Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical and rehabilitation sciences university students in Saudi Arabia

1Introduction

As the coronavirus pandemic rapidly sweeps across the world, it is inducing a significant negative impact and considerable degree of mass hysteria, economic burden and financial losses, fear, worry and concern in public, and burnout among certain vulnerable groups in particular, such as older adults, healthcare students and healthcare workers (HCWs), and individuals with chronic health conditions [1–4]. The main reported adverse psychological impacts and mental symptoms to date at both pre-infection and post-infection periods are elevated rates of emotional distress and various psychological disturbances, such as stress or anxiety (i.e., developing signs and symptoms of obsessive compulsive and/or post-traumatic stress disorders), panic attacks, frustration, uncertainty, financial stress, distorted usual activities of daily living and routines, higher levels of loneliness and depression, insomnia, harmful drug use, self-harm or suicidal behaviors, and destructive unhealthy maladaptive behaviors, such as drinking alcohol and smoking [5–8]. Issues of service access and continuity for individuals with mental health conditions have been on the rise and are also now a major concern along with the mental health and well-being of frontline workers [9, 10]. The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with increased stressful impact among general population as reported at different countries worldwide [11]. A recent study found that throughout the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in Saudi Arabia, the results showed that nearly one-fourth of the general population experienced moderate to severe psychological impact [12].

The time of the COVID-19 pandemic can be emo-tionally challenging and stressful to all persons affe-cted, and in particular those groups of the population that are at an increased risk of mental health problems, such as university students [13]. COVID-19 pandemic has been disrupting the students’ educational process. Millions of students and educators have been affected by school closures and other restrictions. Most governments around the world closed educational institutions in an attempt to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. These closures impacting over 60% of the world’s student population. In response, many governments provided schools and university students with teaching and learning alternatives utilizing online and distance learning. Although precautions were taken, the students’ learning process was negatively affected especially when it comes to teaching and learning practical hands-on skills. Students who have been stripped of their freedom due to COVID-19 are deeply concerned about when face to face education will happen [14]. A recent study reported that during the COVID-19 pandemic, more than one fifth of junior high and high school students’ mental health was negatively affected [15]. More recent studies conducted on medical and rehabilitation sciences students during the pandemic report that they show high levels of emotional distress as they have a greater risk of interacting with COVID-19 patients and they might lack adequate knowledge [16]. Poor knowledge can lead to misconceptions and high levels of stress and anxiety [17]. In Saudi Arabia, the COVID-19 pandemic situation has affected college and university students mental health with increased stress, anxiety and depressive thoughts due to the COVID-19 outbreak and stay-at-home orders. Before the pandemic, students used to attend most classes in-person and socialize on-campus regularly. During the pandemic, major changes in their regular daily routines disrupted their lifestyle. Multiple stressors with negative impacts have been affecting some of the students mental and emotional health, such as fear and worry about their own health and of their loved ones, difficulty in concentrating, disruptions to sleeping patterns, decreased social interactions due to isolation and physical distancing, increased concerns on academic performance with shifting to remote education and adoption of negative behaviors and coping mechanisms [8, 12].

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical and rehabilitation sciences university students, the stress they perceived, the factors affecting them, and their knowledge about COVID-19. In addition, we aim to enhance medical and rehabilitation sciences university students awareness and knowledge related to COVID-19 pandemic through providing helpful and useful recommendations for developing proper mental health management guidelines and providing psychological support and psychosocial crisis prevention and counseling services. We hypothesize that (1) medical and reh-abilitation sciences students are highly anxious about being infected with COVID-19, therefore, they are at increased risk of developing psychological and mental health issues during the COVID-19 crisis, and (2) junior students enrolled in the preclinical stages have less knowledge than their seniors enrolled in the clinical stages, hence will have a significant higher levels of anxiety and stress.

2Methods

3Results

4Discussion and implications

In the current study, the mean scores of female students total anxiety, PSS, and IES-R were significantly higher than male students. However, it was reported in another study conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic on university students that there was no gender-related differences between male and female students in terms of stress and negative impact [16]. Our finding is similar to other studies before and after the pandemic. A recent study assessing university students’ stress, depression, anxiety, and suicidality in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic found that female students scored significantly higher than male students on depression, anxiety, and stress. Anxiety and stress levels were higher among women at all study stages which may indicate that these gender differences were present before the pandemic [13]. Another cross-sectional study examined the psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on physicians reported that female physicians were more likely to experience fear and worry [21]. In addition, other study reported that work-related stress and anxiety in response to the viral epidemic was related to being female [6]. According to studies conducted even before the pandemic, there is a strong evidence indicates that women, compared with men, report higher levels of anxiety and stress [22, 23] and the pandemic may just confirmed that. We also noticed that junior younger students (18–24 years) scored significantly higher than senior older students (≥25 years) on perceived stress (p < 0.02) suggesting that younger generations may experience higher levels of stress associated with academic workload and life pressures and are more prone to emotional distress due to lack of knowledge, life experience, and improper coping strategies as reported in other studies [13, 21].

In the current study, having a chronic condition in students was a significant factor that increased anxiety and stress levels of being infected with COVID-19. In another study, chronic condition was associated with elevation in IES-R, depression and anxiety levels [24]. In the current study, living with the family caused a significant decrease in the IES-R total scores in contrast with living with friends or living alone due to family psychological support, bonding, and coherence. However, we found that having family members infected with COVID-19 caused a significant increase in the IES-R scores similar to another study conducted during the same period [16]. We also found that students whose families currently had a lower monthly income than the regular minimum monthly wage prior to the pandemic increased anxiety, perceived stress, and had a negative impact confirming the results of an earlier study in which low family monthly income and financial restrictions during quarantine and COVID-19 pandemic increased sense of danger and anxiety [25].

In this study, a significant number of students reported that they followed COVID-19 updates and relied on valid and reliable resources of information, such as the ministry of health, WHO, and national television. However, almost more than half of the students reported that they used social media as their main source of information similar to other studies findings [26–28]. Furthermore, students with adequate Knowledge about the COVID-19 pandemic who have been utilizing information from valid and reliable official documents and resources reported a significant decrease in anxiety level, perceived stress, and negative impacts of the pandemic (see Table 2) confirming that misconceptions and the spread of misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic may lead to higher levels of anxiety and stress [29]. In this study, anxiety, PSS and IES-R total scores of junior preclinical students were significantly higher than their senior clinical peers most probably due to the lower knowledge of preclinical students. Clinical students have previous exposure to similar traumatic events, hence were less likely to experience stress and fear. This finding indicates that clinical students have a better awareness of the pandemic’s effects on overall health in general and mental health in specific. Thus, university faculty members may offer more support to preclinical students while clinical students can develop support focus groups as suggested by other study [27].

The psychological impact of fear and anxiety induced by the rapid spread of COVID-19 pandemic needs to be clearly recognized as a health priority for regulatory bodies and universities and preventive strategies should be advocated for and adopted to mitigate the impacts of COVID-19 on mental health among public population and university students [30–32]. Implementing psychological interventions and community-based strategies to develop sense of coherence and support resilience and psychologically vulnerable individuals during the COVID-19 crisis are key fundamentals for any community and are playing an important role during COVID-19 pandemic [33–35]. A recent study suggested that resilience and positive coping lead to better psychological and mental health status among students. In contrast, negative coping is a potential risk factor for mental health [15]. The WHO has been working with partners to develop a set of new materials on the mental health and psychosocial support aspects of COVID-19 with emphasis on maintaining a healthy lifestyle and developing support network [10]. Additionally, following specific precautionary measures, such as adhering to environmental health and safety, proper infection control and prevention and social distancing, providing psychologically safe spaces at all community settings, adopting effective self-care strategies and healthy lifestyle behaviors, and encouragement of help-seeking behaviors appear to have a protective effect on the individual’s mental health and overall wellbeing [12, 36–38]. Furthermore, offering practical support, providing evidence-based scientific information and adequate mental health services, strengthening mental health support systems for medical and rehabilitation professionals and students through blended health education methods, stress management techniques, psychoeducational sessions and online psychological counseling webinars, screening for adverse psychological outcomes, and providing an individualized approach to target the specific fears and detect any warning signs will be crucial to maintain well-being and prevent burnout [39–42]. Such strategies would be helpful, useful, and beneficial in managing symptoms, decreasing negative psychological outcomes, adapting and coping with COVID-19 related stress, and maintaining a mentally healthier world [4, 43–46]. Highlighting the positive aspects of the current situation, such as building family and friends support systems, strengthening family members bonding, utilizing technological tools to implement effective human communication and interpersonal relationships, enhancing role of empathy and telehealth services, and adopting healthy alternative habits and routines are key and crucial [47]. Maintaining a positive state of mind and positive way of thinking helps increase sense of hope and optimism to those who are fearful [48, 49]. Universities and families need to enhance students’ knowledge and awareness and closely monitor and promote healthy behaviors through continuous education and support [50].

5Conclusions

This study investigated the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical and rehabilitation sciences university students and found that they were highly anxious about being infected with COVID-19 especially among female students. The first hypothesis that medical and rehabilitation sciences students are highly anxious about being infected with COVID-19, therefore, they are at increased risk of developing psychological and mental health issues during the COVID-19 crisis was totally confirmed especially among female students. The second hypothesis that preclinical students have less knowledge than clinical students, hence will have a significant higher levels of anxiety and stress was also totally confirmed. The current study shed light on important factors that play a major role in anxiety, perceived stress and impact of COVID-19 pandemic among medical and health sciences university students, such as gender differences, presence of chronic condition, knowledge base, family monthly income and financial status, and students educational level and stage (preclinical and clinical).

In order to support medical and rehabilitation sciences university students appropriately both now and, in the future, it is imperative that we understand the impact it has had upon them. Medical and rehabilitation sciences students are at increased risk of developing psychological and mental health issues during the COVID-19 crisis. Special supportive measures should be implemented during and after the pandemic is over. Further research on the risk and preventive factors should be taken into account in future. Developing proper mental health management guidelines and providing psychological support, psychosocial crisis prevention and counseling services at both the university and community levels are highly recommended and should be considered.

Conflict of interest

The author declared no potential conflicts of interests with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.