developed to improve reliability of Angle-PT and RTD_{0-100 ms} . Angle-PT and RTD_{0-100 ms} do not appear affected by gender. Show more

Keywords: Rehabilitation, reproducibility of results, dynamometry, torque

DOI: 10.3233/IES-130522

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 17-26, 2014

Authors: Hanuszkiewicz, J. | Malicka, I. | Woźniewski, M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Appropriate physical training regimens are capable of restoring correct trunk muscle activity characteristics in women who have undergone breast cancer treatment. OBJECTIVE: Assessment of the effects of various forms of physical activity on trunk muscle function. STUDY GROUP: Sixty women who had received breast cancer treatment. The study group was further divided into three subgroups of 20 women who followed different exercise regimens: Nordic walking (NW), water resistance exercise (WE) or general …fitness exercise (GE). METHODS: Assessment of strength and velocity parameters of trunk flexor and extensor was performed at 60 and 120°/s before and after completion of the exercise regimen. RESULTS: A significant improvement in strength and velocity parameters was noted in the NW and WE groups regardless of the muscle group and angular velocity. In the GE group, a significant improvement was noted for the flexors PT only at 120°/s. CONCLUSIONS: NW and WE exercise regimens enhance trunk muscle function in women following breast cancer treatment, whereas GE may be useful only for sustaining the existing level of trunk muscle performance. The diversity of changes in trunk muscle function that may be achieved depending on the type and nature of the physical training regimen demonstrates the need of appropriate exercise selection to attain the desired corrective effect. Show more

Keywords: Breast cancer, trunk muscle function, isokinetics, physical activity

DOI: 10.3233/IES-130521

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 27-35, 2014

Authors: Cale'-Benzoor, Maya | Dickstein, Ruth | Arnon, Michal | Ayalon, Moshe

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Specificity plays an important role in the design of strength training protocols. One of the paramount factors is the range of motion (ROM). OBJECTIVE: To explore limited range of motion (ROM) strength training using a closed chain upper extremity push pull motion. Range specific effects and transferability (strength gains outside the trained ROM) were investigated. METHOD: 45 healthy women (18–50 ± 4.2) randomly assigned to one of three groups: Full ROM group, Limited ROM group, Control …group. Training and testing were conducted using a closed chain attachment of an isokinetic dynamometer, at a constant linear velocity of 12.22 cm/s (corresponding to the dynamometer angular velocity of 60°/sec) and a second condition of 36.67 cm/s (corresponding to the dynamometer angular velocity of 180°/sec). Training lasted 6 weeks X 2 days per week, through either full or limited ROM, representing a middle segment of the linear displacement of the handle through the full ROM. Peak force and work data were evaluated. RESULTS: Significant gains in peak force and work values at full ROM and all sub ranges were noted for both training groups. Transferability of strength was demonstrated for limited ROM training, whereas specificity could be demonstrated only under the condition of range X velocity interaction. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the use of limited ROM training in the upper extremity and are in agreement with previous data regarding the knee extensors. Limited ROM training may be used early on in upper extremity rehabilitation. Particularly, the suggested protocol may be safely applied to scapular rehabilitation. Show more

Keywords: Muscle strength, range of motion, specificity of training

DOI: 10.3233/IES-130520

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 37-46, 2014

Authors: Radaelli, R. | Bottaro, M. | Wagner, D.R. | Wilhelm, E.N. | Pompermayer, M.G. | Pinto, R.S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Contradictory results exist regarding sex-related differences following exercise-induced muscle damage and little is known concerning the follow-up of a traditional resistance exercise protocol. OBJECTIVE: To investigate sex differences-related time course of recovery following a traditional strength training protocol (4 sets at 80% of 1-RM). METHODS: Ten women and ten men participated in the study. Peak torque (PT), arm circumference (CIR), delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), muscle thickness (MT) and echo intensity (EI) were measured before (Pre), …immediately post (0 hours), 24, 48, and 72 hours after. RESULTS: Men demonstrated significantly greater relative strength loss than women at 0 h (−26.8 ± 5.0% vs. −15.5 ± 12.4%; P < 0.05), with no significant difference at other time points. Men also experienced a larger increase of CIR (p < 0.05) and MT (p < 0.05) at 0 h compared to women, with no significant difference at other time points. At 72 h, men showed a significantly greater development of DOMS (p < 0.05). EI revealed no sex differences. CONCLUSION: Following a traditional strength training protocol the recovery appears to be similar in untrained young women and men. Furthermore the next training session should not take place before a rest period of at least 72 h. Show more

Keywords: Strength loss, echo intensity, muscle thickness, time course, resistance exercise

DOI: 10.3233/IES-130519

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 47-54, 2014

Authors: Landolsi, Mounir | Bouhlel, Ezzedine | Zarrouk, Fayçal | Lacouture, Patrick | Tabka, Zouhair

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: AIM: Was to study the relationships between leg peak power, leg muscle volume and Shot-put performance in trained shot-putter. METHODS: Twenty-three shot-putter participated in this study. Anthropometric measurements were carried out to estimate leg muscle volume. Leg peak power and others biomechanical parameters (maximal force, maximal velocity, optimal force, optimal velocity) were measured using leg force-velocity test on ergocycle Monark, and the Optojump device. The shot-put performances were measured during a simulated competition. …RESULTS: We found significant correlations between peak power output (W) measured during leg force-velocity Test on ergocycle (PPO-Ergo) and muscle volume for men (r=0.79, p< 0.01) and women (r=0.72, p< 0.05). PPO-Ergo (W, W/kg) was significantly correlated with the vertical jump performance (r=0.56, p< 0.05; r=0.62, p< 0.01 respectively). Shot-put performance was significantly correlated with PPO-Ergo (W, W/kg) and maximal force (N) (r=0.72, p < 0.001; r=0.48, p< 0.05; r=0.85, p< 0.001 respectively). PPO as estimated from the vertical jump using the Optojump system (PPO-Opto) was not correlated to shot-put performances. CONCLUSION: The correlation between PPO-Ergo and shot-put performance showed that the force-velocity Test on ergocycle constitute a useful tool assessing PPO and others biomechanical parameters in shot-putter athletes. However, the Optojump system seems to be not accurate for such subjects. Fat mass constitute probably the limiting factor in shut-putter during this test. Show more

Keywords: Peak power, force-velocity test, Optojump test, counter movement jump, shot put

DOI: 10.3233/IES-130518

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 55-61, 2014

Authors: Kafkas, Muhammed Emin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Serum creatine kinase (CK) enzyme activity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations are used as indicators of muscle cell membrane state and muscular damage after exercise. The present study examined the effect of concentric strength exercises done at different angular velocities and different stopover durations between sets on the LDH concentrations and CK enzyme activity of participants. METHOD: The study included 32 sedentary male volunteers (21.35 ± 3.10 years, 71.80 ± 6.20 kg and …178.40 ± 11.90 cm). Subjects were randomly separated into four different groups according to stopover: a) a group performing concentric muscle strength exercises at 60°/s with 1-min stopover (CEG1-60°), b) a group with 3-min stopover (CEG3-60°), c) a group performing concentric muscle strength exercises at 120°/s with 1-min stopover (CEG1-120°), and d) a group with 3-min stopover (CEG3-120°). The LDH and CK concentrations of the four groups were measured pre- and post-exercise and at 24, 48 and 72 hours. RESULTS: Within both CEG1-120° and CEG3-120°, there were significant differences in LDH concentrations between pretest-24-h times (p< 0.05). The LDH concentrations were the highest at 24-h for all groups. When the LDH concentrations were compared between both CEG1-60° vs. CEG1-120° and CEG3-60° vs. CEG3-120° significant differences were found between pretest-posttest and pretest-24-h times. LDH concentrations were higher for both CEG1-60° and CEG3-60°. CONCLUSION: Concentric muscle exercises performed at different angular velocities result in differences in both LDH and CK values. These differences are particularly evident following higher intensity exercises. Thus, high-intensity concentric muscle exercises may increase the risk of muscle damage among beginners and amateur sportsmen. Show more

Keywords: Muscle damage, velocity, angular, strength

DOI: 10.3233/IES-130516

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 63-68, 2014

Authors: Nebil, Gmada | Zouhair, Farhani | Hatem, Bouhlel | Hamza, Marzouki | Zouhair, Tabka | Roy, Shephard | Ezdine, Bouhlel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Muscle power is one of the most important factors influencing sport performance. Despite the variety of training methods used in the literature, more individualised, varied and enjoyable methods are needed to enhance muscle peak power in soccer. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of short-sprint cycle ergometer training on peak power output and field performance of female soccer players. METHODS: 7 female soccer players (age: 20.2 ± 1.5 (years); body mass: 55.1 …± 6.1 (kg); height: 1.61 ± 0.06 (m)) served as an experimental group, and seven female soccer players (age: 19.4 ± 1.5 (years); body mass: 65.2 ± 6.1 kg; height: 1.69 ± 0.08 m) as a control group. Peak power output (� peak) during a cycle ergometer force-velocity test and field performance (5-jump test and speeds over 10, 20 and 30 m) were assessed both before and after training (3 months duration, with 3 sessions per week). Each training session comprised 2 series of 15 sprints, separated by a 15 min recovery interval. Individual sprints were of 5 sec duration, at the optimal pedalling velocity for the subject (100–110 rpm) and against the optimal frictional loading equal of the subject (7.5%–8.5% of body mass); a recovery period of 55 sec was allowed between sprints. RESULTS: The training regimen induced gains of peak power (p< 0.05), whether expressed in �, �/kg, or relative to leg muscle volume (�/l). There were also gains in 5-jump (p< 0.01), and 20 and 30 m sprint velocities (p< 0.01). Findings in the control participants remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: When combined with traditional soccer training, repeated short sprints on a cycle ergometer offer an effective strategy for enhancing leg power in female Tunisian soccer players. Show more

Keywords: Force-velocity test, anaerobic training, maximal anaerobic power, 5-jump test, sprint velocity

DOI: 10.3233/IES-130515

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 69-76, 2014

Authors: Conceição, Miguel Soares | Libardi, Cleiton A. | Chacon-Mikahil, Mara Patrícia T. | Nogueira, Felipe Romano Damas | Vechin, Felipe Cassaro | Bonganha, Valéria | Bernardes, Celene Fernandes | Madruga, Vera Aparecida | Cavaglieri, Claudia Regina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to verify the indirect markers of muscle damage and inflammatory response following different velocities of eccentric exercise in women. METHODS: Nine women performed isokinetic eccentric actions at a slow velocity (Ecc30 group, 23.8 ± 2.0 years; 57.8 ± 7.0 Kg; 1.6 ± 0.5 m) and another ten women performed at high velocity (Ecc210 group, 22.2 ± 3.9 years; 56.4 ± 6.0 Kg; 1.6 ± 0.5 m). Maximal voluntary isometric …contraction (MVIC), range of motion (ROM), upper-arm circumference, muscle soreness, creatine kinase (CK), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured before, immediately after (except CK and cytokines), and 24, 48 and 72 h following exercise. Normalized changes in the variables following exercise were compared between velocities by a mixed model. RESULTS: The Ecc30 demonstrated greater CK activity than the Ecc210 (group vs. time interaction, P< 0.001). A group effect for circumference and ROM (P< 0.001) and a time effect for circumference (P=0.003), ROM (P=0.004), soreness (P< 0.001), TNF-α (P=0.004), IL-6 (P=0.001) and IL-10 (P=0.041) were found. The Ecc30 showed large effect sizes for TNF-α and IL-6 compared to Ecc210, which presented small and moderate effect sizes, respectively. IL-10 showed a moderate effect size for both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The velocity of the eccentric exercise does not modulate the systemic anti-inflammatory response, at least for a low number of muscle contractions performed by a small muscle group in women. Show more

Keywords: Interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, creatine kinase, eccentric contraction

DOI: 10.3233/IES-130514

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 77-84, 2014