Affiliations: [a]
Department of Industrial and Entrepreneurial Engineering & Engineering Management, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| [b]
Department of Educational Leadership, Research, and Technology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
Correspondence:
[*]
Address for correspondence: Dr. Larry Mallak, Department of Industrial and Entrepreneurial Engineering & Engineering
Management, Mail Stop 5336, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5336, USA. Tel.: +1 269 276 3369;
Fax: +1 269 276 3353; E-mail: larry.mallak@wmich.edu.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Resilience benefits from the use of protective factors, as opposed to risk factors, which are associated with vulnerability. Considerable research and instrument development has been conducted in clinical settings for patients. The need existed for an instrument to be developed in a workplace setting to measure resilience of employees. OBJECTIVE: This study developed and tested a resilience instrument for employees in the workplace. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: The research instrument was distributed to executives and nurses working in the United States in hospital settings. Five-hundred-forty completed and usable responses were obtained. The instrument contained an inventory of workplace resilience, a job stress questionnaire, and relevant demographics. The resilience items were written based on previous work by the lead author and inspired by Weick’s [1] sense-making theory. RESULTS: A four-factor model yielded an instrument having psychometric properties showing good model fit. Twenty items were retained for the resulting Workplace Resilience Instrument (WRI). Parallel analysis was conducted with successive iterations of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Respondents were classified based on their employment with either a rural or an urban hospital. Executives had significantly higher WRI scores than nurses, controlling for gender. WRI scores were positively and significantly correlated with years of experience and the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: An instrument to measure individual resilience in the workplace (WRI) was developed. The WRI’s four factors identify dimensions of workplace resilience for use in subsequent investigations: Active Problem-Solving, Team Efficacy, Confident Sense-Making, and Bricolage.
